Polymers
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Polymers are large molecules formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits called monomers. There are three main types of polymers discussed in the document: proteins, made of amino acid monomers; nucleic acids like DNA, made of nucleotide monomers; and carbohydrates like starch, made of simple sugar monomers. Plastics are also polymers, with monomers like vinyl chloride that bond together into long chains to form synthetic polymers like polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
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Polymers and their properties
Polymers are long chains of repeating molecular units called monomers. There are several types of polymers including polyethene, polypropene, nylons, polyurethanes, and polyesters. Polymers are classified based on their structure and production method. Properties depend on factors like chain length and structure. Common applications include plastic containers, clothing, pipes, sports equipment, and medical devices.
Polymer Synthesis
The document discusses ring opening polymerization (ROP), which is a chain growth polymerization where cyclic monomers react to form polymer chains by opening their ring structures. There are three main types of ROP - radical, anionic, and cationic - depending on whether the reactive center is a radical, anion, or cation. Examples are given of monomers that can undergo each type of ROP, along with diagrams of the mechanisms. Common applications of ROP include nylon and biopolymers like polysaccharides.
Polymer behaviour in solution & effect of molecular weight in polymer
Polymer chains of varying molecular weights exhibit different behaviors in solution. Higher molecular weight polymers swell more before dissolving and produce highly viscous solutions even at low concentrations. Their long, entangled chains confer properties like high strength, impact resistance, and chemical resistance. Lower molecular weight polymers dissolve immediately and yield low viscosity solutions. Their short chains act as plasticizers and impart softness, flexibility, and increased molecular mobility. A polymer's molecular weight determines the length of its chains and significantly impacts its solution behavior and material properties.
Polymer
Polymers are giant molecules composed of repeating structural units joined together. They can be classified based on their origin (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), thermal response (thermoplastic, thermosetting), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and application (rubber, plastic, fibers). Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers. It occurs via two main mechanisms: step-growth polymerization (condensation polymerization) and chain-growth polymerization (addition polymerization). Step-growth involves the elimination of a small molecule as monomers react together in a step-wise manner, while chain-growth is a chain reaction with no byproducts as monomers continuously add to the
Polymers & polymerization
This document discusses polymers, including their classification, types of polymerization, characteristics, and applications. Polymers can be classified based on their source as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. They can also be classified by their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked. The two main types of polymerization are addition and condensation. Polymers have a variety of characteristics like low density and good corrosion resistance. They have wide applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports.
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Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. The three main types of polymerization are addition, condensation, and insertion. Addition polymerization involves chain growth where a monomer adds to the end of the growing polymer chain. Condensation polymerization involves step growth where two monomers combine by removing a small molecule. Free radical polymerization is a common type of addition polymerization that uses an initiator to generate free radicals to start the chain reaction.
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Polymers and their properties
Polymers are long chains of repeating molecular units called monomers. There are several types of polymers including polyethene, polypropene, nylons, polyurethanes, and polyesters. Polymers are classified based on their structure and production method. Properties depend on factors like chain length and structure. Common applications include plastic containers, clothing, pipes, sports equipment, and medical devices.
Polymer Synthesis
The document discusses ring opening polymerization (ROP), which is a chain growth polymerization where cyclic monomers react to form polymer chains by opening their ring structures. There are three main types of ROP - radical, anionic, and cationic - depending on whether the reactive center is a radical, anion, or cation. Examples are given of monomers that can undergo each type of ROP, along with diagrams of the mechanisms. Common applications of ROP include nylon and biopolymers like polysaccharides.
Polymer behaviour in solution & effect of molecular weight in polymer
Polymer chains of varying molecular weights exhibit different behaviors in solution. Higher molecular weight polymers swell more before dissolving and produce highly viscous solutions even at low concentrations. Their long, entangled chains confer properties like high strength, impact resistance, and chemical resistance. Lower molecular weight polymers dissolve immediately and yield low viscosity solutions. Their short chains act as plasticizers and impart softness, flexibility, and increased molecular mobility. A polymer's molecular weight determines the length of its chains and significantly impacts its solution behavior and material properties.
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Polymers are giant molecules composed of repeating structural units joined together. They can be classified based on their origin (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), thermal response (thermoplastic, thermosetting), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and application (rubber, plastic, fibers). Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers. It occurs via two main mechanisms: step-growth polymerization (condensation polymerization) and chain-growth polymerization (addition polymerization). Step-growth involves the elimination of a small molecule as monomers react together in a step-wise manner, while chain-growth is a chain reaction with no byproducts as monomers continuously add to the
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This document discusses polymers, including their classification, types of polymerization, characteristics, and applications. Polymers can be classified based on their source as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. They can also be classified by their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked. The two main types of polymerization are addition and condensation. Polymers have a variety of characteristics like low density and good corrosion resistance. They have wide applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports.
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This presentation provides an overview of polymers including their classification, types, properties, and applications. Polymers are high molecular mass substances composed of repeating structural units joined by covalent bonds. They can be classified as homopolymers or copolymers depending on the monomer units. Polymers are also classified by their reaction type (addition or condensation) and physical properties when heated (thermoplastics or thermosets). Examples of polymers include natural rubber, nylon, and Bakelite. Their properties depend on factors like chain length and cross-linking. Polymers have a wide range of applications from surgical uses to industrial products to sports equipment.
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Polymer chemistry involves the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. The monomers that make up polymers are linked through polymerization reactions. Polymers can be classified based on their structure, source, number of monomers, arrangement of monomers, and configuration. Common types of polymers include linear, branched, and cross-linked polymers. Polymers are also classified as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source. Polymerization reactions are either addition polymerization, involving chain growth, or condensation polymerization, involving step growth. Polymers have a variety of applications and properties depending on their structure and bonding forces.
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This document is a chemistry investigatory project on polymers submitted by Vinay Kuntal, a class 12 student, to his teacher Mr. Sharma. It begins by acknowledging those who helped and supported the project. It then provides a certificate confirming Vinay completed the project on polymers under Mr. Sharma's guidance. The main body describes polymers as large molecules composed of repeated units, and it discusses different polymer types including linear polymers, vinyl polymers, condensation polymers, branched polymers, and crosslinked polymers. It also covers the physical properties and history of important synthetic polymers like vulcanized rubber, Bakelite, and neoprene.
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This document provides an introduction to polymers including their classification, structure, common types, and mechanisms of polymerization. Polymers are macromolecules composed of repeating structural units connected through polymerization reactions. They can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked. Common addition polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon. Condensation polymers include polyethylene terephthalate and polyamides. Polymerization occurs primarily through either addition or condensation reactions. Free radical addition polymerization follows initiation, propagation, and termination steps.
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This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
1) Polymers are large molecules formed from monomers joining together through polymerization.
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3) Polymers have a variety of applications and their properties can be modified through additives and processing methods like molding and extrusion.
Polymers
Polymers are macromolecules formed by linking together small repeating units called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers are formed without the elimination of small molecules when monomers containing carbon-carbon double bonds polymerize via a chain reaction mechanism involving three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. Condensation polymers are formed with the elimination of small molecules like water or ammonia when bifunctional monomers react. Common examples of addition polymerization include polyethylene formed from ethylene monomers using a free radical initiator like benzoyl peroxide.
Chemistry Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules built from small repeating units joined by covalent bonds. There are two main types: synthetic polymers made from monomers linked through addition or condensation polymerization, and natural macromolecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates composed of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. Synthetic polymers have various uses but can pollute as they are non-biodegradable, while natural macromolecules are the main constituents of living things.
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The document discusses different types of polymers used in pharmaceutical applications. Polymers are long chain molecules formed from linking smaller molecules called monomers. They can be homopolymers made of identical monomers or copolymers with two or more different monomers. The document then classifies polymers based on origin, biodegradability, reaction type, and interaction with water. It provides examples of controlled drug delivery systems that use polymers, including reservoir, matrix, biodegradable, osmotic, and swelling-controlled release systems.
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Polymers are giant molecules formed from many repeating units or monomers. They can be either homopolymers made of one monomer type, or copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers are classified based on their structure, molecular forces, and mechanism of polymerization. Thermoplastics can be remelted and remolded, while thermosets harden irreversibly. Important polymers include polyethylene, polyester, nylon, PVC, and Teflon. They find wide use in products like bottles, fibers, pipes, coatings and more.
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Polymers
This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
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- Polymers can be classified based on their source, chemical nature, thermal behavior, and ultimate forms. Common types include natural/synthetic, organic/inorganic, thermoplastic/thermosetting, and plastics/elastomers/fibers.
- Polymers are prepared through various polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
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Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Reseracher at KASIT (Korea Advanced of science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
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Polymers
This document discusses different types of polymer structures - linear, branched, and cross-linked. It provides examples of each type and how they relate to polymer properties. Linear structures are characteristic of thermoplastic polymers. Branched structures can also be found in thermoplastics. Cross-linked structures include loosely cross-linked elastomers and tightly cross-linked thermosets. The degree of branching and cross-linking affects properties like strength, viscosity, and whether the polymer is hard/brittle or elastic.
Structure of polumeric materials
A monomer is a molecule that can bind with identical molecules to form polymers through chemical bonds or polymerization. The most common natural monomer is glucose, which forms polymers like cellulose and starch that make up over 77% of plant matter. Polymers consist of repeating units of monomers joined by covalent bonds to create large macromolecules. Polymer chains are made up of many monomers joined together, and their characteristics determine the polymer's properties and interactions. There are several types of polymer chains including linear, branched, and cross-linked polymers.
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Polymer chemistry involves the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. The monomers that make up polymers are linked through polymerization reactions. Polymers can be classified based on their structure, source, number of monomers, arrangement of monomers, and configuration. Common types of polymers include linear, branched, and cross-linked polymers. Polymers are also classified as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source. Polymerization reactions are either addition polymerization, involving chain growth, or condensation polymerization, involving step growth. Polymers have a variety of applications and properties depending on their structure and bonding forces.
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This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
1) Polymers are large molecules formed from monomers joining together through polymerization.
2) Polymers can be characterized by how they are made (addition or condensation polymerization), their physical structure (homo- vs. co-polymers, thermosets vs. thermoplastics), and their molecular structure (atactic vs. stereoregular).
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Macromolecules are large molecules built from small repeating units joined by covalent bonds. There are two main types: synthetic polymers made from monomers linked through addition or condensation polymerization, and natural macromolecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates composed of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. Synthetic polymers have various uses but can pollute as they are non-biodegradable, while natural macromolecules are the main constituents of living things.
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This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
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- Polymers can be classified based on their source, chemical nature, thermal behavior, and ultimate forms. Common types include natural/synthetic, organic/inorganic, thermoplastic/thermosetting, and plastics/elastomers/fibers.
- Polymers are prepared through various polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
- Key polymer properties include molecular weight, hydrophobicity, glass transition temperature, and crystallinity.
Polymers
Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Reseracher at KASIT (Korea Advanced of science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
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This document discusses different types of polymerization reactions including step-growth polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, polyaddition polymerization, and polycondensation polymerization. Ring-opening polymerization involves adding cyclic monomers like caprolactam and caprolactone to a polymer chain through breaking and reforming bonds. Common initiators for ring-opening polymerization are organometals, metal amides, alkoxides, and amines. Polyaddition polymerization forms polymers through independent addition reactions between functional groups and does not release volatile compounds. An example is the reaction of diisocyanate and polyol to form polyurethane. Polycondensation polymerization produces polymers from bifunctional and polyfunctional monomers
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Polymer science concerns large molecules called polymers that include rubbers, plastics, and fibers. Polymers are made of repeating molecular units and have high molecular weights. There are over 60,000 scientists working with polymers today to develop new materials with customized properties. Common polymers include polypropylene, polyethylene, and nylons. Polymers can be categorized based on their molecular structure as thermoplastics, thermosets, or elastomers, which determine how they respond to heat.
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Conducting polymers were discovered in the late 1970s and represent an important class of organic polymers that can conduct electricity. They become conductive through a process called doping, where their polymer chains take on charges. This allows for charge carriers called polarons and bipolarons to form, making the material conductive. Conducting polymers have advantages over traditional conductors including light weight, flexibility, and potential applications in areas like sensors, batteries, and displays. However, issues remain around their reproducibility, stability, processing difficulties, and high costs.
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Classification Of Polymer On Different Basis
Classification Of Polymer On Basis Of
1. Origin
2. Monomer Used
3. Thermal Response
4. Mode Of Formation
5. Structure
6. Physical Properties
7. Tacticity
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Plastics are polymers that can be molded into various shapes. There are two main types: thermoplastics, which can be reshaped upon heating, and thermosetting plastics, which permanently harden during molding. Common thermoplastics include polyethylene, PVC, and nylon, while popular thermosetting plastics include bakelite, melamine, and epoxy. Plastics are used in a wide range of applications from piping to electronics due to their lightweight, corrosion resistance, and low cost compared to other materials. Fiber reinforced plastics combine polymers with fibers for increased strength.
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Polymer science deals with large macromolecules made of repeating monomer units. Polymers can be classified in several ways, including by their origin (synthetic, biopolymer, etc.), monomer composition (homopolymer, copolymer like statistical, alternating, block, and graft), chain structure (linear, branched, cross-linked, network), and thermal behavior (thermoplastics and thermosets). Polymerization can occur through step-growth or chain-growth mechanisms. Polymers degrade through various means including chemical, biological, mechanical, chlorine-induced, thermal, and photo degradation which can impact properties like strength, color, and shape over time.
Polymer
Polymer materials are long chain molecules made of repeating monomer units. They include plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, and natural polymers. The structure and properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Polymers have a variety of applications including packaging, insulation, automotive and medical parts due to their low cost, low density, and moldability.
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Polymers are macromolecules built up by linking together small monomer molecules. There are two types of polymerization mechanisms: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth involves monomers and polymers reacting with each other, while chain-growth only involves monomers reacting with active centers on growing polymer chains. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and whether they are thermoplastic or thermoset. Nomenclature of polymers involves naming them based on the monomer source, such as polyethylene from the monomer ethylene.
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Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many smaller molecules called monomers. They are made through polymerization reactions where monomers join together in chains. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation. Polymers have a wide variety of applications including plastics, fibers, elastomers and more. Their properties depend on factors like molecular structure and weight. Thermal analysis techniques are used to characterize polymers and determine properties like glass transition temperature. Biodegradable polymers break down over time and have applications in drug delivery.
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The document discusses polymers including their classification, types of polymerization, characteristics, and applications. Polymers can be classified based on source, structure, polymerization method, and molecular forces. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation. Polymers have characteristics like low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. They have wide applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment.
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Ch 3 molecules_of_cells_lecture_presentation (1)
This document provides an overview of organic compounds and the four main classes of biological molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses the key characteristics of each class of molecules, including that they are made up of monomers that link together through dehydration reactions to form larger polymers. The structures and functions of important biomolecules like methane, DNA, starch and cholesterol are described. The four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary - are also summarized.
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Macromolecules
Organic molecules in living systems include macromolecules made of polymers of smaller subunits. The four main types of macromolecules are lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol and function in energy storage and cell membranes. Proteins consist of amino acid monomers and have roles as enzymes, membrane components, and tissues. Carbohydrates polymerize into sugars like starch from monosaccharides and serve as energy sources. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store genetic information as polymers of nucleotides. These macromolecules are broken down into their subunits during digestion and rebuilt in cells.
MACROMOLECULES-2023.pptx
This document provides information about macromolecules and their structure and function. It begins by stating the learning objectives of determining the structure and functions of biomolecules. It then defines macromolecules as large organic compounds formed from monomers joining together to create polymers. The four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - are introduced along with their monomer and polymer subunits. Specific examples and functions of each macromolecule type are then described in more detail over several pages.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids and are the primary material of life. The 20 types of amino acids that make up proteins can be synthesized within the body from fats and carbohydrates, except for 8 essential amino acids that must be obtained through diet. Scientists determine protein structures using methods like X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to analyze a protein's primary structure of amino acid sequence, secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets, tertiary folded 3D structure, and possible quaternary structure involving multiple protein chains.
AP BIO Ch 5 ppt
Here are the names of the bonds:
1. Sugars in a polysaccharide - Glycosidic bonds
2. Amino acids in a protein - Peptide bonds
3. Nucleotides in a nucleic acid - Phosphodiester bonds
Bio-Chemistry
This document summarizes the four major macromolecules in biology: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes their monomer subunits, polymeric structures, and important functions. Carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides and function in energy storage, structure, and cell identification. Lipids are diverse hydrophobic molecules including fats, phospholipids that make up cell membranes, and steroids like cholesterol. Proteins are polymers of amino acids and perform a vast array of critical functions in organisms. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain the genetic code and provide instructions for building proteins.
Molecules of life intro
The document discusses the key biomolecules that make up living organisms. It explains that carbon is uniquely suited to forming the complex organic molecules necessary for life due to its ability to form four covalent bonds. The four main categories of biological macromolecules are then introduced as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are formed through dehydration reactions linking simple monomers into long polymer chains.
Chapter 21 biochemistry
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of video lectures).
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCfCZszhGHBfsPBH3CJVP_tEKDdynNFbo
biomolecules.pdf
1. Organic compounds are made up of carbon along with hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. They make up all living things.
2. Carbon can form chains and rings by bonding through single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Very large molecules called macromolecules are formed when many smaller molecules bond together.
3. Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating smaller molecule units called monomers. They are formed through a process called dehydration synthesis which requires the removal of a water molecule.
Molecules of life
The document provides an overview of important biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses the composition and functions of these macromolecules. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fibers that serve as energy sources. Lipids such as fats and oils provide energy storage and insulation. Proteins are made of amino acids and perform structural and functional roles in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid cellular functions. The document emphasizes the significance of these molecules for life.
Biology carbon compounds
The document discusses carbon compounds found in living things. It explains that carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form chains and a huge number of compounds. The four main groups of organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include sugars and starches. Lipids are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen.
Ch6.4 - Building Blocks of Life
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
Org. molecules pres.
1) Carbon atoms can form strong bonds with many other elements due to having four valence electrons. This allows carbon to form the complex structures that make up living organisms.
2) The four main macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen while nucleic acids also contain phosphorus and nitrogen.
3) Macromolecules perform essential functions like energy storage, structure, heredity, catalysis, and transport. They are formed by polymerization of smaller monomers and have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure.
Organic macromolecules
The document discusses organic macromolecules and polymers. It explains that polymers are made of monomers joined by covalent bonds, and can be natural or synthetic. The two main types of polymerization reactions are addition and condensation. The properties of polymers, such as strength and melting point, depend on the types of bonds between chains. Common synthetic polymers include plastics such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene. Biological macromolecules like carbohydrates and proteins are also discussed.
Biological molecules
This document provides information on biological molecules. It begins by defining biomolecules as molecules involved in living organisms that are typically made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. The main types of biomolecules discussed are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and glycogen. Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. The properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent in living systems are also summarized.
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Polymers
- 1. Polymers
- 2. CA State Standards • Students know large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starch, are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits. • Students know amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. • Students know the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of a large variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules.
- 3. Definitions Monomer - A molecule that can combine with others of the same kind to form a polymer. Polymer - A substance that has a molecular structure built from a large number of similar units (monomers) bonded together.
- 4. Carbohydrates Monomer - The simple sugars Glucose, sucrose, fructose (and many others) Polymer - The complex carbohydrates. Starch and Cellulose are long chains of simple sugars
- 5. Proteins Monomer - Amino acids There are twenty amino acids that can be used to build human proteins
- 6. Proteins Polymer - When many amino acids bond together to create long chains, the polymer is called a protein (it is also called a polypeptide because it contains many peptide bonds).
- 7. Insulin – A Human protein
- 8. DNA (a nucleic acid) is a polymer
- 9. DNA is made of monomers called nucleotides A G T C N O O OH OH OH O P NH O O CH3 N O O OH OH OH O P N N N NH2 N O O OH OH OH O P N NH N NH2 O N O O OH OH OH O P N NH2 O
- 10. Plastics Plastics are synthetic polymers Monomer: Vinyl chloride C2H3Cl Polymer: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ……[C2H3Cl]n……
- 11. Synthetic Polymers and Their Uses