A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
An array is a very important derived data type in the C programming language. This presentation contains basic things about arrays like definition, initialization, their types, and examples.
A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
An array is a very important derived data type in the C programming language. This presentation contains basic things about arrays like definition, initialization, their types, and examples.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. Presentation on
Character Array & Strings
• Prepared by-
Tasnima Hamid
Program- Internet of Things (IoT)
Department- Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital University, Bangladesh.
2. Overview
▪ Character Array &
Strings
▪ Declaration of a string.
▪ Initialization of a string.
▪ Reading strings.
▪ Writing strings.
▪ String Functions
▪ Arithmetic Operations
3. Character Arrays and Strings and Their Uses
• A string is represented using a character array and is always
terminated with the null character ‘0’
• A string is a sequence of characters that is treated as a single
data item.
• Strings are actually one-dimensional array.
• Character strings are often used to build meaningful and readable
programs.
4. Memory Representation of String
Index
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
value
T E A M A M P H A N 0
Address
1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012
• 12 bytes of memory is allocated to store 12 characters.
5. Declaring
• C allows to represent strings as character arrays rather than
strings.
• A string variable is any valid C variable name and is always
declared as an array of characters.
• The general form of declaration of a string variable is
char string_name[ size ];
• Here, string_name is any name given to string variable and size
is used to define the length of the string or the number of
characters in the string.
• The size should be equal to the maximum numbers of characters
in the string plus one.
7. Reading String from Terminal
• Strings can be read in several ways using-
scanf() getchar() gets() Line of Text
• Syntax-
char string_name [string_size];
scanf(“%ws”, string_name);
• %s and %ws can read only strings without whitespaces.
• Using getchar
char ch;
ch=getchar(); //no parameter
• Using gets
gets(str); //one parameter
• %[. .] can be used to read a line containing a variety of characters, including whitespaces.
• Using Line of Text
char a [80];
scanf(“%[^n]”, a);
8. Writing Strings to Screen
• Strings can be written in several ways using-
printf() putchar() puts()
• Using printf function
printf(“%s”, string_name);
• C uses putchar to output the values of character variables.
char ch =‘A’;
putchar (ch); equivalent to printf(“%c”, ch);
• Another convenient way of printing string values is to use the function
puts. puts(str);
10. String Handling Functions
The header file <string.h> contains many string manipulation
functions. Such as-
Function Name Function Action/Purpose
String Length strlen Get string length.
String Copy strcpy Copy a string.
String Concatenation strcat Concatenate two strings.
String Compare strcmp Compare two strings.
String Reverse strrev Return the string reversed.
Lower to Upper strupr Convert to upper case.
Upper to Lower strlwr Convert to lower case.
Character Existence strchr Searching a character.
11. String Length
• This function counts and returns the number of characters in a
string. The counting ends at the first null character.
int n = strlen(string);
12. String Copy
• Syntax-
strcpy(string1,string2);
Here, string1 is the destination string and string2 is the source
string.
strncpy(string1, string2, n);
This function copies only the left-most n characters of the
source string to the destination string.
14. Comparison of Two Strings
• Syntax-
strcmp(string1,string2);
Here, string1 is the destination string and string2 is the source string.
strncmp(string1, string2, n);
This function compares the left-most n characters of the source string
and the destination string and returns.
It returns integer value which includes(0,positive and negative).
• Decimal equivalent of ASCII code of a is 97
• Decimal equivalent of ASCII code of A is 65
• Decimal equivalent of ASCII code of 0 is 48
17. String Concatenation
• Syntax-
strcat(string1,string2);
Here, string1 is the destination string and string2 is the source
string.
• It adds second string at the end of the first string.
strncat(string1, string2, n);
This function concatenates only the left-most n characters of
the source string at the end of destination string.
19. Converting Cases
• Syntax
strupr(string_name);
This function converts the lower case letters of the string into upper case letters.
• Syntax
strlwr(string_name);
This function converts the upper case letters of the string into lower case letters.
21. Character Existence in String
• It searches string string1 for character ch.
• strchr(string1, ‘ch’);
This function will locate the first occurrence of the character
‘ch’ and the call.
• strrchr(string1, ‘ch’);
This function will locate the last occurrence of the character
‘ch’ and the call.
23. String Subset
• Syntax
strstr(string1,string2);
• This function can be used to locate a sub-string in a string.
• This function searches the string string1 to see whether the
string string2 is contained in string1. If yes, the function
returns the position of the first occurrence of the sub-string.
Otherwise, it returns a null pointer.
24. Arithmetic Operations on Characters
• Way 1: Displays ASCII value[ Note that %d in Printf ]
char x = 'a’;
printf("%d",x); // Display Result = 97
• Way 2 : Displays Character value[ Note that %c in Printf ]
char x = ‘a’;
printf("%c",x); // Display Result = a
• Way 3 : Displays Next ASCII value[ Note that %d in Printf ]
char x = 'a' + 1 ;
printf("%d",x);// Display Result = 98 ( ascii of 'b' )
25. Arithmetic Operations on Characters
• Way 4 Displays Next Character value[Note that %c in Printf ]
char x = 'a' + 1;
printf("%c",x); // Display Result = 'b'
• Way 5 : Displays Difference between 2 ASCII in Integer[Note %d in Printf ]
char x = 'z' - 'a’;
printf("%d", x); /* Display Result = 25 (difference between ASCII of z and a ) */
• Way 6 : Displays Difference between 2 ASCII in Char [Note that %c in Printf ]
char x = 'z' - 'a';
printf("%c", x); /* Display Result = ↓ ( difference between ASCII of z and a ) */
• The C library supports a function that converts a string of digits into their integer
values.
x=atoi(string);