There are four main factors that affect population change: birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration. Birth rates are influenced by the number of women in the population, education levels, economic status, medical conditions, and culture/religion. Death rates are impacted by development of medicine, sanitation, education, economic development, and war or disasters. Immigration is influenced by pull factors in destinations while emigration stems from push factors in origins. Population growth depends on the rate of natural increase and total fertility rate.

1. FACTORS AFFECTING
POPULATION CHANGE

2. There are four factors that affect
population change in a country:
 BIRTH RATE (people who are born)
 DEATH RATE (people who die)
 IMMIGRATION (people that move into the country)
 EMIGRATION (people who move out of the country)
These factors are known as ‘vital
statistics’ for demographers.

3. Birth Rate
 The number of live births per 1000 in
a year.
Country Time Period Crude Birth
Rate
Canada 2005-2010 11.1
Denmark 2005-2010 11.8
Ecuador 2005-2010 22.7
India 2005-2010 22.0
Japan 2005-2010 8.7
Source: http://esa.un.org/wpp/index.htm

5. Birth Rates - 2008
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html

6. Factors influencing birth rates
 The number of women in the
total population,
 Range of ages of female
population (15-49),
 Education levels
• Societies where women are
not treated equally – receive
less education = less
influence
• More education = more time
in school, job outside of
home = fewer children
 government policies,
• Population control programs
 the availability of contraception,
 Economic status
• Low income families – have
more children to bring more
income into the family
• No money for birth control
 Medical conditions and general
level of health care in country
• More infant and early
childhood deaths
• Have many children in
hopes that some will survive
to reach maturity
 culture & religion
• Promotion of larger or
smaller families

7. British Birth Rates on the rise
 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/
uk/home-news/british-birth-rate-
leaps-by-18-in-a-decade-
9107483.html

8. New baby boom?
 http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/0
1/29/new-baby-boom-how-global-
birthrates-could-bounce-back/

9. DEATH RATE
 The number of deaths per 1000 in a
year.
Country Time Period Crude Death
Rate
Canada 2005-2010 7.3
Denmark 2005-2010 10.1
Ecuador 2005-2010 5.0
India 2005-2010 8.1
Japan 2005-2010 8.8
Source: http://esa.un.org/wpp/index.htm

11. Death Rates - 2009
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_rate_world
_map_CIA_2009.PNG

12. Factors influencing death rates
 Development of new and advance medical knowledge and better
trained doctors.
• Cost of services
 Improved sanitation or vaccination programs – members of MEDCs
play this role in LEDCs
 Education- Knowledge about balanced diet
• Help maintain their children’s health as well as their own
• Women in particular (usually the principal caregivers)
 Availability of food and clean water which are essential for good
health.
 Level of Economic development- wealthier areas are able to afford
good diets and healthy lifestyles hence less death rates.
 War and environmental disasters
 The country’s fertility rate
• Large population may increase the general death rates.

13. Case Studies (Groups of 3-4)
 1. A Woman’s Life in Mali (Page 170)
• What conditions affect the number of
children Sow has?
 2. Russia’s increasing death rate
(Page 172)
• What changes within Russian society
caused the dramatic changes in life
expectancy in that country?

14. IMMIGRATION
 The number of people moving into
a country.
 Pull factors-characteristics of a
place that attracts people to it.

15. EMIGRATION
 The number of people leaving a
country
 Push Factors-characteristics of a
place that causes people to leave.
 Refugees- people who are forced to
leave their country due to war, life-
threatening discrimination, famine, or
natural disasters.

16. Replacement Level
 Replacement Level – The number
of children required to keep the
population of a country constant, not
taking migration into
consideration. This is about 2.1
children per female in MDCs and 2.5
children per female in LDCs.

17. Total Fertility Rate
 Total Fertility Rate – The average
number of children a woman has in
her lifetime in a country.
 Factors:
• Religion
• Culture
• Social values and economic status
…Tends to be higher in less developed
countries.

18. Rate of Natural Increase
 Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) – birth
rate minus death rate, calculated as a
percentage; this does not take migration
into consideration

 RNI (%) = BR - DR
 10

 (in order to get a % you must divide by
10 because BR and DR are measured per
1000)

19. Doubling Population Rule
 Doubling Time – The time in years
needed for a population to double its
size assuming the growth rate
remains the same.

 DT (years) = 70__
 RNI

20. Infant Mortality Rate (<1year)
 based upon the number of live births that do
not reach their first birthday (per 1000 births)
 Underlying cause of about half of infant deaths
• Malnutrition

21. Child Mortality Rate (1-5 years)
 based upon the number of children that die
between their 1st and 5th birthdays (per 1000
births)