Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the airsacs in one or both the lungs.The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus causing cough with phlegm or pus, fewer, chills and breathing difficulties.

1. PNEUMONIA

2.  Pneumonia is a breathing/respiratory
condition in which there is an infection in
lungs.
 It is an inflammation of parenchyma of lungs
mainly effecting the small air sacs called as
Alveoli.
 Lungs are made up of small sacs called alveoli
which are filled with pus and fluid, which
makes breathing painful and limits oxygen
intake.

5.  Based on morphology-
1. Lobar pneumonia-Occurs due to acute
bacterial infection of part of a lobe or complete
lobe
2. Broncho pneumonia-Acute bacterial infection
of the terminal bronchioles characterized by
purulent exudates.
3. Interstitial pneumonia-Alveolar septal edema
and mono nuclear infilterates.
Mostly confined to the interstitial tissue of the
lungs without alveoli

6. 1.Stage of congestion-
• Represents early acute inflammatory response
• Affected lobe becomes red and heavy due to
vascular congestion
• Proteinaceous fluid, abundant neutrophils and
many bacteria can be seen in the alveoli
• Lasts for 1-2 days

8. 2.Stage of red hepatisation-
• Affected lobe becomes red, firm and acquires
liver like constituency
• Proteinaceous fluids transforms into fibrin
strands with marked cellular exudates of
neutrophils
• Extravasation of red cells give colour to
consolidated liver
• Lasts for 2 to 4 days

9. 3.Stage of gray hepatisation-
• Affected lobe becomes dry, firm and gray due
to lysed red cells
• Neutrophilic cellular exudates decreases due to
the breakdown of inflammatory cells and
macrophages
• Micro-organisms load also reduces
• Lasts for 4-7 days

11. 4.Stage of resolution-
• Due to enzymatic matter, fibrous matter is
liquefied and the lung aeration is re-established
gradually
• Macrophages as the major cells of alveoli plays
an important role
• There is a progressive reduction of fluid and
cellular exudates from the alveoli by way of
expectoration and lymphatic drainage leading
to normal lung parenchyma in over 3 weeks

12.  Based on severity-
1.Acute
2.Chronic
 Based on clinical studies-
1.Primary/Secondary
2.Typical/atypical
3.Community/Hospital
 Based on etiology-
1.Infective: Viral, bacterial, fungal
2.Non-infective:Toxins, chemicals, aspiration

13.  Effecting approx. 450 million people a year
 Major cause of death in all age groups i.e., 1.4
million deaths in 2010 and it is the 4th leading
cause of death in the world@2016
 Greatest in children of age less than 5 years and
adults older than 75 years
 It occurs 5 times more frequently in developing
world than in developed countries
 It causes 1.6 million deaths

14.  Lobar-Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
 Broncho-Staphycocci
Streptococci
Pneumococci
 Interstitial-Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Influenza, parainfluenza
Rhino virus
Adeno virus

15.  Children who are 2 years old
 People who are aged above 65 years
 Being hospitalized
 Alcohol consumption
 People living in crowded areas
 Suppressed immune system
 Smoking

18.  Cold/flu
 High fewer
 Chills
 Cough with sputum
 Rusty/ green phlegm
 Fast breathing
 Cough
 Shortness of breathe
 Temperature fluctuations
 Sweating, Diarrhoea

19. 1. Chest x-ray: can confirm liver diagnosis &
show areas of lungs effected
2. CT scan: may provide more detailed
examination
3. Blood tests: Measures WBC count and this
determines severity of infection
4. Blood cultures: may reveal whether the micro-
organisms from the lungs has spread into blood
stream.

20. 5.ABG: This provides more accurate reading of the
body’s O2 & CO2 levels
6.Sputum analysis: Helps in the determination of
organisms that causes pneumonia
7.Bronchoscopy: Used for further investigations
8.Pulse oximetry: Used in the estimation of
amount of oxygen in the blood

21.  Antibiotics-
Amoxicillin
Doxycyclin
Cephalexin
Ciprofloxacin
Clindamycin
Metronidazole
Azithromycin

22.  Cough medications-
It includes expectorants and anti-tussives
Guaifenesin
Dextramethorphan
 NSAIDS
Aspirin
Diclofenac
Ibuprofen
Indomethacin
Celecoxib

23.  O2 therapy& Oral rehydration therapy
 IV fluids are used as supportive medication

24. • Quit smoking & limit alcohol
• Healthy diet
• Exercise
• Basic hygiene
• Maintain healthy weight
• Citrus fruits to enhance immunity
• Include caffeine, green leafy vegetables, oily
vegetables & probiotics in the diet
• Drink plenty of fluids.

25. THANK YOU