Structures in Functions discusses pointers to structures, accessing structure members, passing structures as function arguments by value and by reference, returning structures from functions, arrays of structures, and self-referential structures. Key points include passing a pointer to a structure as a function argument to avoid copying large structures, defining an array of structures to store multiple records, and using a pointer as a member of a structure to create self-referential linked structures like linked lists.
The ppt describes usage of functions in c language. Showing basic use of function and determining the differences between function call by value and function call by reference using pointer. It also includes valid use in swapping two numbers in c along with different outputs. Overall its a basic note for c language.
The ppt describes usage of functions in c language. Showing basic use of function and determining the differences between function call by value and function call by reference using pointer. It also includes valid use in swapping two numbers in c along with different outputs. Overall its a basic note for c language.
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can use it to store any variable address.
There are few important operations, which we will do with the help of pointers very frequently. (a) we define a pointer variable (b) assign the address of a variable to a pointer and (c) finally access the value at the address available in the pointer variable. This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand.
This presentation is Unary operator overloading(prefix).
Here ,I try to describe how to Unary operator overloaded and its types with example. may be you can happily read this.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can use it to store any variable address.
There are few important operations, which we will do with the help of pointers very frequently. (a) we define a pointer variable (b) assign the address of a variable to a pointer and (c) finally access the value at the address available in the pointer variable. This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand.
This presentation is Unary operator overloading(prefix).
Here ,I try to describe how to Unary operator overloaded and its types with example. may be you can happily read this.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
A structure is a collection of variables referenced under one name providing a convenient means of keeping related information together. The structure definition creates a format that may be used to declare structure variables in a program later. data structure in c questions and answer
Structure basics
Declaring and defining a structure
Attributes of structure
Nested structures
Arrays as structure members
Arrays of structure
Passing arrays as arguments to structure
Union
Declaration defining and accessing.
Bit fields
Enumerated data types
reference:
1."Computer Fundamentals & Programming", Sumitabha Das.
2. Geeks for Geeks
COURSE TITLE: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT VI
COURSE CODE: VIT 351
TOPICS COVERED:
USER DEFINED DATATYPES
STRUCTURE
UNION
TYPEDEF
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND UNION
ENUMERATION (ENUM)
QUIZ SET 4
A Structure is a convenient tool for handling a group of logically related data items. A collection of one or more variables, typically of different types, grouped together under a single name is known as structure.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Pointers and Structures
1.
2. Structures in Functions
Pointers to structures
Accessing structure members
Using pointer as a function argument
Array of structures
Array of structures
Self referential structures.
3. Like all other types, we can pass structures as
arguments to a function.
In fact, we can pass, individual members, structure
variables, a pointer to structures etc to the function.
Similarly, functions can return either an individual
Similarly, functions can return either an individual
member or structures variable or pointer to the
structure.
Passing Structure Members as arguments to Function
Passing Structure Variable as Argument to a Function
Returning Structure from Function
4. #include<stdio.h>
/*
structure is defined above all functions so it is global.
*/
struct student
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
int marks;
};
void print_struct(char name[], int roll_no, int marks);
5. Output
Name: Tim
Roll no: 1
Marks: 78
int main()
{
struct student stu = {"Tim", 1, 78};
print_struct(stu.name, stu.roll_no,stu.marks);
return 0;
} Marks: 78
}
void print_struct(char name[], int roll_no, int marks)
{
printf("Name: %sn", name);
printf("Roll no: %dn", roll_no);
printf("Marks: %dn", marks);
printf("n");
}
6. If a structure contains two-three members then we
can easily pass them to function but what if there
are 9-10 or more members ?
Certainly passing 9-10 members is a tiresome and
error-prone process. So in such cases instead of
passing members individually, we can pass
structure variable itself.
7. #include<stdio.h>
/*structure is defined above all functions so it is global. */
struct student
{
char name[20];
char name[20];
int roll_no;
int marks;
};
void print_struct(struct student stu);
9. Although passing structure variable as an argument allows us to pass
all the members of the structure to a function there are some
downsides to this operation.
Recall that a copy of the structure is passed to the formal argument.
Recall that a copy of the structure is passed to the formal argument.
If the structure is large and you are passing structure variables
frequently then it can take quite a bit of time which make the
program inefficient.
Additional memory is required to save every copy of the structure.
10. #include<stdio.h>
/*structure is defined above all functions so it is global.
*/
struct employee
{
{
char name[20];
int age;
char doj[10]; // date of joining
char designation[20];
};
void print_struct(struct employee *);
12. To return a structure from a function we must
specify the appropriate return type in the function
definition and declaration.
struct player check_health(struct player p);
{
{
...
}
This function accepts an argument of type struct
player and returns an argument of type struct
player.
13. #include<stdio.h>
/*structure is defined above all functions so it is global.
*/
struct player
{
void print_struct(struct player p);
struct player deduct_fees(struct player p);
int main()
{
char name[20];
float height;
float weight;
float fees;
};
int main()
{
struct player p = {"Joe", 5.9, 59, 5000 };
print_struct(p);
p = deduct_fees(p);
print_struct(p);
return 0;
}
15. Structures in Functions
Pointers to structures
Accessing structure members
Using pointer as a function argument
Array of structures
Array of structures
Self referential structures.
16. A pointer to a structure must be defined
before it is pointed to a structure variable
struct student {
char name[50];
char name[50];
int age;
}s1={"Sanju",12};
struct student *p;
p = &s1; //p points to
17. Structures in Functions
Pointers to structures
Accessing structure members
Using pointer as a function argument
Array of structures
Array of structures
Self referential structures.
18. The structure members can be accessed in three
ways; two of them use a pointer with standard and
special notation.
rect1.length //The standard access mechanism that doesn’t use
a pointer.
a pointer.
(*p).length //Pointer dereferenced with * and then connected to
the member.
p->length //Uses a special operator, ->, that works only with
structures.
19. The structure members can be accessed in three ways;
two of them use a pointer with standard and special
notation.
//The standard access mechanism that doesn’t use a pointer.
printf("Name: %sn", s1.name);
printf("Age: %dn", s1.age);
printf("Age: %dn", s1.age);
//Pointer dereferenced with * and then connected to the member.
printf("Name: %sn",(*p).name);
printf("Age: %dn", (*p).age);
//Uses a special operator, ->, that works only with structures.
printf("Name: %sn",p->name);
printf("Age: %dn", p->age);
22. Structures in Functions
Pointers to structures
Accessing structure members
Using pointer as a function argument
Array of structures
Array of structures
Self referential structures.
23. A structure variable can be passed as function arguments
This will behave as pass-by-value.
This mechanism is safe and it protects the original structure
from modification by the function.
from modification by the function.
However, large structures can consume a lot of memory, so we
may need to pass a pointer to a structure instead of the entire
structure.
Updating a member’s value using a pointer represents a
memory-efficient technique because the function copies not the
structure (36 bytes) but its pointer (4 bytes).
24. /* update_pay.c: Uses a pointer to a structure as a function argument to update the structure. */
#include <stdio.h>
struct employee
{
short id;
char name[30];
int pay;
} emp = {1024, “Steve Wozniak”, 10000};
void update_pay(struct employee *f_emp, int f_pay);
int main(void)
{
printf(“Old pay = %dn”, emp.pay);
update_pay(&emp, 20000);
printf(“New pay = %dn”, emp.pay);
return 0;
}
25. void update_pay(struct employee *f_emp, int f_pay)
{
f_emp->pay = f_pay; /* Updates member pay of emp */
}
OUTPUT:
Old pay = 10000
New pay = 20000
26. Structures in Functions
Pointers to structures
Accessing structure members
Using pointer as a function argument
Array of structures
Array of structures
Self referential structures.
27. We used two structure variables, stud1 and stud2, to handle
data of two students.
This technique won’t work with 500 students.
C supports an array of structures, whose definition may or may
not be combined with the declaration of the structure.
The following statement defines an array of type struct student
that can hold 50 sets (or records) of student data.
that can hold 50 sets (or records) of student data.
28. Alternatively, you can separate the declaration and definition.
You can also use typedef to replace struct student with
STUDENT.
Because stud is an array, its elements are laid out contiguously
in memory.
The size of each array element is equal to the size of the
structure in memory after accounting for slack bytes.
Pointer arithmetic can easily be employed here to access each
array element, and using a special notation (->)
29. This array can be partially or fully initialized by enclosing the
initializers for each array element in a set of curly braces.
Each set is separated from its adjacent one by a comma, while
the entire set of initializers are enclosed by outermost braces:
30. Each member of each element of this array is accessed by using
a dot to connect the member to its array element.
You can use scanf to input values to each member using
pointers to these variables (like &stud[i].marks).
A simple for loop using the array index as the key variable
prints the entire list
31. #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct student
{
int id;
char name[30];
float percentage;
};
};
int main()
{
int i;
struct student record[2];
// 1st student's record
record[0].id=1;
strcpy(record[0].name, "Raju");
record[0].percentage = 86.5;
32. // 2nd student's record
record[1].id=2;
strcpy(record[1].name, "Surendren");
record[1].percentage = 90.5;
// 3rd student's record
record[2].id=3;
strcpy(record[2].name, "Thiyagu");
record[2].percentage = 81.5;
record[2].percentage = 81.5;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf(" Records of STUDENT : %d n", i+1);
printf(" Id is: %d n", record[i].id);
printf(" Name is: %s n", record[i].name);
printf(" Percentage is: %fnn",record[i].percentage);
} return 0;
}
33. OUTPUT:
Records of STUDENT : 1
Id is: 1
Name is: Raju
Percentage is: 86.500000
Records of STUDENT : 2
Id is: 2
Id is: 2
Name is: Surendren
Percentage is: 90.500000
Records of STUDENT : 3
Id is: 3
Name is: Thiyagu
Percentage is: 81.500000
34. Structures in Functions
Pointers to structures
Accessing structure members
Using pointer as a function argument
Array of structures
Array of structures
Self referential structures
35. A structure can have members which point to a structure variable of the same type.
These types of structures are called self referential structures and are widely used in
dynamic data structures like trees, linked list, etc.
Syntax to define self referential structure
struct node
{
---
---
---
struct node *next;
};
Here, next is a pointer to a struct node variable.
It should be remembered that a pointer to a structure is similar to a pointer to any
other variable
A self referential data structure is essentially a structure definition which includes at
least one member that is a pointer to the structure of its own kind.
36. struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
char gender;
int marks[5];
struct student *next;
};
This is a self-referential structure where next is a struct student type
structure pointer.
We will now create two structure variables stu1 and stu2 and initialize
them with values.
We will then store the address of stu2 in next member of stu1.
38. We can now access the members of stu2 using stu1 and next
void main()
{
printf("Name: %sn", stu1.next->name);
printf("Roll: %dn", stu1.next->roll);
printf("Roll: %dn", stu1.next->roll);
printf("Gender: %cn", stu1.next->gender);
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
printf("Marks in %dth subject: %dn",i,stu1.next->marks[i]);
}
39. OUTPUT
Name: Max
Roll: 33
Gender: M
Gender: M
Marks in 0th subject: 87
Marks in 1th subject: 84
Marks in 2th subject: 82
Marks in 3th subject: 96
Marks in 4th subject: 78
40. Suppose we want a different structure variable after stu1,
that is insert another structure variable between stu1 and
stu2. This can be done easily.
void main()
{
struct student stu3 = { "Gasly", 23, 'M', {83, 64, 88, 79, 91},
NULL};
NULL};
st1.next = &stu3;
stu3.next = &stu2;
}
41. Now stu1.next stores the address of stu3. And stu3.next has
the address of stu2. We can now access all three structures
using stu1.
printf("Roll Of %s: %dn", stu1.next->name, stu1.next->roll);
printf("Gender Of %s: %cn", stu1.next->next->name,
stu1.next->next->gender);
stu1.next->next->gender);
OUTPUT
Roll Of Gasly: 23
Gender Of Max: M