PNEUMONIA PHARM.D 2ND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

1. PNEUMONIA
BY:
ARUNKUMAR P
PHARM.D-II YEAR
21408105

2. PNEUMONIA:
Pneumonia is a type of lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other
microorganisms.
It occurs when the air sacs in the lungs become inflamed and fill with fluid or pus, making it
difficult to breathe.
Pneumonia can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in young children, older adults,
and people with weakened immune systems.

3. ETIOLOGY:
 Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and parasites.
 Bacteria: The most common bacteria that cause pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
 Viruses: Common viruses that cause pneumonia include influenza (the flu), respiratory syncytial
virus (RSV), and coronavirus (including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19).
 Fungi: Fungal pneumonia is less common than bacterial or viral pneumonia, but it can occur in
people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer.
 Parasites: Parasitic pneumonia is rare but can be caused by organisms such as Strongyloides
stercoralis and Toxoplasma gondii.

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY:
 2.5 million people died from pneumonia in 2019, with roughly 33% of these being children
younger than 5 years.

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
Infection to the lung (eg. bacteria, virus)
Inflammatory response initiated
Alveolar edema + exudate formation
Alveoli & respiratory bronchioles fill with serous exudate, blood cells,
fibrin, bacteria
Consolidation of lung tissues

6. CLASSIFICATION:
Classified based on two types
Type 1
Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Type 2
Community- acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)

7. Type 1:
 LOBAR PNEUMONIA:
Lobar pneumonia is acute bacterial infection of a part of lobe the entire lobe, or even two
lobes of one or both the lungs.

8. BRONCHOPNEUMONIA:
Bronchopneumonia is infection of the terminal bronchioles that extends into the
surrounding alveoli resulting in patchy consolidation of the lung.

9. Type 2:
COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (CAP):
Pneumonia which develops in healthy person outside of hospital or have been in
hospital for less than 48hrs.
HOSPITAL ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (HAP):
Pneumonia that was developed in a patient hospitalized for greater than 48 hrs.

10. STAGES:
CONGESTION
RED HEPATIZATION
GREY HEPATIZATION
RESOLUTION

11. STAGES:
CONGESTION:
Occurs in the first 24 hours
After the pneumococcus organism reaches the alveoli, there is an outpouring of fluids into
alveoli.
The organism multiplies in the serous fluid and infection spreads
RED HEPATIZATION:
Occurs in the 2-3 days after consolidation
The massive dialation of the capillaries and alveoli that are filled with this organism, neutrophils,
RBC, and fibrin.
The lung appears red and granular, similar to that of liver which is why the process is called
hepatization.

12. GRAY HEPATIZATION:
Occurs in the 2-3 days after red hepatization
Blood flow decreases and leukocytes and fibrin consolidate in the affected part of lung.
RESOLUTION:
Complete resolution and healing occurs if there is no complications.
The exudates become lysed and is processed by macrophages.
The normal lung tissue is restored and the persons gas exchange ability returns to normal.

14. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
The symptoms of pneumonia can vary depending on the cause of the infection, but they
often include:
Cough, which may produce phlegm Fever
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chest pain, especially when coughing or taking a deep breath
Fatigue
Sweating and shaking chills
Headache
Loss of appetite
Nausea , vomiting

15. DIAGNOSIS:
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
HISTORY
SIGN AND SYMTOMS
CHEST X-RAY
CT
SPUTUM SAMPLES AND BLOOD TESTS

16. TREATMENT:
Pneumonia may be treated with antibiotics, if it is bacterial, preferably amoxicillin
dispersible tablets.
Most cases of pneumonia require oral antibiotics.
Hospitalization is recommended only for severe cases of pneumonia.

17. PREVENTION:
Vaccines are usually administered to prevent infection by viruses and bacteria.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar):
For children less than 2 years of age or between two and four years with certain medical
conditions.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine(Pneumovax):
Adults who are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia, such as the
elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease, alcoholics, smokers, and
those without a spleen.

18. MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMONIA:
Don't smoke.
Practice good hygiene.
Stay rested and fit.
Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also prevent illness.
Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and
malnutrition) can decrease the risk of pneumonia.
Get a Pneumonia Vaccination.

19. COMPLICATIONS:
 Pleural effusion
 Empyema
 Lung abscess
 Bacteremia
 Sepsis
 Meningitis
 Septic arthritis
 Endocarditis or pericarditis

20. THANK YOU