Polymer supported Catalysts are in the form of network polymers in the form of beads.these polymers support can easily be recycled at the end the reaction mixture . It facilitates the purification process and isolation.
This document provides an overview of heterogeneous catalysis. It defines heterogeneous catalysis as a reaction where the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants. It describes the typical components of a heterogeneous catalyst and methods for catalyst preparation including impregnation and physical mixing. It also outlines steps for catalyst characterization and the catalytic cycle. Common industrial reactions facilitated by heterogeneous catalysts are discussed such as alkylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, oxidation and halogenation.
This document discusses pericyclic reactions, which are concerted reactions where the transition state involves electrons moving in a cyclic pattern. It describes the key properties of pericyclic reactions, including that they are stereospecific and often light- or heat-activated. It then covers various classes of pericyclic reactions like electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions like the Diels-Alder reaction, sigmatropic rearrangements including the Cope rearrangement, and group transfer reactions. Examples are provided to illustrate each reaction type.
Ultrasound In organic reaction and Supercritical Liquidsal mamun
This document discusses various applications of ultrasound and supercritical fluids in organic chemistry. It begins by defining ultrasound and describing how it is used to accelerate organic reactions by increasing reaction rates and product yields. Specific examples of heterocycle synthesis and other reaction types improved by ultrasound are provided. The document then defines supercritical fluids as substances above their critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. Common supercritical fluids of carbon dioxide and water are noted. Applications of supercritical fluids discussed include extraction, dry cleaning, chromatography, chemical reactions, and biodiesel production.
Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions initiated by light. Light provides the energy needed for photochemical reactions. There are several types of photochemical reactions including photo-oxidation, photo-addition, and photo-fragmentation. Photochemical reactions have specific characteristics - each molecule absorbs only one photon, the rate depends on light intensity, and the change in free energy may be positive or negative. Photochemistry is important for processes like vision, vitamin D formation, photosynthesis, and polymerization.
This document summarizes an ultrasound assisted reaction presentation. It discusses how ultrasound differs from conventional energy sources and how it can be used in organic synthesis and green and pharmaceutical chemistry. It describes how sonochemistry works through cavitation, where bubbles form and violently collapse, generating high pressures and temperatures. This can enhance chemical reactivity in homogeneous liquid, heterogeneous solid/liquid, and heterogeneous liquid/liquid phase reactions. Examples of synthetic applications where ultrasound switching altered reaction pathways are provided. The conclusion discusses how bubble collapse concentrates energy that can be used to heat bubble contents and enhance reactivity.
The video lecture for this presentation is available at the following link on YouTube
https://youtu.be/3sxal579RNM
The presenation will be useful for Ug/PG (Chemistry) students
Zeigler Natta catalyst is an important class of chemical compounds remarfot their ability to effect the polymerization of olefin to polymers of high molecular weights and streoregular structures.
It was developed by German SCientist Karl Zeigler and Itanlian scientist Giulio Natta and they received the 1963 Nobel prize in chemistry.
It's a combination of organimetallics which consists of a complex Triethyl aluminum an transition metal halide(Titanium tetrachloride ) which analysis polymerization.
Other transition metal such as Vanadium,Zirconium,Chromium, have also proven effective.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
This document provides an overview of heterogeneous catalysis. It defines heterogeneous catalysis as a reaction where the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants. It describes the typical components of a heterogeneous catalyst and methods for catalyst preparation including impregnation and physical mixing. It also outlines steps for catalyst characterization and the catalytic cycle. Common industrial reactions facilitated by heterogeneous catalysts are discussed such as alkylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, oxidation and halogenation.
This document discusses pericyclic reactions, which are concerted reactions where the transition state involves electrons moving in a cyclic pattern. It describes the key properties of pericyclic reactions, including that they are stereospecific and often light- or heat-activated. It then covers various classes of pericyclic reactions like electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions like the Diels-Alder reaction, sigmatropic rearrangements including the Cope rearrangement, and group transfer reactions. Examples are provided to illustrate each reaction type.
Ultrasound In organic reaction and Supercritical Liquidsal mamun
This document discusses various applications of ultrasound and supercritical fluids in organic chemistry. It begins by defining ultrasound and describing how it is used to accelerate organic reactions by increasing reaction rates and product yields. Specific examples of heterocycle synthesis and other reaction types improved by ultrasound are provided. The document then defines supercritical fluids as substances above their critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. Common supercritical fluids of carbon dioxide and water are noted. Applications of supercritical fluids discussed include extraction, dry cleaning, chromatography, chemical reactions, and biodiesel production.
Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions initiated by light. Light provides the energy needed for photochemical reactions. There are several types of photochemical reactions including photo-oxidation, photo-addition, and photo-fragmentation. Photochemical reactions have specific characteristics - each molecule absorbs only one photon, the rate depends on light intensity, and the change in free energy may be positive or negative. Photochemistry is important for processes like vision, vitamin D formation, photosynthesis, and polymerization.
This document summarizes an ultrasound assisted reaction presentation. It discusses how ultrasound differs from conventional energy sources and how it can be used in organic synthesis and green and pharmaceutical chemistry. It describes how sonochemistry works through cavitation, where bubbles form and violently collapse, generating high pressures and temperatures. This can enhance chemical reactivity in homogeneous liquid, heterogeneous solid/liquid, and heterogeneous liquid/liquid phase reactions. Examples of synthetic applications where ultrasound switching altered reaction pathways are provided. The conclusion discusses how bubble collapse concentrates energy that can be used to heat bubble contents and enhance reactivity.
The video lecture for this presentation is available at the following link on YouTube
https://youtu.be/3sxal579RNM
The presenation will be useful for Ug/PG (Chemistry) students
Zeigler Natta catalyst is an important class of chemical compounds remarfot their ability to effect the polymerization of olefin to polymers of high molecular weights and streoregular structures.
It was developed by German SCientist Karl Zeigler and Itanlian scientist Giulio Natta and they received the 1963 Nobel prize in chemistry.
It's a combination of organimetallics which consists of a complex Triethyl aluminum an transition metal halide(Titanium tetrachloride ) which analysis polymerization.
Other transition metal such as Vanadium,Zirconium,Chromium, have also proven effective.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
1. Cycloaddition reactions involve the addition of two pi systems to form a cyclic product with two new sigma bonds and two fewer pi bonds. They can occur suprafacially or antrafacially.
2. The Diels-Alder reaction is a common [4+2] cycloaddition between a diene and an alkene. The sign of the frontier orbitals must match for the reaction to be thermally or photochemically allowed.
3. The diene typically has electron-donating groups and the dienophile electron-withdrawing groups for efficient Diels-Alder reactions. The stereochemistry of substituents is maintained in the product.
Photoaddition and photo fragmentation reactionAshu Vijay
Photoaddition and photofragmentation reactions involve the use of light to induce chemical reactions. Photoaddition reactions form a single product when electronically excited molecules add across double bonds or carbonyl groups. Photofragmentation reactions introduce functional groups by cleaving bonds upon absorption of light, forming reactive diradicals or intermediates like carbenes and nitrenes which can undergo further reactions. Primary photofragmentation involves alpha cleavage of a sigma bond directly attached to the chromophore to form diradicals. Beta cleavage occurs when a leaving group is on the alpha carbon through a beta elimination reaction.
Pericyclic reactions involve the formation and breaking of bonds in a concerted cyclic transition state. They can be classified as cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions, sigmatropic rearrangements, cheletropic reactions, or group transfers. Examples of important pericyclic reactions discussed include the Diels-Alder reaction, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, Claisen rearrangement, and electrocyclic ring openings and closings. These reactions are useful in synthesis and occur in biological systems.
A carbene is any neutral carbon species which contains a non-bonding valance pair of electrons.
Contributed by Alison Brown & Nathan Buehler, Undergraduates, University of Utah
The document discusses microwave-assisted organic synthesis. It begins with an introduction and overview of green chemistry approaches like ultrasound and microwave-assisted synthesis. It then covers the basics of microwave irradiation including the mechanisms of microwave heating and how it differs from conventional heating. Several examples of common organic reactions that can be performed using microwave irradiation are provided, along with the merits and demerits of the technique.
The document discusses transition metals and their properties and uses. It defines transition metals based on their electronic configuration and partially filled d subshells. It describes how transition metals can adopt multiple oxidation states, form complexes, exhibit catalytic activity, and be used in organic reactions like cross-coupling reactions. Common transition metal catalysts used in coupling reactions include palladium and nickel. Organocatalysis is also discussed as an alternative to metal-based catalysis.
The document discusses the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, which is an important class of chemical compounds that can polymerize olefins like ethylene and propylene into high molecular weight polymers with stereoregular structures. It describes how Karl Zeigler developed catalysts in 1953 that produced polyethylene with high molecular weight and Natta further developed the methodology in 1954. Zeigler and Natta were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963. The mechanism of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst involves the formation of a complex between titanium and aluminum that allows for the insertion of monomer units between titanium and an ethyl group to stereospecifically form isotactic polymers.
The homolytic cleavage of covalent bonds in carbonyl compound under photochemical conditions known as Norrish Type Reactions
They are divided into two types
Norrish Type I
Norrish Type II reaction
Hydrogenation- definition, catalytic hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation, advantages and disadvantages of catalytic hydrogenation, applications of catalytic hydrogenation
BASE HYDROLYSIS AND FACTOR EFFECTING EFFECTING BASE HYDROLYSISRAFIK KHAN
This document discusses base hydrolysis and factors that affect the rate of base hydrolysis. There are two types of hydrolysis - acidic and base hydrolysis. Base hydrolysis occurs when a reaction takes place in a basic medium, where a ligand is replaced by an OH- group. There are two mechanisms for base hydrolysis - dissociative and associative. Factors like chelating and steric hindrance increase the rate of the reaction, while increasing the electronegativity of the ligand decreases the rate due to reduced pi bonding and lability of the ligand.
1) Pericyclic reactions proceed in a concerted, one-step process via a cyclic transition state with high stereo selectivity. They include cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions, and sigmatropic rearrangements.
2) Cycloadditions are classified as (2+2) or (4+2) depending on the number of pi electrons involved. Diels-Alder reactions are a common example of a (4+2) cycloaddition.
3) Electrocyclic reactions involve the formation or breaking of a ring with the generation or loss of a pi bond. They can be analyzed using frontier molecular orbital theory and orbital symmetry correlation diagrams.
CHAPTER 9: Kinetics of chain and step growth polymerizationJacob Adrian
This document provides an outline and overview of step-growth and chain-growth polymerization mechanisms and kinetics. It discusses the step-growth mechanism, kinetics of step-growth polymerization using Carother's equation, and controlling molecular weight. It then covers the chain-growth mechanism, kinetics of chain-growth polymerization using steady-state kinetics, and examples of free radical polymerization initiation, propagation and termination reactions. Major classes of natural and commercial polymers are also briefly mentioned.
Phase transfer catalysis involves using a catalyst to transfer a reactant from one immiscible liquid phase to another where the reaction takes place. Common phase transfer catalysts are quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts. The catalyst forms an ion pair with the reactant anion, transporting it into the organic phase where it undergoes nucleophilic substitution or other reactions. Phase transfer catalysis allows reactions between ions and organic molecules that would otherwise not interact due to being in separate phases. It has many applications in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
1. Carbenes are neutral molecules containing a divalent carbon atom with two unshared valence electrons. They exist in both singlet and triplet states depending on the electronic spin.
2. Carbenes undergo insertion reactions into X-H and C-C bonds. They also add across double bonds, with singlet carbenes preserving alkene stereochemistry and triplet carbenes losing it.
3. Carbenes are generated by reactions such as α-elimination of halogenated compounds with base or decomposition of diazo compounds. They can rearrange through migrations such as the Wolff or Arndt-Eistert reactions.
This document discusses metathesis reactions and their applications in organic synthesis. It begins with definitions and examples of different types of metathesis reactions including alkene, alkyne, and enyne metathesis. It then covers the key catalysts used, such as Grubbs and Schrock catalysts, as well as the 2005 Nobel Prize awarded for the development of metathesis reactions. The document concludes by outlining several important applications of metathesis in synthesizing biologically active compounds and natural products.
The document discusses nitration, which is the introduction of nitro groups (-NO2) into organic molecules. It can produce nitro aromatic compounds, nitro paraffinic compounds, or nitramine compounds. The main nitrating agents are mixtures of nitric acid with sulfuric acid. Nitration of aromatic compounds produces nitrobenzene and related compounds. The orientation of nitro substitution depends on the electron-withdrawing or -donating effects of substituents. Nitration of aliphatic compounds requires high temperatures and yields complex product mixtures. Process parameters like temperature, agitation, composition, and phase ratios influence nitration kinetics and yields.
The document discusses homogeneous catalysis where the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. It provides examples of important homogeneous catalytic reactions like hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and hydrocyanation. Hydrogenation involves using metal catalysts like palladium, platinum, or nickel to reduce double and triple bonds. Hydroformylation uses cobalt or rhodium catalysts to add a formyl group and hydrogen to an alkene to produce an aldehyde. Hydrocyanation employs nickel phosphite catalysts to add hydrogen cyanide to an alkene to yield a nitrile, with an important application being the production of adiponitrile.
Solid-phase synthesis is a technology by which the synthesis of a peptide is simplified. The chemistry for synthesis on a solid support is the same as that for synthesis in solution, except that the protector of the carboxy terminus is linked to an insoluble support, either directly or indirectly.
1. Cycloaddition reactions involve the addition of two pi systems to form a cyclic product with two new sigma bonds and two fewer pi bonds. They can occur suprafacially or antrafacially.
2. The Diels-Alder reaction is a common [4+2] cycloaddition between a diene and an alkene. The sign of the frontier orbitals must match for the reaction to be thermally or photochemically allowed.
3. The diene typically has electron-donating groups and the dienophile electron-withdrawing groups for efficient Diels-Alder reactions. The stereochemistry of substituents is maintained in the product.
Photoaddition and photo fragmentation reactionAshu Vijay
Photoaddition and photofragmentation reactions involve the use of light to induce chemical reactions. Photoaddition reactions form a single product when electronically excited molecules add across double bonds or carbonyl groups. Photofragmentation reactions introduce functional groups by cleaving bonds upon absorption of light, forming reactive diradicals or intermediates like carbenes and nitrenes which can undergo further reactions. Primary photofragmentation involves alpha cleavage of a sigma bond directly attached to the chromophore to form diradicals. Beta cleavage occurs when a leaving group is on the alpha carbon through a beta elimination reaction.
Pericyclic reactions involve the formation and breaking of bonds in a concerted cyclic transition state. They can be classified as cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions, sigmatropic rearrangements, cheletropic reactions, or group transfers. Examples of important pericyclic reactions discussed include the Diels-Alder reaction, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, Claisen rearrangement, and electrocyclic ring openings and closings. These reactions are useful in synthesis and occur in biological systems.
A carbene is any neutral carbon species which contains a non-bonding valance pair of electrons.
Contributed by Alison Brown & Nathan Buehler, Undergraduates, University of Utah
The document discusses microwave-assisted organic synthesis. It begins with an introduction and overview of green chemistry approaches like ultrasound and microwave-assisted synthesis. It then covers the basics of microwave irradiation including the mechanisms of microwave heating and how it differs from conventional heating. Several examples of common organic reactions that can be performed using microwave irradiation are provided, along with the merits and demerits of the technique.
The document discusses transition metals and their properties and uses. It defines transition metals based on their electronic configuration and partially filled d subshells. It describes how transition metals can adopt multiple oxidation states, form complexes, exhibit catalytic activity, and be used in organic reactions like cross-coupling reactions. Common transition metal catalysts used in coupling reactions include palladium and nickel. Organocatalysis is also discussed as an alternative to metal-based catalysis.
The document discusses the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, which is an important class of chemical compounds that can polymerize olefins like ethylene and propylene into high molecular weight polymers with stereoregular structures. It describes how Karl Zeigler developed catalysts in 1953 that produced polyethylene with high molecular weight and Natta further developed the methodology in 1954. Zeigler and Natta were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963. The mechanism of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst involves the formation of a complex between titanium and aluminum that allows for the insertion of monomer units between titanium and an ethyl group to stereospecifically form isotactic polymers.
The homolytic cleavage of covalent bonds in carbonyl compound under photochemical conditions known as Norrish Type Reactions
They are divided into two types
Norrish Type I
Norrish Type II reaction
Hydrogenation- definition, catalytic hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation, advantages and disadvantages of catalytic hydrogenation, applications of catalytic hydrogenation
BASE HYDROLYSIS AND FACTOR EFFECTING EFFECTING BASE HYDROLYSISRAFIK KHAN
This document discusses base hydrolysis and factors that affect the rate of base hydrolysis. There are two types of hydrolysis - acidic and base hydrolysis. Base hydrolysis occurs when a reaction takes place in a basic medium, where a ligand is replaced by an OH- group. There are two mechanisms for base hydrolysis - dissociative and associative. Factors like chelating and steric hindrance increase the rate of the reaction, while increasing the electronegativity of the ligand decreases the rate due to reduced pi bonding and lability of the ligand.
1) Pericyclic reactions proceed in a concerted, one-step process via a cyclic transition state with high stereo selectivity. They include cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions, and sigmatropic rearrangements.
2) Cycloadditions are classified as (2+2) or (4+2) depending on the number of pi electrons involved. Diels-Alder reactions are a common example of a (4+2) cycloaddition.
3) Electrocyclic reactions involve the formation or breaking of a ring with the generation or loss of a pi bond. They can be analyzed using frontier molecular orbital theory and orbital symmetry correlation diagrams.
CHAPTER 9: Kinetics of chain and step growth polymerizationJacob Adrian
This document provides an outline and overview of step-growth and chain-growth polymerization mechanisms and kinetics. It discusses the step-growth mechanism, kinetics of step-growth polymerization using Carother's equation, and controlling molecular weight. It then covers the chain-growth mechanism, kinetics of chain-growth polymerization using steady-state kinetics, and examples of free radical polymerization initiation, propagation and termination reactions. Major classes of natural and commercial polymers are also briefly mentioned.
Phase transfer catalysis involves using a catalyst to transfer a reactant from one immiscible liquid phase to another where the reaction takes place. Common phase transfer catalysts are quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts. The catalyst forms an ion pair with the reactant anion, transporting it into the organic phase where it undergoes nucleophilic substitution or other reactions. Phase transfer catalysis allows reactions between ions and organic molecules that would otherwise not interact due to being in separate phases. It has many applications in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
1. Carbenes are neutral molecules containing a divalent carbon atom with two unshared valence electrons. They exist in both singlet and triplet states depending on the electronic spin.
2. Carbenes undergo insertion reactions into X-H and C-C bonds. They also add across double bonds, with singlet carbenes preserving alkene stereochemistry and triplet carbenes losing it.
3. Carbenes are generated by reactions such as α-elimination of halogenated compounds with base or decomposition of diazo compounds. They can rearrange through migrations such as the Wolff or Arndt-Eistert reactions.
This document discusses metathesis reactions and their applications in organic synthesis. It begins with definitions and examples of different types of metathesis reactions including alkene, alkyne, and enyne metathesis. It then covers the key catalysts used, such as Grubbs and Schrock catalysts, as well as the 2005 Nobel Prize awarded for the development of metathesis reactions. The document concludes by outlining several important applications of metathesis in synthesizing biologically active compounds and natural products.
The document discusses nitration, which is the introduction of nitro groups (-NO2) into organic molecules. It can produce nitro aromatic compounds, nitro paraffinic compounds, or nitramine compounds. The main nitrating agents are mixtures of nitric acid with sulfuric acid. Nitration of aromatic compounds produces nitrobenzene and related compounds. The orientation of nitro substitution depends on the electron-withdrawing or -donating effects of substituents. Nitration of aliphatic compounds requires high temperatures and yields complex product mixtures. Process parameters like temperature, agitation, composition, and phase ratios influence nitration kinetics and yields.
The document discusses homogeneous catalysis where the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. It provides examples of important homogeneous catalytic reactions like hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and hydrocyanation. Hydrogenation involves using metal catalysts like palladium, platinum, or nickel to reduce double and triple bonds. Hydroformylation uses cobalt or rhodium catalysts to add a formyl group and hydrogen to an alkene to produce an aldehyde. Hydrocyanation employs nickel phosphite catalysts to add hydrogen cyanide to an alkene to yield a nitrile, with an important application being the production of adiponitrile.
Solid-phase synthesis is a technology by which the synthesis of a peptide is simplified. The chemistry for synthesis on a solid support is the same as that for synthesis in solution, except that the protector of the carboxy terminus is linked to an insoluble support, either directly or indirectly.
Affinity Chromatography involves the covalent attachment of an immobilized biochemical called as affinity ligand to a solid support. When a sample is passed through the column, only solute that selectively binds to the complementary ligand is retained; other sample components elute without retention. The separation exploit the “lock and key” binding that is prevalent in biological systems. The retention solutes can be eluted from the column by changing the mobile phase composition.
solid phase synthesis Presentation by komalKomal Rajgire
The document summarizes solid phase synthesis. It begins with an introduction describing how solid phase synthesis involves coupling reagents to a solid support to perform multi-step reactions leading to a target molecule. It then discusses various aspects of planning solid phase synthesis such as suitable resin supports, linkers, protective groups, and monitoring reactions. Examples of resin types, linkers, and protective groups are provided. The document concludes by outlining advantages such as simplified purification and green chemistry principles, as well as disadvantages such as potential low reaction rates. Applications mentioned include combinatorial synthesis, peptide synthesis, and DNA synthesis.
Affinity chromatography is a separation technique that relies on the specific biological interactions between an immobilized ligand and a solute. The ligand is covalently attached to a solid support and selectively binds the desired solute when a sample is passed through the column. Non-binding components are washed away while the retained solute can be eluted by changing conditions like pH or ionic strength. It allows for highly specific purification of biomolecules and is commonly used with ligands like antibodies, enzymes, and dyes to separate substances like proteins, nucleic acids, and hormones. Some advantages are high specificity, reproducibility, and ability to obtain target molecules in a pure state in a single step.
Affinity chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography that uses the reversible biological interaction or molecular recognition between a ligand and target molecule for their separation. It involves attaching a ligand with specific binding affinity to a solid support to act as the stationary phase. When a sample mixture is passed through the column, target molecules that bind to the ligand are separated from other substances. Bound molecules can then be eluted by altering conditions like pH or ionic strength to disrupt ligand-target binding.
Solid and Solution phase peptide synthesis PPT.pptxKamalMisra6
The document discusses solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and solution phase peptide synthesis. It describes the key principles and steps of SPPS, including using a solid support resin, linkers to attach amino acids, protective groups, and repeating cycles of deprotection, wash, coupling, and wash. The two main SPPS methods discussed are Boc and Fmoc protocols, which differ in the protective groups and conditions used for deprotection and cleavage from the resin.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers. It defines biodegradable polymers as polymers that can be broken down into biologically acceptable molecules via normal metabolic pathways. The ideal characteristics of biodegradable polymers include biocompatibility and biodegradability. The document outlines various factors that influence polymer degradation behavior and mechanisms. It also describes common medical applications of biodegradable polymers like sutures, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering. The document provides examples of natural biodegradable polymers like collagen and gelatin as well as synthetic polymers like polylactic acid. In conclusion, biodegradable polymers show promise for advanced drug delivery but more research is needed to address issues like sensitivity to processing.
It will be helpful for students who is having very less time to prepare for enzyme immobilization and coimmobilization of an enzyme. This presentation have covered various methods and its induatrial applicability.
Affinity chromatography is a separation technique that relies on the specific binding interaction between an immobilized ligand and its binding partner. It is commonly used to purify biomolecules like proteins and enzymes. The stationary phase contains a solid support with an affinity ligand that selectively binds the target molecule. The sample is loaded and the target molecule binds while contaminants are washed away. The bound target is then eluted by changing conditions to disrupt the binding. Affinity chromatography offers high specificity and purity but can be time-consuming and require expensive ligands.
Plant cell immobilization techniques confine catalytically active plant cells within a reactor system to increase productivity. Common techniques include entrapment within a polymer matrix, microencapsulation, and adsorption to a surface. Immobilized cells are protected from shear forces and can operate continuously in bioreactors. While immobilization allows high biomass levels and simplified downstream processing, it may reduce cell biosynthesis capacity and require the release of products from the immobilized cells.
This document discusses lead identification and optimization in drug discovery. It begins by defining a lead compound as a new chemical entity that shows the desired pharmaceutical activity and could potentially be developed into a new drug. There are several methods to identify lead compounds, including screening natural products, de novo design, high-throughput screening, and biotechnology approaches. Once a lead is identified, it undergoes optimization of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties to improve the potential for development as a drug. High-throughput screening allows for testing thousands of compounds against a target to help identify promising lead compounds.
Affinity chromatography: Principles and applicationsHemant Khandoliya
Affinity chromatography separates proteins based on a reversible interaction between a protein and a ligand coupled to a chromatography matrix. There are several types of elution methods used including pH elution, ionic strength elution, and competitive elution. The matrix, ligand, and method of ligand immobilization via a spacer arm are important considerations for affinity chromatography.
Enzyme immobilization may be defined as a process of confining the enzyme molecules to a solid support over which a substrate is passed and converted to products.
The document provides an overview of solid phase synthesis. It describes how solid phase synthesis involves coupling reagents to an inert solid support to perform multi-step organic synthesis. The key steps include attaching the starting material to a resin via a linker, performing sequential reactions on the bound intermediate, then cleaving the final product from the resin. The Merrifield method from 1963 pioneered this technique by automating the synthesis of peptides on an insoluble polystyrene resin, enabling efficient purification and the potential for parallel reactions.
Enzyme immobilization ,Methods ,advantages and disadvantages and applicationsTaufica Nusrat
The document discusses immobilized enzymes, including definitions, important aspects of immobilization, and reasons for and limitations of immobilization. It describes the components of enzyme immobilization including enzymes, support matrices, and immobilization techniques. The document outlines properties required of support materials and classifications of supports as organic or inorganic. It details various immobilization techniques and provides examples of kinetics, factors affecting production, advantages/disadvantages, and applications of immobilized enzymes in food/beverage, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields.
This document discusses the optimization of organic reactions for pharmaceutical process development. It outlines that process development aims to develop cost-effective, safe, reproducible and efficient manufacturing methods. It describes several key approaches to optimization, including selecting appropriate raw materials, synthetic routes, reagents and solvents based on criteria like availability, cost, purity and safety. The document emphasizes developing flexible, simple processes that minimize waste and are environmentally friendly.
Affinity chromatography is a method used to purify biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids based on specific interactions between the biomolecule and a ligand immobilized on a solid support. When a mixture is passed through the column, the target biomolecule will bind to the ligand while other molecules pass through. The bound biomolecule can then be separated by changing conditions like pH or introducing a competing molecule to displace it. Affinity chromatography offers highly specific purification of target molecules in a single step.
Biocatalysts are substance which alters to promote the reaction and a substance especially an enzyme, that initiates or modified the rate of chemical reaction.
Affinity chromatography was first developed in the 1930s by Swedish biochemist Tiselius and involves using the affinity of biochemical compounds for specific properties to study enzymes and proteins. It works by having a ligand attached to an inert matrix within a column that selectively binds the desired molecule from a sample as it passes through. The molecule is then eluted from the column by changing conditions like pH or salt concentration. Affinity chromatography is widely used for purification, isolation, and research due to its high specificity and ability to obtain high purity products.
Longifolene is common naturally occurring, oily liquid hydrocarbon found in the high boiling fraction of certain pine resins.
Juvabione is a terpene- derived-keto-ester that has been isolated from plant sources.
Morphine is a major component of opium,it is isolated from poppy straw of the opium poppy.
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. It is the strongest material known and has extraordinary properties including high electrical and thermal conductivity. Graphene was first isolated in 2004 by Geim and Novoselov through mechanical exfoliation of graphite and they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for their work. It can be synthesized through various methods including mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and oxidation and reduction of graphite. Potential applications of graphene include use in integrated circuits, transistors, ultracapacitors, bionic devices, and flexible displays due to its remarkable properties.
Conducting polymers can conduct electricity when carbon atoms in the polymer backbone are linked by double bonds. Common conducting polymers include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene. They are prepared through various synthesis methods and their conductivity is affected by factors like mobility, doping, and temperature. Potential applications of conducting polymers include corrosion protection, solar cells, medical uses, and more. While doped polymers are conductors, conjugate polymers are semiconductors. Conducting polymers offer opportunities to replace metals in various devices due to properties like mechanical flexibility and low cost.
Alkenes by absorption of light activated to higher energy singlet & triplet state and undergoes chemical reaction. These reactions are mainly:- 1. Cis - trans isomerization
2. Dimerization
3. Cycloaddition
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
Hypervalent refers to the main group elements that breaks the octet rule and firmly has more than right electrons in it's valence shell. These are non - metallic oxidation reagents.
Nanoparticles between 1-100 nanometers are used in sensors due to their optical properties. Silver nanoparticles are commonly used due to higher extinction coefficient and biological properties. Nanoparticle sensors can detect biological, chemical, or surgical information on a microscopic level due to their small size. They interact with light and exhibit surface plasmon resonance, enhancing local electromagnetic fields. Nanoparticle sensors have applications in medicine, national security, aerospace, and more. Challenges remain in reducing costs, improving reliability, and mass production.
The document discusses chelating agents, which are chemical compounds that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion, forming stable, soluble complexes. It provides examples of chelating agents like ethylenediamine and EDTA. Chelating agents are classified based on the number of atoms that coordinate with the metal ion, and have properties like high solubility in water and low affinity for calcium. Applications of chelating agents include use in agriculture to provide micronutrients to plants, industrial uses like catalysis and metal extraction, and medical uses such as chelation therapy to remove heavy metals from the body. However, chelating agents can also have drawbacks like redistributing toxic metals or losing essential metals.
Conducting polymers are those polymers which conduct electricity due to extended P- orbital system. Due to this extension of P orbital electrons can move from one end to another end of the polymer.
Pyrrole is a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compound with the formula C4H4NH. It has a planar structure that is aromatic due to delocalized pi electrons. Pyrrole is prepared through various methods and undergoes electrophilic substitution and other reactions. It is a weak base and acid and has applications as an intermediate in pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other organic compounds.
This document discusses the use of microwaves for synthesis. It provides benefits of microwave synthesis such as faster reactions, less byproducts, and energy efficiency. Demerits include difficulty controlling heat and potential dangers from closed containers. Applications include pharmaceuticals, food processing, chemicals, polymers, and waste management. One example provided is a one-pot solvent-free microwave synthesis of fused pyrimidine diones and triones from barbituric acids, aldehydes, and carbamides/thiocarbamides. Microwave synthesis allows for greener chemistry by preventing waste and enabling inherently safer and more energy efficient reactions.
More from Minal Saini , student of Chaudhary bansilal University , Bhiwani, Haryana (14)
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
3. INTRODUCTION
Polymer support is one such
attempt in the field of solid phase
peptide synthesis which has
resulted in improved reaction
yields and also simpler steps of
purification.
Polymer support in which
catalytically active species are
immobilized through chemical
bonds or weaker interaction such
as H-bonds or donor -acceptor
interactions.
Organic + reagent catalysts
Substrate
Desired product + By-product
excess reagents
catalysts etc.Isolation process
Desired product (
crude)
Purification
Pure
product
3
4. PROPERTIES OF POLYMER SUPPORT
Insoluble in common solvents.
Reusable.
Undergo straight forward reaction and be free
from any side reactions.
Easy to handle and should not undergo mechanical
fracturing during synthetic operations.
Functional group should be uniformly distributed
in the polymer.
Either of relatively rigid (nonswellable) or of quite
flexible (swelling) type.
4.
5. CHOICE OF POLYMERS
A range of polymers which are used in organic
synthesis are poly vinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol,
polyethylene imine, polamino acids, polyvinyl
chloride and various phenol- formaldehyde resins
etc.
The selection of a polymer support
depends on the type of the reaction to be
performed.The most abundantly used polymer
support is the styrene based polymers.
5.
6. Continue...
Reason for using polystyrene as supported catalyst:
1. Aromatic ring can be easily functionalised.
2. Being hydrocarbon like,These polymers are
compatible with organic solvents.
3. These polymers are not degraded by most
chemical reagents under ordinary conditions.
4. The type and degree of cross-linking can be
easily be controlled.
6.
7. Reactions involving polymer support
Type 1:
In this type of
reactions, the organic
substrate is covalently
bound to the polymer
support and reacted
with the reagent ,
catalyst, etc.
7.
Polymer support
Organic substrate
Polymer bound
substrate
Polymer bound product
isolated in pure state by
filtration; the excess reagent
etc. are removed
Desired product
+
Spent polymer (isolated by solvent
extraction)
Hydrolysis and
filtration
Treated with reagent, Catalysts etc.
9. Type 2:
In this type of synthesis ,the reagent is linked to
a polymeric material to form a functionalised
polymer supported reagent.
Special advantage of such
reagent is the ease of separation of the product
from spent reagent, an increased selectively of
the reagent due to steric hindrance and in some
cases the spent reagent may be regenerated.
9.
11. Preparation of Ethers from Alcohols by
using polymeric AlCl as a catalyst:
Type 3:
Polymer supported catalytic reactions :
In this type of reaction, conventional catalyst
which is usually used in the homogeneous phase, is
linked to a polymer backbone and used in this form to
catalyze reactions.
For example:
3
11.
12. 12.
The presence of polymer mediates the effect of
strong Lewis acid Catalyst producing higher yields
of the desired ether and lower yields of the
competing, higher molecular weight side products.
13. Conclusion
Use of polymeric material in organic synthesis , facilitate the
isolation and purification in simplified manner and in high
yields. And also having properties as
13.
14. References
1. V.K.Ahuluwalia,Renu Aggarwal; Organic Synthesis Special
Techniques; Narosa Publishing House; 2nd Ed. ; 2006; 150-
191.
2. Maurizio Benaglia , Alessandra Puglisi, and Franco Cozz;
polymer -supported Organic Catalysts; American chem.
Society; 2003; vol.103; no.9.
3. Tor E. kristensen, Kristian Vestli,Martin G.Jakobsen,Finn
k.Hansen,and Tore Hansen; AGeneral Approach for
Preparation of Polymer-supported choral organocatalysts
via Acrylic Copolymerization; J. Org. Chem. 2010; 75; 1620-
1629.
14.