This document provides an overview of plastics and rubber, including their history, key developments, types, properties, manufacturing processes, and recycling. Some of the main points covered include: - The first man-made plastic was Parkesine created in 1862; major early developments included celluloid, Bakelite, and nylon. - Thermoplastics can be remelted and remolded, while thermosets chemically decompose when heated. - Plastics are lightweight, durable, versatile materials but take a long time to decompose without proper disposal and recycling.

1. POLYMERS:
PLASTICS AND RUBBER
MADE BY
$ahil Nagpal (Coordinator)
B.COM(HONS)
232
Date Of Submission

2. PLASTIC
A plastic material is any of a wide range of
synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are
moldable.
Plastics are typically organic polymers of high
molecular mass, but they often contain other
substances. They are usually synthetic, most
commonly derived from petrochemicals but many
are partially natural.

3. Plastics History
First Plastic - Parkesine
The first man-made plastic was created by Alexander
Parkes who publicly demonstrated it at the 1862
Great International Exhibition in London. The
material called Parkesine was an organic material
derived from cellulose that once heated could be
molded, and retained its shape when cooled.

4. Snapshots of some Parkesine
Materials (First Plastic)

5. • Celluloid is derived from cellulose and alcoholized
camphor.
• John Wesley Hyatt invented celluloid as a substitute
for the ivory in billiard balls in 1868. He first tried
using collodion a natural substance, after spilling a
bottle of it and discovering that the material dried
into a tough and flexible film.
• However, the material was not strong enough to be
used as a billiard ball, until the addition of camphor, a
derivative of the laurel tree. The new celluloid could
be molded with heat and pressure into a durable
shape.

6. Snapshot of Billiard Balls Made
After Enhancing Parkesine

7. Formaldehyde Resins - Bakelite
• After cellulose nitrate, formaldehyde was the next
product to advance the technology of plastic.
Around 1897, efforts to manufacture white
chalkboards led to casein plastics (milk protein
mixed with formaldehyde) Galalith and Erinoid
are two early tradename examples.
• In 1899, Arthur Smith received British Patent
16,275, for "phenol-formaldehyde resins for use
as an ebonite substitute in electrical insulation",
the first patent for processing a formaldehyde
resin.

8. • In 1899, Arthur Smith received British Patent
16,275, for "phenol-formaldehyde resins for use
as an ebonite substitute in electrical insulation",
the first patent for processing a formaldehyde
resin. However, in 1907, Leo Hendrik Baekeland
improved phenol-formaldehyde reaction
techniques and invented the first fully synthetic
resin to become commercially successful,
tradenamed Bakelite.

9. Snapshot of Materials made from
Bakelite

10. Timeline - Precursors
• 1839 - Natural Rubber - method of processing
invented by Charles Goodyear
• 1843 - Vulcanite - Thomas Hancock
• 1843 - Gutta-Percha - William Montgomerie
• 1856 - Shellac - Alfred Critchlow, Samuel Peck
• 1856 - Bois Durci - Francois Charles Lepag

11. Timeline - Beginning of the
Plastic Era with Semi Synthetics
• 1839 - Polystyrene or PS discovered - Eduard
Simon
• 1862 - Parkesine - Alexander Parkes
• 1863 - Cellulose Nitrate or Celluloid - John
Wesley Hyatt
• 1872 - Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC - first created by
Eugen Baumann
• 1894 - Viscose Rayon - Charles Frederick Cross,
Edward John Bevan

12. Timeline - Thermosetting
Plastics and Thermoplastics
• 1908 - Cellophane ® - Jacques E. Brandenberger
• 1909 - First true plastic Phenol-Formaldehyde tradenamed
Bakelite - Leo Hendrik Baekeland
• 1926 - Vinyl or PVC - Walter Semon invented a plasticized
PVC.
• 1927 - Cellulose Acetate
• 1933 - Polyvinylidene chloride or Saran also called PVDC -
accidentally discovered by Ralph Wiley, a Dow Chemical lab
worker.
• 1935 - Low-density polyethylene or LDPE - Reginald Gibson
and Eric Fawcett
• 1936 - Acrylic or Polymethyl Methacrylate

13. • 1937 - Polyurethanes tradenamed Igamid for plastics materials
and Perlon for fibers. - Otto Bayer and co-workers discovered
and patented the chemistry of polyurethanes
• 1938 - Polystyrene made practical
• 1938 - Polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE tradenamed Teflon - Roy
Plunkett
• 1939 - Nylon and Neoprene considered a replacement for silk
and a synthetic rubber respectively Wallace Hume Carothers
• 1941 - Polyethylene Terephthalate or Pet - Whinfield and
Dickson
• 1942 - Low Density Polyethylene
• 1942 - Unsaturated Polyester also called PET patented by John
Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson
• 1951 - High-density polyethylene or HDPE tradenamed Marlex -
Paul Hogan and Robert Banks
• 1951 - Polypropylene or PP - Paul Hogan and Robert Banks

14. • 1953 - Saran Wrap introduced by Dow
Chemicals.
• 1954 - Styrofoam a type of foamed
polystyrene foam was invented by Ray
McIntire for Dow Chemicals
• 1964 - Polyimide
• 1970 - Thermoplastic Polyester this includes
trademarked Dacron, Mylar, Melinex, Teijin,
and Tetoron
• 1978 - Linear Low Density Polyethylene
• 1985 - Liquid Crystal Polymers

15. Plastic Products
1.Plastic Garbage Bags
A bin bag or bin liner or garbage bag, or trash
bag (American English) is a disposable bag used
to contain rubbish (British English) or trash
(American English).

16. 2. SILLY PUTTY
Silly Putty is a toy based on silicone polymers which
display unusual physical properties. It bounces, but
breaks when given a sharp blow and can also flow
like a liquid. It contains a viscoelastic liquid silicone,
a type of non-Newtonian fluid, which makes it act
as a viscous liquid over a long time period but as an
elastic solid over a short time period.

17. 3. VELCRO
Velcro is a company that produces the first commercially marketed
fabric hook-and-loop fastener typically, two lineal fabric strips. The
first component features tiny hooks; the second features even
smaller and "hairier" loops. When the two components are pressed
together, the hooks catch in the loops and the two pieces fasten or
bind temporarily. When separated, by pulling or peeling the two
surfaces apart, the velcro strips make a distinctive "ripping" sound.

18. Types Of Plastics
• The response of a polymer to mechanical forces at
elevated temperature is related to its dominant
molecular structure.
• One classification of polymers is according to its
behavior and rising temperature. Thermoplastics
and Thermosets are the 2 categories.
• A THERMOPLASIC is a polymer that turns to a liquid
when heated and freezes to a very glassy state when
cooled sufficiently.
• Most thermoplastics are high-molecular-weight
polymers whose chains associate through weak Van
der Waals forces (polyethylene); stronger dipole-
dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding (nylon).

19. Snapshots of Thermoplastics

20. Examples of Thermoplastics

21. More Examples of
Thermoplastics

22. The effect of Temperature on the
Structure and Behavior of
Thermoplastics
©2003Brooks/Cole,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Inc.ThomsonLearning™isatrademarkusedhereinunderlicense.

23. • Thermoplastic polymers differ from
thermosetting polymers (Bakelite, vulcanized
rubber) since thermoplastics can be
remelted and remolded.
• Thermosetting plastics when heated, will
chemically decompose, so they can not be
recycled. Yet, once a thermoset is cured it
tends to be stronger than a thermoplastic.
• Typically, linear polymers with minor
branched structures (and flexible chains) are
thermoplastics. The networked structures
are Thermosets.

24. Snapshots of Thermosetting
Plastics

25. Thermoset Data

26. Structure Of Thermoplastics and
Thermosets

27. Thermoplastic v/s Thermosetting
Plastic
Thermoplastic Thermosetting
Plastic
Little Cross Linking Large Cross Linking
Ductile Hard and Brittle
Soften with Heating Doesn’t Soften with Heating
E.G.-Polyethylene,
Polypropylene,
Polycarbonate, Polystyrene.
E.G.-Vulcanized Rubber,
Epoxies, Polyester Resin,
Phenolic Resin.

28. Manufacturing Of Plastic
1. Acquiring the raw material or monomer.

29. 2. Synthesizing the basic polymer.

30. 3. Compounding the polymer into a material that
can be used for fabrication.

31. 4. Molding or shaping the plastic into its final
form.

32. Properties Of Plastics
• Lightweight
• Resistance to breakage
• Insulating capacity (electrical, thermal and acoustic)
• Ease of handling and safety
• Versatility
• Recyclability
• Usefulness
• Simple, cheap manufacturing
• Impermeability (water, light, gases)
• Does not conduct electricity (excellent for cables,
plugs)

33. Advantages
• It is cheap and easy to buy.
• Hard plastics can be used in making chairs, toys
etc.
• Can be putted in other materials and strengthens
them.
• Easy to clean and hard to break, you can use it to
store water and food.
• Can be used in all types of season and weather
even if its summer or raining.
• Can be recycled into another product.
• Can be used in surgeries.

34. Disadvantages
• It takes a hundred of years to decompose.
• Hard to dispose properly.
• It is made from nonrenewable resources of Earth.
• Can’t stand up because of its lightness.
• Are not biodegradable.
• Number one flood causing material.
• Recycling is very Expensive.

35. Recycling Plastic
• Plastic recycling is a process in which old plastics
is turned into another more useful products.
Since plastics can be considered indestructible or
simply does not break down easily. It is also the
number one trash of humans in landfills which
took a lot of space.
• One way to reduce it is to recycle. From the word
recycling itself I know you have already an idea
what will they do to it. The plastics are brought
back to the factories where they do recycling and
turned to another products. Some can be turned
into trashcans, pots, papers and many more.

36. Process of Recycling Plastic

37. Types Of Recycling Processes
1. Mechanical Recycling
The recycling in which plastics are grouped, then
melted, shredded and molded into new shapes
creating a new product.
2. Chemical Recycling
The recycling in which plastics are melted altering
some chemical properties to create a new product.

38. Biodegradable Plastics
• This is the another way to solve our environmental
problems from plastics, this replaces the non-
biodegradable plastics into new breed called bioplastic.
• These breed of plastics are commonly made from plants
such as corn starch, cane sugar, potato starch and native
wild grasses.
• It also helps reducing the use of nonrenewable
resources of Earth by using renewable ones which
benefits both humans and nature.
• Disposing it properly is the best way to help in reducing
pollution and minimizing the dependence on fossil fuels.

39. Process of Recycling
Biodegradable Plastic

40. Plastic Recycling Symbols
In 1988 the Society of the Plastics Industry
developed a numeric code to provide a uniform
convention for different types of plastic containers.
These numbers can be found on the underside of
containers.
1. PET; PETE (polyethylene terephthalate): plastic water and
Soda bottles.
2. HDPE (high density polyethylene): laundry/dish detergent
3. V (Vinyl) or PVC: Pipes, shower curtains
4. LDPE (low density polyethylene): grocery bags, sandwich
bags
5. PP (polypropylene): Tupperware®, syrup bottles, yogurt
cups,
6. PS (polystyrene): Coffee cups, disposable cutlery
7. Miscellaneous: any combination of 1-6 plastics

41. Rubber
Rubber can be described in two ways :-
1. Natural rubber is a substance obtained
from the milky juice, called latex,
produced by a number of different
kinds of plants.
2. Synthetic rubber, made by various
chemical manufacturing processes, is
similar to natural rubber.

42. Natural Rubber
Natural rubber, also called India rubber or, as
initially produced, consists of suitable polymers of
the organic compound isoprene, with minor
impurities of other organic compounds plus water.
• Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form
of the latex from certain trees.
• The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by
making incisions into the bark and collecting the
fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping".

43. • The latex then is refined into rubber ready for
commercial processing.
• Natural rubber is used extensively in many
applications and products, either alone or in
combination with other materials.
• In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch
ratio, high resilience, and is extremely
waterproof.

44. Structure Of Natural Rubber

45. Process of Making Natural Rubber
1. Latex Is Extracted from Trees.

46. 2. Liquid Latex Extracted Is Poured Into a Tray
with Spikes So That after Drying Latex can Be
easily taken out.

47. 3.The Tray is then put in a Latex Hardening
And Drying Machine (LHDM)

48. 4. After Hardening and Getting Dried The
Latex We get a Cuboid Of Natural Rubber.

49. Synthetic Rubber
• Synthetic rubber is created from petroleum and is
classified as an artificial elastomer.
• This means that it is able to be deformed without
sustaining damage, and can return to its original
shape after being stretched.
• Synthetic rubber has many advantages over
natural rubber, and is used in many applications
due to its superior performance.
• The use of synthetic rubber is much more
prominent than natural rubber in most
industrialized nations.

50. Process of Making Synthetic
Rubber
• Crude Oil is Extracted.

51. • Two gases called butadiene and styrene are produced as
byproducts during the petroleum refining process.

52. • Liquid latex, a basic form of synthetic rubber, is created
when butadiene and styrene are properly combined.

53. • After liquid latex is allowed to dry, it can be formed into
different shapes and used by manufacturing facilities in
place of natural rubber.

54. Uses of Rubber
Used as Tyres In Automobiles and Airplanes.

55. Used as Insulators in Electrical Equipments.

56. Used In Shoes, Stationery, Other Lifestyle products etc.

57. Properties of Rubber
1. Physical Properties
• Non reactive
• Chemically Resistant to many fluids including
many water, weak acids & alkalis
• Non conductive
• Poor conductor of heat & electric
• Elastic
• Tough
• Electric resistant
• Electric insulator

58. 2. Chemical Properties
• Polymers
• Consists of isoprene molecules fitted together in
loosed chains
• Consisting long chains of one or more type of
molecules
• Contain long chains of hydrogen and carbon
molecules
• Rubber go through vulcanization through adding
sulfur which result in a hard, durable material with
great mechanical properties.
• This create a chemical links between the chains.

59. Advantages Of Rubber
• Rubber is not only elastic, but is also waterproof
and is a good electrical insulator.
• Natural rubber is resilient and is resistant to
tearin.
• Some types of rubber are resistant to oils,
solvents, and other chemicals.
• SBR (STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER) RUBBER
provides good abrasion, wear, and tensile
qualities.
• Rubber is resistant to ozone, sunlight, oxidation
and many petroleum derivatives.

60. • It also exhibits excellent resistance to ozone,
oxidants, and severe weather conditions,
thereby making it an outstanding material for
outdoor applications.
• Other characteristics include excellent color
stability, heat resistance, and dielectric qualities.

61. Disadvantages Of Rubber
• Low-cost latex products generally shrink.
• Making molds with latex rubber is slow and time-
consuming.
• Latex molds are generally not suitable for casting
resins.
• Has offensive odour.
• Silicones are generally high in cost. They are also
sensitive to substances, and do not have a long
library life.
• Polysulfide rubber costs higher than latex.

62. • Needed to cleaned it often to be kept clean.
• Detergent & other abrasive cleaning liquid which
may discolor surface.
• Grease will have a drastic negative effect if not
wiped up.

63. Recycling Rubber
Why reclaim or recycle rubber?
Rubber recovery can be a difficult process. There are many
reasons, however why rubber should be reclaimed or
recovered;
• Recovered rubber can cost half that of natural or
synthetic rubber.
• Recovered rubber has some properties that are
better than those of virgin rubber.
• Producing rubber from reclaim requires less energy
in the total production process than does virgin
material.
• It is an excellent way to dispose of unwanted rubber
products, which is often difficult.

64. • It conserves non-renewable petroleum products,
which are used to produce synthetic rubbers.
• Recycling activities can generate work in
developing countries.
• Many useful products are derived from reused
tyres and other rubber products.
• If tyres are incinerated to reclaim embodied
energy then they can yield substantial quantities
of useful power. In Australia, some cement
factories use waste tyres as a fuel source.