BASIC DISCUSSION ABOUT THE CROWN ETHER AND CRYPTAND. INCLUDING THEIR BACKGROUND,STRUCTURE,NOMENCLATURE,CAVITY SIZE, SELECTIVITY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS.
Polymer supported Catalysts are in the form of network polymers in the form of beads.these polymers support can easily be recycled at the end the reaction mixture . It facilitates the purification process and isolation.
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
BASIC DISCUSSION ABOUT THE CROWN ETHER AND CRYPTAND. INCLUDING THEIR BACKGROUND,STRUCTURE,NOMENCLATURE,CAVITY SIZE, SELECTIVITY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS.
Polymer supported Catalysts are in the form of network polymers in the form of beads.these polymers support can easily be recycled at the end the reaction mixture . It facilitates the purification process and isolation.
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
For UG students of All Engineering Branches (Mechanical Engg., Chemical Engg., Instrumentation Engg., Food Technology) and PG students of Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry, Pharmacy
The link of the video lecture at YouTube is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3QDG8ZIX-8
Flash photolysis and Shock tube method PRUTHVIRAJ K
In 1967 the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish for their co-discovery of Flash photolysis in 1949.
Flash photolysis is used to extensively to study reactions that happen extremely quickly, even down to the femtosecond depending on the laser that is used. The technique was born out of cameras developed during and shorty after WWII, which were used to take pictures of fast moving planes, rockets and Missiles.
Since then the technology of laser and optics has progressed allowing faster and faster reactions to be studied.
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
For UG students of All Engineering Branches (Mechanical Engg., Chemical Engg., Instrumentation Engg., Food Technology) and PG students of Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry, Pharmacy
The link of the video lecture at YouTube is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3QDG8ZIX-8
Flash photolysis and Shock tube method PRUTHVIRAJ K
In 1967 the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish for their co-discovery of Flash photolysis in 1949.
Flash photolysis is used to extensively to study reactions that happen extremely quickly, even down to the femtosecond depending on the laser that is used. The technique was born out of cameras developed during and shorty after WWII, which were used to take pictures of fast moving planes, rockets and Missiles.
Since then the technology of laser and optics has progressed allowing faster and faster reactions to be studied.
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
Strain effect in the crystal structure causes enhanced catalytic effect which is very beneficial for different process. In this Presentation it is discussed how the strain is generated and what is its effect.
14/09/2017
1
Crystal Structure
1
Crystalline Solid
• Crystalline Solid is the solid form of a substance in
which the atoms or molecules are arranged in a
definite, repeating pattern in three dimension.
• Single crystals, ideally have a high degree of order, or
regular geometric periodicity, throughout the entire
volume of the material.
Crystalline Solids
2
Macroscopic form reflects underlying atomic structure
14/09/2017
2
Crystal Structure
3
Polycrystalline Solid
Polycrystalline
Pyrite form
(Grain)
Polycrystal is a material made up of an aggregate of many small single crystals
(also called crystallites or grains).
Polycrystalline material have a high degree of order over many atomic or molecular
dimensions.
These ordered regions, or single crytal regions, vary in size and orientation wrt one
another.
These regions are called as grains ( domain) and are separated from one another
by grain boundaries. The atomic order can vary from one domain to the next.
The grains are usually 100 nm - 100 microns in diameter. Polycrystals with grains
that are <10 nm in diameter are called nanocrystalline
Crystal Structure
4
Amorphous Solid
• Amorphous (Non-crystalline) Solid is composed of randomly
orientated atoms , ions, or molecules that do not form defined
patterns or lattice structures.
• Amorphous materials have order only within a few atomic or molecular
dimensions.
• Amorphous materials do not have any long-range order, but they have
varying degrees of short-range order.
• Examples to amorphous materials include amorphous silicon,
plastics, and glasses.
• Amorphous silicon can be used in solar cells and thin film transistors.
http://www.alaskanessences.com/gembig/Pyrite.jpg
14/09/2017
3
Molecular Crystals
5
Formed from C60 or molecules,
Known as “buckyballs”
A molecular lattice of 1·KClO4.
Liquid Crystals & Polymers
6
Some properties of liquid,
some of solid
Polymer long chain of atoms
14/09/2017
4
7
Bonds between atoms: contents
• bonding in general, attractive and repulsive forces,
cohesive energy
• ionic bonding
• covalent bonding
• metallic bonding
• hydrogen bonding and van der Waals bonding
• relationship between bonding type and some physical
properties of a solid (in particular melting point)
at the end of this lecture you should understand....
8
Bonding in solids: the general idea
• valence electrons (of the outer shell) achieve bonding (like
in chemistry)
• decrease in total energy stabilises the solid (the solid’s
energy is lower than that of sum of atoms it is made of)
• so the energy gain by the bonding must be higher than the
energy it costs to promote electrons from the atomic orbitals
to the electronic states of the solid.
• this energy difference is a measure for the strength of the
bond. It is called the cohesive energy.
cohesive en.
+1 oxidation state of Cu
properties
stability
binary compound
oxidation state and stereochemistry of copper (1)
cuprou complex
organic derivatives
biological importance
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Basic concepts
Supramolecular compound:
A molecular assembly where two or more molecule interacts each other via various
weak intermolecular interactions such as electrostatic interactions, metal
coordination, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions and hydrophobic or solvophobic
effects.
12/14/2018 3
4. Host-guest chemistry:
A molecule (host) to produce a “host –guest” complex.
Interactions between host and guest are noncovalent .
Guest may be
:a monoatomic cation
:a simple inorganic anion
:A more sophisticated molecule such as hormone or neurotransmitter.
Host may possesses convergent binding site.
Guest may possesses divergent binding site.
12/14/2018 4
5. Design principles of supramolecular host
A number of non-covalent interactions play an major role in
building of supramolecular blocks are:
Ionic & dipolar interactions (stongest) .
• ion-ion interactions.
• Ion-dipole interactions.
• Dipole dipole interactions.
Hydrogen bonding.
Vander waals interactions.
Close packing.
Hydrophobic effects.(weakest)
Solvent effects.
Π-Interactions.
12/14/2018 5
6. Ion-dipolar interaction
ion-ion interaction:
•Stongest interaction.
•Nondirectional.
•Example:
•tetra butylammonium
chloride.
Ion_dipole interaction:
•Ion interacts with polar part
of the molecule
•Directional
•Example:alkali metal-crown
ether complexes.
dipole-dipole
interaction:
•Weaker then ion-dipole
•Example: typical with
organic carbonyl
compounds.
12/14/2018 6
7. Definitions:
A hydrogen bond may be regarded as a particular kind of dipole-dipole
interaction in which a hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative
atom is attracted to a neighboring dipole on an adjacent molecule or
functional group.
Properties:
•4-60kJ mol−1
•Directional, certain geometry.
•Solvent is defining factor when for H-bond.
•Orders the overall shape of a biological molecule.
•In DNA H-bond is sheltered by double helix-
structure.
Hydrogen bonding
12/14/2018 7
8. Sub catagories:
Strong: electron density deficiency in donor or excess electron density in a acceptor
or conformation forces donor & acceptor closer than normal H-bond.
Moderate: between neutral donor & neutral acceptor.
weak: when H is bonded to slightly more electronegative(C, Si) atom, or acceptor
contains Π electrons.
strong moderate weak
A-H---B interaction covalent electrostatic electrostatic
Bond energy(kjmol-1) 60-120 16-60 <12
Bond length
H---B
A---B
1.2-1.5
2.2-2.5
1.5-2.2
2.5-3.2
2.2-3.2
3.2-4.0
BOND ANGLES(◦) 175-180 130-180 90-150
examples H-F complexes Dimers of acids C-H H-bond
Table:
12/14/2018 8
9. •Vander waals forces(<5kjmol-1)
•Arises from fluctuation of electron distribution between species that are in close
proximity To one another.
•Proportinal to size of the molecules and inversly proportional to the sixth power of
distance.
•Define molecular shape and geometry.
Vander waals forces
12/14/2018 9
11. Hydrophobic effect
•Relate the exclusion of larger or weakly
solvated (hydrophobic ) species from polar
media>
•Can be divided into enthalpic and entropic
components .
•Enthalpic effect: stabilization of polar
solvant excluded from the cavity upon guest
binding .(dominating) (-22kjmol-1)
•Entropic effect: combination of host and
guest results in disruption to the solvent
structure →entropic gain(-9kjmol-1)
•Example: binding of organic molecules by
cyclophanes and cyclodextrine in water.
Figure:Hydrophobic binding of
organic guests in aqueous solution.
12/14/2018 11
12. Solvation effect:
Polar solvents:
Compete for binding sites →hydrogen bond functionality→less binding constan magnitude.
Nonpolar solvents:
host-guest interactions are much more significant→more binding constant.
solvent Solvent type K(M-1)
CH2Cl2 Non-polar 240
CHCl2CHCl2 Non-polar
,large size
128000
Iso propanol polar 13
Tert-butyl alcohol polar 66
Table: influence of solvent on the binding constant of host
12/14/2018 12
13. In order to plan a suitable host for a target guest one should
consider several Parameters. they are:
For a host–guest interaction to occur the host molecule must posses
the appropriate binding sites for the guest molecule to bind to.
Selectivity
This selectivity can arise from a number of different factors, such as-
- complementarities of the host and guest binding sites
- pre-organisation of the host conformation
- co-operativity of the binding groups.
12/14/2018 13
14. As summed up by cram et al.” to complex , the host must have binding sites
which cooperatively contact and attract the binding site of the guest
without generating strong non-bonded repulsions”.
Example: The active site of an enzyme is complementary in size and shape
and is functionally compatible with the substrate.
Figure 1.2 The lock and key principle, where the lock represents
the receptor in which the grooves are complimentary to the key,
which represents the substrate.
The key-lock model
Induced-fit model
Figure 1.3 The induced-fit model of substrate binding. As the enzyme
and substrate approach each other, the binding site of the enzyme
changes shape, resulting in a more precise fit between host and
guest.
Complementarity
12/14/2018 14
15. Chelate, macrocyclic and macrobicyclic effects:
Chelate effect:
Metal complexes of bidentate ligands are significantly more stable than closly related
materials that contain unidentate ligands.
Example:
Due to both thermodynamic and kinetic effects.
Dependent on the size of the chelate ring.
Allosteric effect.
∆G=-49.4kjmol-1 ∆G=-104.4kjmol-1
12/14/2018 15
16. Macrocyclic effect:
Host system that are preorganised into
a large cycle shape form more stable
complexes.
Relates not only to the organisation of
the binding sites , but also the
organization of the binding sites in space
prior to the guest binding .
Macrobicyclic effect:
bicyclic hosts such as cryptands are
found to be even more stable than the
monocyclic corands .
Fig: the chelate , macrocyclic and
macrobicyclic effect.
12/14/2018 16
17. A host is said to be preorganised when it requires no significant
conformational change to bind a guest species.
Preorganisation:
•Macrocyclic, corand, more
preorganised.
•Rigid, favorable
•Less solvation
•Enthalpically favorable.(-
61.9kjmol-1)
•Entropy: less negative.
•logK=15.34
•Podand
•Flexible& unfavorable
•More solvated.
Enthalpically `unfavorable(-44.4kjmol-
1)
•(bond breaking occurs due to
solvation)
•logK=11.25
Preorganised macrocyclic host is 10000 time more capable of binding guest :
12/14/2018 17
18. 12/14/2018 18
The small amount of stabilisation energy gained by any one Non-
covalent interaction when added to all the other small
stabilizations from the other interactions (summative) results in
a signify cant binding energy and hence complex stability, this
phenomenon is called co-operativity.
Co-operativity:
Two types:
Positive co-operativity:if the overall stability of the complex is greater than the sum
of energies of the Interaction of the guest with binding groups than the result is
positive co-operativity.
Negative co-operativity:if unfavorable steric and electronic effects arising from the
linking of binding sites togather into one host Causes overall binding free energy for
the complex to be less than the sum of its parts than the phenomenon is termed
negative co-operativity.
19. formation of kinetically labile complex is a fundamental criterion in the
definition of molecular hosts which allows the rapid exchange of guests.
Concept of anion host design
FACTORS WITCH AFFECT ANION COMPLEXATION
Prevailing interactions which take place in anion binding:
• hydrogen bonding
• ion-dipole and ion-ion interactions
•Vander waals force.
1. Size match between anion and host cavity.
2. Complementarity.
3. Anion and host charge and anion polarisability.
4. Solvent (polarity, hydrogen bonding and coordination ability), anion and host free
energies of solvation.
5. Anion basicity and host acidity.
6. Other kinetic, enthalpic and entropic contributions to the anion-host interactions.
12/14/2018 19
20. 1. Size match between anion and host cavity.
Anions are relatively large and therefore require receptors of considerably greater
size than cations.
2. Complementarity.
Even simple inorganic anions occur in a range of shapes and geometries.
12/14/2018 20
21. Complexes of 6H+ forms of nitrogen
macrobicycles with anions:
F- : tetrahedral binding; log K = 4.19
Cl- : octahedral coordination; log K = 3.0
N3- : log K = 4.3
I- : log K = 2.15
Fluoride Chloride Azide
3. Anions have high free energies of solvation compared to cations of similar size
and hence hosts for anions experience more competition from the surrounding
medium. For example, the standard free energies of hydration, ∆Ghydro, for F− and
K+ are −465 and −295 kJ mol−1, respectively.
12/14/2018 21
22. Concept of Cation host design:
Crown ethers :
•Preorganised .
•Selectivity for their binding strength to alkali and alkali earth metal.
•Also complexes with ammonium, guanadium & pyridinium etc.
Cryptates
•Analogues to crown ether.
•Bicyclic
•More metal cation binding ability than crown ether is due to the three
dimensional nature of their cavity.
Crown ether Cryptand
Applications: catalytic and medicinal application.
12/14/2018 22