An introduction to drying, large scale industrial drying equipment & advanced drying technologies

1. M. PRIYANKA
M. Pharmacy 1st year
JNTUK

2. CONTENTS

3. DEFINITION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRYING AND EVAPORATION:-

4. DRYING PROCESS:-

5. THEORY OF DRYING

6. Hygroscopic materials
Non - Hygroscopic materials
Water in:
• Fine Capillaries
• Cell & fibre walls
• Physical interaction
Bound Water
Vapour pressure of
wet solids is less than
the vapour pressure
of pure water
Water in void
spaces
Un boundWater
Vapour pressure of
wet solids is equal
to vapour pressure
of pure water
Contains
Contains
Condition
Condition

8. A. EQULIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS:-
a) EQULIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT(EMC):-
Equilibrium moisture content in a wet mass
At Equilibrium Amount of water = EMC
Vapour pressure of wet mass =
vapour pressure of atmosphere
Wet mass

9. Moisture in the solid > EMC of solid Moisture in the solid > EMC of solid
Moisture Moisture
Desorption Sorption
Behaviour of Desorption & Sorption at
a given temperature & humidity of air

10. EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CURVE

11. APPLICATIONS OF EMC:-
MEASUREMENTOF EMC:-

12. FACTORS AFFECTING EMC:-

13. 2) FREE MOISTURECONTENT(FMC):-

14. B. RATE RELATIONSHIPS:-

16. FMC Curve
Dryingrate

17. Hot air Evaporation
At equilibrium
rate of
heating = rate
of working
Temperature
increases
Temperature
increases

18. Hot air evaporation
Constant
rate period
Rate of
evaporation
= rate of
diffusion
diffusion

19. Hot air evaporation
First falling
rate period
Rate of
evaporation
> rate of
diffusion
diffusion
Dry spots

20. Hot air
Rate of
evaporation
∝ rate of
diffusion
Second
falling rate
period

22. CLASSIFICATION OF EQIPMENTS
Material not agitated
Static bed dryers
Batch types:
Tray & truck
dryers
Vacuum shelf
dryers
Freeze dryers
Continuous
types:
Tunnel dryers
Belt dryers
Festoon dryers
Drum dryers
Material agitated
Moving Bed
Dryers
Batch
types:
Vacuum
tumble
dryers
Pan dryers
Continuous
types:
Rotary dryers
Turbo – tray
dryers
Vibrating
conveyor dryers
Tower & cascade
dryers
Screw conveyor
dryers
Fluidized bed
dryers
Batch types:
Vertical dryers
Continuous
types:
Horizontal
vibrating
conveyor
dryers
Vertical
dryers
Pneumatic
dryers
Continuous
types:
Spray
Flash dryers
DRYING
EQUIPMENTS

23. METHODSOF DRYING

24. SELECTION OF DRYING EQUIPMENT

25. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FORTHE SELECTION OF DRYER:-

26. APPLICATIONS OF DRYING
Substance Type of deterioration
Crude drugs of animal & vegetable origin
Blood products, skin, tissue
Synthetic & semi-synthetic drugs
Effervescent tablets(aspirin, penicillin's)
Chemical decomposition
Microbial growth
Chemical decomposition
Chemical decomposition

28. LYOVAC PHARMA FREEZE DRYER:-

31. OPTIMISATION OF DRYING PROCESSES INTHE PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
Mass-spectrometric online gas analysis ensures better process understanding, simplifies
monitoring and reduces drying times
The partial or complete removal of solvents is an important process step in manufacturing
pharmaceutical intermediate and final products. These drying processes extract water and
other solvents from the substrate up to a precisely defined residual value.
The drying endpoint is reached at different times depending on the substance and solvent
in the batch. The drying endpoint is the point where the residual content of solvent
decreases to the required level. The current method to determine the solvent content of the
batch is usually accomplished via manual sampling from the drying apparatus and offline
analysis in the company laboratory.

32. ONLINE PROCESS MASS SPECTROMETER GAS ANALYSIS:-

33. ADVANTAGES:-

34. SUMMARY:-

35. ADVANCED DRYING TECHNOLOGIES

36. HYBRID DRYINGTECHNOLOGIES

37. REFERENCES:-
www.crcpress.com
www.inprocess-inc.com
www.pharmaceuticalmachinery.in
www.wikipedia.com
www.iptonline.com
www.ima-pharma.com