1) The document discusses models for permanent magnet motor drives, specifically the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and brushless DC motor (BDCM).
2) It explains that the PMSM has a sinusoidal back EMF and requires sinusoidal currents, while the BDCM has a trapezoidal back EMF and requires rectangular currents.
3) The paper argues that a d-q axis model is suitable for modeling the PMSM, while an ABC phase variable model should be used for the BDCM due to its non-sinusoidal inductances.
This document summarizes the modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in Simulink. It describes how a PMSM is modeled in the rotor synchronous reference frame using Park equations. It discusses how the electromagnetic torque produced by the motor depends on the quadrature stator current. It also describes how the speed is controlled by controlling the electromagnetic torque through regulating the quadrature current. Finally, it presents the simulation results for the currents, torque, and speed of the modeled PMSM motor.
Space Vector Modulation(SVM) Technique for PWM InverterPurushotam Kumar
This document discusses space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) for three-phase voltage source inverters. It begins by introducing SVM and its benefits over other PWM techniques, such as reduced total harmonic distortion. It then provides details on how SVM works, including transforming a three-phase reference signal to a rotating vector in the d-q reference frame. The document explains the eight possible switching states, sectors, and how to calculate switching times to synthesize the reference signal using adjacent active vectors and zero vectors. It concludes by comparing SVM to sinusoidal PWM, showing SVM offers better voltage utilization and harmonic performance.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. The rotor does not have any windings. It generates torque through magnetic reluctance.
Reluctance motor sub types include synchronous, variable, switched and variable stepping.
Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost, making them attractive for many applications. Disadvantages include high torque ripple (the difference between maximum and minimum torque during one revolution) when operated at low speed, and noise due to torque ripple.
The document discusses vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). It begins by describing the dynamic model of a PMSM, including assumptions made about the rotor flux. It then derives the stator equations in the rotor reference frame to model the PMSM similarly to an induction motor. Vector control of the PMSM is then derived from its dynamic model to decouple the torque and flux channels by controlling the stator currents in the d-q reference frame. This allows controlling the PMSM similarly to a separately excited DC motor.
This document discusses a three phase full bridge rectifier. It contains the following key points:
1) A three phase full bridge rectifier uses six diodes arranged in two groups - a top positive group and a bottom negative group - to rectify an alternating current into direct current.
2) Each diode conducts for 120 degrees in pairs, with one diode from the top group and one from the bottom group conducting at any given time.
3) The rectifier can operate with or without source inductance, and a finite inductance causes distortion in the line current waveform.
4) Research is being conducted into developing higher frequency rectifiers that can rectify terahertz and light frequencies for applications
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive for an electric vehicle powertrain. It describes the powertrain components including a PMSM motor, lithium-ion battery, inverter, and gear ratio. It then discusses different levels of abstraction for modeling the system and components, including behavioral, average, and detailed switching models. It also covers modeling techniques like field oriented control, flux weakening control, and accounting for losses.
This document summarizes the modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in Simulink. It describes how a PMSM is modeled in the rotor synchronous reference frame using Park equations. It discusses how the electromagnetic torque produced by the motor depends on the quadrature stator current. It also describes how the speed is controlled by controlling the electromagnetic torque through regulating the quadrature current. Finally, it presents the simulation results for the currents, torque, and speed of the modeled PMSM motor.
Space Vector Modulation(SVM) Technique for PWM InverterPurushotam Kumar
This document discusses space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) for three-phase voltage source inverters. It begins by introducing SVM and its benefits over other PWM techniques, such as reduced total harmonic distortion. It then provides details on how SVM works, including transforming a three-phase reference signal to a rotating vector in the d-q reference frame. The document explains the eight possible switching states, sectors, and how to calculate switching times to synthesize the reference signal using adjacent active vectors and zero vectors. It concludes by comparing SVM to sinusoidal PWM, showing SVM offers better voltage utilization and harmonic performance.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. The rotor does not have any windings. It generates torque through magnetic reluctance.
Reluctance motor sub types include synchronous, variable, switched and variable stepping.
Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost, making them attractive for many applications. Disadvantages include high torque ripple (the difference between maximum and minimum torque during one revolution) when operated at low speed, and noise due to torque ripple.
The document discusses vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). It begins by describing the dynamic model of a PMSM, including assumptions made about the rotor flux. It then derives the stator equations in the rotor reference frame to model the PMSM similarly to an induction motor. Vector control of the PMSM is then derived from its dynamic model to decouple the torque and flux channels by controlling the stator currents in the d-q reference frame. This allows controlling the PMSM similarly to a separately excited DC motor.
This document discusses a three phase full bridge rectifier. It contains the following key points:
1) A three phase full bridge rectifier uses six diodes arranged in two groups - a top positive group and a bottom negative group - to rectify an alternating current into direct current.
2) Each diode conducts for 120 degrees in pairs, with one diode from the top group and one from the bottom group conducting at any given time.
3) The rectifier can operate with or without source inductance, and a finite inductance causes distortion in the line current waveform.
4) Research is being conducted into developing higher frequency rectifiers that can rectify terahertz and light frequencies for applications
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive for an electric vehicle powertrain. It describes the powertrain components including a PMSM motor, lithium-ion battery, inverter, and gear ratio. It then discusses different levels of abstraction for modeling the system and components, including behavioral, average, and detailed switching models. It also covers modeling techniques like field oriented control, flux weakening control, and accounting for losses.
This presentation describes the per-phase equivalent circuit of induction motor - Power flow diagram - Ratio of air gap power, rotor copper loss and mechanical power developed.
The document summarizes a student project to design and implement a 3-phase inverter using an 8051 microcontroller and MOSFET switches. Key aspects include:
1) The project uses Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) technique to generate sine waves with high voltage and low harmonic distortion for driving AC motors.
2) SVPWM approximates the reference voltage using combinations of the eight switching vector patterns.
3) An 8051 microcontroller was programmed to implement the SVPWM algorithm and control the MOSFET switches to generate the three-phase output voltages.
4) The students gained experience with electrical simulation tools and building the circuit with components.
Speed control by kramer method (Karan)KARAN SHARMA
This document describes speed control of induction motors using the Kramer method. It begins with an introduction to induction motors, including their working principles and the need for speed control. It then discusses various speed control methods for induction motors, including voltage/frequency control, adding resistance to the rotor circuit, and injecting slip frequency voltage into the rotor. Chapter 2 introduces the Kramer method for speed control. Chapter 3 will describe the equipment used for implementing the Kramer method.
Induction motor modelling and applicationsUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
This document presents a seminar on field oriented control of induction motors. It discusses direct and indirect field oriented control, with direct being better at high speeds but indirect not requiring additional sensors. It also discusses applications in industries like pumps, fans, conveyors and elevators. The document presents Matlab simulations comparing control methods, showing fuzzy logic control has better speed and torque response than PI control, with improved performance at low speeds. It concludes the hybrid model using current estimation could improve indirect control at low speeds.
This document discusses single phase inverters. It describes:
1. Single pulse width modulation, which controls output voltage by varying the width of pulses in each half cycle compared to a triangular carrier signal.
2. A single phase half bridge inverter, which uses two switches and capacitors to divide the DC source voltage. Feedback diodes provide current continuity for inductive loads.
3. A full bridge single phase inverter, which uses four thyristors controlled such that only one pair conducts at a time to produce an AC output voltage from the DC source. Feedback diodes allow current to flow when thyristors turn off.
The document discusses space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) techniques for three-phase voltage source inverters. It explains the principles of SVM including coordinate transformation, reference voltage approximation using switching vectors, and calculation of switching times. Key advantages of SVM over sinusoidal PWM are more efficient voltage utilization and less output harmonic distortion. SVM allows the reference vector locus to reach the maximum circle compared to the inner circle for sinusoidal PWM, improving voltage utilization by around 15%.
This document provides an introduction to electric drives. It discusses how electric drives use electric motors as prime movers to control motion. Approximately 50% of electrical energy is used for drives, with 75% used for constant speed applications and 25% for variable speed. The document outlines the components of electric drives and compares AC and DC motors. It also provides an overview of the classification and elementary principles of AC induction motor drives.
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware presentation of the inverter.
The document discusses armature reaction and commutation in DC machines. It describes how armature reaction demagnetizes and distorts the main magnetic field, requiring brush shift. Commutation involves the reversal of current in armature coils as they pass between poles. Sparking can occur due to reactance voltage impeding quick current reversal. Methods to improve commutation include resistance commutation using carbon brushes and EMF commutation using interpoles to neutralize reactance voltage.
Two leg three-phase inverters (FSTPIs) have been proposed to be used in low-power; low-cost applications because of the reduced number of semiconductor devices, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) techniques have also been introduced to control FSTPIs. However, high-performance controllers are needed to implement complicated SVPWM algorithms, which limit their low-cost applications. To simplify algorithms and reduce the cost of implementation, an equivalent scalar method for SVPWM of FSTPIs is proposed. SVPWM for FSTPIs is actually a sine PWM by modulating two sine waves of 600 phase difference with a triangle wave, but in this method third harmonics doesn’t eliminated. So as to eliminate the third harmonics we have to compose a high frequency sine wave to on existing sine waves. So such a special sine PWM can be used to control FSTPIs. The Mathematical and simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/authors/126814
Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor driveanusheel nahar
IPM is an interior Permanent magnet with self sensing and gets efficiency comparable to PMSM at much lower cost. Sensorless Vector control of IPM ensures better performance at low speeds, smoother operation, and position control possible.
Vector control is a more advanced and precise method of controlling AC induction motors compared to scalar control. It involves transforming the motor currents and voltages into a rotating reference frame to obtain decoupled control similar to a DC motor. This allows for independent control of flux and torque for faster dynamic response and better performance than scalar control. The basic implementation of vector control uses Clarke and Park transformations to convert between stationary and rotating reference frames in the controller. It provides DC motor-like precision in speed and torque control of induction motors.
The document discusses electrical drive systems and power electronic converters used in drives. It begins by explaining what power electronics are and their applications. Modern electrical drive systems often use power electronic converters to efficiently control electric motors and improve performance over traditional fixed speed drives. Power electronic converters can be configured in different ways depending on the drive application and whether an AC or DC motor is used. Common converter configurations for DC drives include AC-DC, AC-DC-DC, and various DC-DC converter topologies.
Direct torque control of induction motor using space vector modulationIAEME Publication
This document discusses direct torque control of an induction motor using space vector modulation. It begins with introducing direct torque control as an alternative to field oriented control for controlling torque and flux directly and independently. It then provides details on the principles of vector control and direct torque control in stator reference frames. The document describes the modeling of an induction motor and simulations performed in MATLAB to validate the direct torque control approach. The simulations demonstrate control of speed, torque, and flux under different gain settings of the PI controller.
1) A DC motor works by applying a magnetic field to a coil attached to a rotor. When current flows through the coil, it experiences an electromagnetic force that causes it to rotate.
2) As the coil rotates, commutator rings switch the direction of current to ensure the torque always acts in the same direction, causing continuous rotation.
3) For smoother rotation, practical DC motors have multiple coils around the rotor connected to separate commutators. This keeps a magnetic force present at all times during rotation.
This document describes a three phase inverter that converts DC voltage to AC voltage. There are two main modes of conduction for a three phase inverter - 180 degree conduction and 120 degree conduction. 180 degree conduction involves three switches being on at a time, while 120 degree conduction only has two switches on at a time. The document provides circuit diagrams and equations to calculate the output voltages under each conduction mode. Waveforms are also shown to illustrate the phase and line voltages.
The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
The document describes the design of an axial flux permanent magnet generator. It includes specifications for electrical and mechanical components. Key points:
1) An axial flux design was selected for its simplicity and efficiency over a radial design. It uses a stationary stator and rotating rotor with magnets.
2) Electrical specifications include selecting neodymium magnets, 9 coils in a star configuration to produce 3-phase power, and calculations to achieve a 60V 3-phase output at 750 RPM.
3) Mechanically, aluminum, steel, and plastics are used. Alignment is critical and achieved via a casing connecting the upper and lower rotors with male-female features and bolts. Total mass is estimated at
This presentation describes the per-phase equivalent circuit of induction motor - Power flow diagram - Ratio of air gap power, rotor copper loss and mechanical power developed.
The document summarizes a student project to design and implement a 3-phase inverter using an 8051 microcontroller and MOSFET switches. Key aspects include:
1) The project uses Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) technique to generate sine waves with high voltage and low harmonic distortion for driving AC motors.
2) SVPWM approximates the reference voltage using combinations of the eight switching vector patterns.
3) An 8051 microcontroller was programmed to implement the SVPWM algorithm and control the MOSFET switches to generate the three-phase output voltages.
4) The students gained experience with electrical simulation tools and building the circuit with components.
Speed control by kramer method (Karan)KARAN SHARMA
This document describes speed control of induction motors using the Kramer method. It begins with an introduction to induction motors, including their working principles and the need for speed control. It then discusses various speed control methods for induction motors, including voltage/frequency control, adding resistance to the rotor circuit, and injecting slip frequency voltage into the rotor. Chapter 2 introduces the Kramer method for speed control. Chapter 3 will describe the equipment used for implementing the Kramer method.
Induction motor modelling and applicationsUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
This document presents a seminar on field oriented control of induction motors. It discusses direct and indirect field oriented control, with direct being better at high speeds but indirect not requiring additional sensors. It also discusses applications in industries like pumps, fans, conveyors and elevators. The document presents Matlab simulations comparing control methods, showing fuzzy logic control has better speed and torque response than PI control, with improved performance at low speeds. It concludes the hybrid model using current estimation could improve indirect control at low speeds.
This document discusses single phase inverters. It describes:
1. Single pulse width modulation, which controls output voltage by varying the width of pulses in each half cycle compared to a triangular carrier signal.
2. A single phase half bridge inverter, which uses two switches and capacitors to divide the DC source voltage. Feedback diodes provide current continuity for inductive loads.
3. A full bridge single phase inverter, which uses four thyristors controlled such that only one pair conducts at a time to produce an AC output voltage from the DC source. Feedback diodes allow current to flow when thyristors turn off.
The document discusses space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) techniques for three-phase voltage source inverters. It explains the principles of SVM including coordinate transformation, reference voltage approximation using switching vectors, and calculation of switching times. Key advantages of SVM over sinusoidal PWM are more efficient voltage utilization and less output harmonic distortion. SVM allows the reference vector locus to reach the maximum circle compared to the inner circle for sinusoidal PWM, improving voltage utilization by around 15%.
This document provides an introduction to electric drives. It discusses how electric drives use electric motors as prime movers to control motion. Approximately 50% of electrical energy is used for drives, with 75% used for constant speed applications and 25% for variable speed. The document outlines the components of electric drives and compares AC and DC motors. It also provides an overview of the classification and elementary principles of AC induction motor drives.
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware presentation of the inverter.
The document discusses armature reaction and commutation in DC machines. It describes how armature reaction demagnetizes and distorts the main magnetic field, requiring brush shift. Commutation involves the reversal of current in armature coils as they pass between poles. Sparking can occur due to reactance voltage impeding quick current reversal. Methods to improve commutation include resistance commutation using carbon brushes and EMF commutation using interpoles to neutralize reactance voltage.
Two leg three-phase inverters (FSTPIs) have been proposed to be used in low-power; low-cost applications because of the reduced number of semiconductor devices, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) techniques have also been introduced to control FSTPIs. However, high-performance controllers are needed to implement complicated SVPWM algorithms, which limit their low-cost applications. To simplify algorithms and reduce the cost of implementation, an equivalent scalar method for SVPWM of FSTPIs is proposed. SVPWM for FSTPIs is actually a sine PWM by modulating two sine waves of 600 phase difference with a triangle wave, but in this method third harmonics doesn’t eliminated. So as to eliminate the third harmonics we have to compose a high frequency sine wave to on existing sine waves. So such a special sine PWM can be used to control FSTPIs. The Mathematical and simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/authors/126814
Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor driveanusheel nahar
IPM is an interior Permanent magnet with self sensing and gets efficiency comparable to PMSM at much lower cost. Sensorless Vector control of IPM ensures better performance at low speeds, smoother operation, and position control possible.
Vector control is a more advanced and precise method of controlling AC induction motors compared to scalar control. It involves transforming the motor currents and voltages into a rotating reference frame to obtain decoupled control similar to a DC motor. This allows for independent control of flux and torque for faster dynamic response and better performance than scalar control. The basic implementation of vector control uses Clarke and Park transformations to convert between stationary and rotating reference frames in the controller. It provides DC motor-like precision in speed and torque control of induction motors.
The document discusses electrical drive systems and power electronic converters used in drives. It begins by explaining what power electronics are and their applications. Modern electrical drive systems often use power electronic converters to efficiently control electric motors and improve performance over traditional fixed speed drives. Power electronic converters can be configured in different ways depending on the drive application and whether an AC or DC motor is used. Common converter configurations for DC drives include AC-DC, AC-DC-DC, and various DC-DC converter topologies.
Direct torque control of induction motor using space vector modulationIAEME Publication
This document discusses direct torque control of an induction motor using space vector modulation. It begins with introducing direct torque control as an alternative to field oriented control for controlling torque and flux directly and independently. It then provides details on the principles of vector control and direct torque control in stator reference frames. The document describes the modeling of an induction motor and simulations performed in MATLAB to validate the direct torque control approach. The simulations demonstrate control of speed, torque, and flux under different gain settings of the PI controller.
1) A DC motor works by applying a magnetic field to a coil attached to a rotor. When current flows through the coil, it experiences an electromagnetic force that causes it to rotate.
2) As the coil rotates, commutator rings switch the direction of current to ensure the torque always acts in the same direction, causing continuous rotation.
3) For smoother rotation, practical DC motors have multiple coils around the rotor connected to separate commutators. This keeps a magnetic force present at all times during rotation.
This document describes a three phase inverter that converts DC voltage to AC voltage. There are two main modes of conduction for a three phase inverter - 180 degree conduction and 120 degree conduction. 180 degree conduction involves three switches being on at a time, while 120 degree conduction only has two switches on at a time. The document provides circuit diagrams and equations to calculate the output voltages under each conduction mode. Waveforms are also shown to illustrate the phase and line voltages.
The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
The document describes the design of an axial flux permanent magnet generator. It includes specifications for electrical and mechanical components. Key points:
1) An axial flux design was selected for its simplicity and efficiency over a radial design. It uses a stationary stator and rotating rotor with magnets.
2) Electrical specifications include selecting neodymium magnets, 9 coils in a star configuration to produce 3-phase power, and calculations to achieve a 60V 3-phase output at 750 RPM.
3) Mechanically, aluminum, steel, and plastics are used. Alignment is critical and achieved via a casing connecting the upper and lower rotors with male-female features and bolts. Total mass is estimated at
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR FOR RENEWAB...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with the simulation of dynamic model of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in D-Q axes of the rotor rotating reference frame. The iron core losses and stray load losses of the machine are taken into account. The iron core losses are represented by iron core resistance connected in parallel with magnetizing inductance and then reflected into the stator side as a voltage drop to prevent increasing the number of differential equations in the model. The modified equivalent circuit can deal with all machine parameters without losing the accuracy of generator performance calculations. The modified equivalent circuit can be used as an efficient tool for analysis, design, and vector control algorithm of this type of generator, especially in renewable energy utilization. The model is executed by Matlab Simulink and very good results are obtained and compared with the results of the experimental model to display the validity and accuracy of the proposed dynamic model.
Interpoles are used in DC motors and generators to reduce the effects of armature reaction. They are small poles placed between the main poles that are wound with turns carrying the full armature current. This helps neutralize the cross-magnetizing effect of armature reaction and improves commutation. The interpole windings produce a commutating EMF that aids in reversing the current in the armature coils during commutation. Together, this allows for sparkless commutation even at higher loads and currents. The design of interpoles involves determining the required mmf to overcome armature reaction effects and provide the desired flux density in the interpole gaps.
This document discusses the construction and working principle of a permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor. It begins with an introduction stating that a DC motor converts direct current into mechanical energy. It then describes the key components of a PMDC motor: the stator, which contains permanent magnets; the rotor or armature, made of wound coils; and how each conductor on the armature experiences a force when inside the magnetic field based on Fleming's left hand rule, causing the armature to rotate. Advantages are listed as reduced size, cost and increased efficiency over traditional DC motors requiring field excitation coils. Applications include toys, drills and automatic doors.
This document discusses brushed DC motors and provides details about their key components and operating principles. It describes how a brushed DC motor works using a stator to generate a magnetic field, a rotor that spins when its windings are energized, and brushes and a commutator that mechanically switch the winding currents. It also outlines the main types of brushed DC motors, including permanent magnet, shunt-wound, series-wound, and compound-wound motors.
This document summarizes the design, control, and testing of a flux switching permanent magnet machine that uses non-rare earth magnets. Key points include:
1) A 12/10 segmented stator FSPM machine was designed using finite element analysis to minimize cogging torque, noise, and vibration through pole shaping techniques.
2) A nonlinear model accounting for saturation and mutual coupling was developed to identify machine parameters for vector control.
3) Experimental results validated the control performance matches simulations, with torque ripple minimized to 5% and noise reduced by 7-8 dB at rated speed.
4) A 500W prototype was built and tested using the controller, showing good agreement between simulated and experimental
This chapter discusses DC motors. It begins by explaining the working principle of DC motors using Fleming's left hand rule. It then derives the back EMF, torque, and power equations for DC motors. The chapter describes the equivalent circuit of a DC motor and different types of DC motors including shunt, series, and compound motors. It explains how the torque and speed characteristics vary between motor types based on how the field and armature windings are connected.
In recent years, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) are increasing
applied in several areas such as generation, traction, automobiles, robotics and aerospace
technology. Basically PMSG topology has been beneficial for slow speed and variable speed
operation and steady state output power produced in operation. PMSG is a part of
synchronous machine family, so its construction features almost equivalent to synchronous
machine.
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and
armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load.
Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 1200
apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generator’s rotor. To
operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at
slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces
current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor
magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields
synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system,
which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability
or efficient.
IRJET- Design of Magnetic Reciprocating EngineIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of a magnetic reciprocating engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines.
2. The engine works by using an electromagnet cylinder head that attracts or repels a permanent magnet attached to the piston, pushing it up and down. This rotates the crankshaft to generate power.
3. The design aims to improve efficiency from the current 12-20% range of magnetic engines to 40-45% through proper sealing of magnetic flux and reducing leakage. Testing will be conducted to prove the design's performance.
The document analyzes the design of quartz tuning fork resonators using analytical methods, finite element modeling, and experimental testing. Key findings include:
1) Resonance frequency was modeled using analytical beam theory, Sezawa's theory accounting for base clamping, and finite element analysis, with the aim of fabricating samples at 31.964 kHz.
2) Samples were manufactured using photolithography and tested, with measured frequencies from 31.228 to 31.462 kHz, attributed to inaccuracies in tine width fabrication.
3) Finite element analysis was used to comprehensively analyze how various design parameters, like tine geometry and electrodes, affect the static capacitance C0.
The document summarizes key aspects of DC machines, including:
1) DC machines convert mechanical energy to DC electric energy (generators) or convert DC electric energy to mechanical energy (motors).
2) They contain a commutator that converts internally generated AC to DC at the terminals.
3) Construction includes a yoke, poles, field windings, armature, commutator, and brushes.
4) Armature reaction distorts the magnetic field and weakens it as load increases. Commutation reverses current in coils as they pass the magnetic neutral axis.
This document discusses sensorless vector control of induction motors. It presents the dynamic modeling of induction motors using a reference frame transformation. It then describes the principles of vector control using an inverse transformation to control stator currents corresponding to the rotor flux and torque. A model reference adaptive system is proposed for sensorless speed estimation, where the speed estimate is adapted by comparing outputs of an adjustable model and reference model. Simulation results show the sensorless control approach can accurately estimate speed with good tracking performance.
This document discusses sensorless vector control of induction motors. It presents the dynamic modeling of induction motors using a reference frame transformation. It then describes the principles of vector control using an inverse transformation to control stator currents. A model reference adaptive system is proposed for sensorless speed estimation, where an adaptive model estimates the rotor speed by comparing its output to a reference model. Simulation results show the sensorless control approach can accurately estimate speed with good tracking performance.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
Beyond Phase Dependent Coefficients in the Modelling and Analysis of Five-Pha...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on modeling a five-phase synchronous reluctance machine. It considers models both with and without phase dependent parameters (PDP). The study aims to model the machine inductances directly without approximation, avoiding transformation to a reference frame. Similar performance is seen for both models, but with higher oscillation and transient differences of up to 2.4% for speed characteristics when using the PDP model during a loss of phase fault. The document provides equations for modeling the machine voltages, currents, torque, and inductances directly in the phase variables without using PDP.
The document discusses direct current (DC) generators, including:
1. DC generators operate by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy as conductors move through a magnetic field, inducing an electromotive force (EMF) based on Faraday's law of induction.
2. The construction of DC generators includes a yoke, rotor, stator, field electromagnets, pole cores, brushes, shaft, armature coils, commutator, and bearings. The commutator is needed to produce steady DC output from the pulsating current induced in the armature coils.
3. There are different types of DC generators including separately excited, self-excited (shunt-wound,
Vinod Agarwal presented a seminar on memristors. Memristors are passive circuit elements that relate charge and magnetic flux. They have memory and can remember the amount of charge that previously flowed through them. Memristors have a pinched structure that changes resistance based on the direction of current flow. Their I-V characteristics are nonlinear and pinched at the origin. Potential applications of memristors include non-volatile memory replacement, performing logic operations, and mimicking brain-like functions due to analog behavior. Benefits include reliability during power interruptions, high density data storage with low energy usage.
A Single Phase Induction Generator As Wind Generator – A New Concept and DesignIDES Editor
Experimentation is done on a standard
induction motor, run as a single phase induction
generator. The guidelines obtained from the performance
of this trial machine are used to design and construct a
novel prototype single phase induction generator. This
novel design combines the concepts of ac tachogenerator,
ac servomotor and dc self excited generator. It can
generate at low sub synchronous speeds corresponding
wind speeds being of the order of two to three meters/sec.
Utility of this machine for converting wind power to
electrical power for household consumption is put forth as
a novel concept in this field. Details of construction and
mathematical design of a prototype machine are given.
The performance of the prototype machine is shown to
tally well with the design.
Sensorless vector control of psms drives wquipped with inverter output filterwarluck88
This document presents a sensorless vector control method for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive equipped with an LC filter between the inverter and motor. The control method accounts for the dynamics of the LC filter in its design. It uses cascaded controllers for the inverter current, stator voltage, and stator current. An adaptive full-order observer estimates the stator voltage, current, rotor speed, and position using only measurements of the inverter output current and DC link voltage. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the functionality of the proposed control method.
The document summarizes sensorless field oriented control (FOC) for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using a PLL estimator and field weakening. It describes a control scheme using a PLL type estimator to estimate the rotor position and speed without position sensors. The estimator uses the fact that the d-component of the back EMF should be zero to estimate the rotor speed and position. It then provides field weakening capabilities to achieve higher speeds than the base speed by using the flux generating stator current to weaken the air gap field. However, field weakening is limited for the surface PMSM described due to its large air gap.
Micro chip an1292 sensorless foc pmsm using pll estimator and field weakeningwarluck88
The document summarizes sensorless field oriented control (FOC) for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using a PLL estimator and field weakening. It describes a control scheme using a PLL type estimator to estimate the rotor position and speed without position sensors. The estimator uses the fact that the d-component of the back EMF should be zero to estimate the rotor speed and position. It then discusses considerations for implementing FOC and field weakening on a surface mounted PMSM. The summary provides the key details of the control scheme and estimator in 3 sentences or less.
Industrial motor c ontrol part 2 not sure if got use or not freescalewarluck88
This document discusses AC induction motors and permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). It introduces asynchronous versus synchronous motors, describes AC induction motors and common control techniques, and explains PMSMs and brushless DC motors. The document also outlines field oriented control principles and a sensorless FOC demonstration for PMSM control using Freescale motor control libraries.
Adaption of motor paramenters in sensorless pmsm driverwarluck88
The document proposes an online method for estimating the stator resistance and permanent magnet flux in sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor drives. An adaptive observer augmented with high-frequency signal injection is used. Excess information in the observer is used to adapt the motor parameters. At low speeds, stator resistance is estimated from a speed correction term. At medium and high speeds, permanent magnet flux is estimated from d-axis current estimation error. Steady-state and small-signal analyses investigate parameter estimation sensitivity. Adaptation laws are designed for parameter convergence shown via simulation and experiment. Stator resistance adaptation works down to zero speed in sensorless control.
This document presents a dynamic model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor using a two-phase d-q model. It derives the two-phase model equations from the three-phase model equations. It discusses how the inductances and flux linkages vary with rotor position and defines the d-axis and q-axis components. It presents the two-phase equivalent circuit model and discusses how torque is produced from both the permanent magnet flux and reluctance torque. It also discusses how to obtain the two-phase model parameters from physical measurements of the motor.
This document presents a dynamic model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor. It derives a two-phase d-q model from the three-phase model by transforming the stator variables from the stationary a-b-c frame to the rotating d-q frame. It discusses obtaining the complete set of model parameters from simple laboratory tests, as some parameters are not directly measurable and vary with operating conditions. The model is primarily for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors but can also apply to surface permanent magnet motors.
This document is a thesis submitted by Salih Baris Ozturk to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. The thesis focuses on developing a novel direct torque control scheme for permanent magnet synchronous motors using cost-effective Hall-effect sensors. It presents the basic theory, mathematical model, and simulation results of the proposed direct torque control topology. The mathematical model can simulate steady-state and dynamic responses, including under heavy load conditions. The proposed drive is then applied to the agitation part of a laundry washing machine for speed performance comparison with current control techniques.
Position sensorless vector control of pmsm for electrical household applicanceswarluck88
This document proposes a position sensorless vector control method for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) suitable for electrical household appliance motor drives. It presents a simple position estimation equation and describes its derivation. It also proposes a simplified vector control method that does not require an automatic speed or current regulator but can achieve similar drive performance to conventional vector control under steady state conditions. Simulation and experimental results on a battery-driven cordless vacuum cleaner motor demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed high-speed sensorless drive system using a typical low-cost microcontroller.
Position sensorless vector control of pmsm for electrical household applicances
Pmsm mathematical model
1. i."
" 'ii
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 35, NO.4, NOVEMBER 1988 537 'r,:,
,~'
::(:'
Modeling of Permanent Magnet Motor Drives '..'
"
PRAGASAN PILLAY, MEMBER,
IEEE, ANDR. KRISHNAN, MEMBER,
IEEE
~(
I...
J ,..
:;:~
k
Abstract-Recent research has Indicated (hat (he permanent magnet I. INTRODUCTION
r,
motor drives, which include the permanent magnet synchronous motor
(PMSM) and the brushless dc motor (BDCM) could become serious DECENT research [1]-[3] has indicated that the permanent f;'
competitors to the induction motor for servo applications. The PMSM .Rmagnet motor drives, which include the permanent .,.
has a sinusoidal back emf and requires sinusoidal stator currents to magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the brushless dc ;".:
produce constant torque while the BDCM has a trapezoidal back emf and --
motor (BDCM) could become serious competitors to the :,1
requires rectangular stator currents to produce constant torque. The
PMSM is very similar to the wound rotor synchronous machine except induction motor for servo applications. The PMSM has a i,-
that the PMSM that is used for servo applications tends not to have any sinusoidal back emf and requires sinusoidal stator currents to ,I,'
damper windings and excitation is provided by a permanent magnet produce constant torque while the BDCM has a trapezoidal r~'
instead of a fi~ld winding. Hence the d, q model of the PMSM can be back emf and requires rectangular stator currents to produce
derived from the well-known model of the synchronous machine with the j:
constant torque. Some confusion exists, both in the industry '!'
equations of the damper windings and field current dynamics removed. ~'
Because of tbe nonsinusoidal variation of the mutual inductances between and in the university research environment, as to the correct
the stator and rotor in the BDCM, it is also shown In this paper that no models that should be used in each case. The PMSM is very i
~.
particular advantage exists in transforming the abc equations of the similar to the standard wound rotor synchronous machine ",..
BCDM to the d, q frame. Hence the solution of the original abc equations except that the PMSM has no damper windings and excitation ,<
is proposed for the BDCM.
is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a field winding.
Hence the d, q model of the PMSM can be derived from the
NOMENCLATURE well-known [4] model of the synchronous machine with the
equations of the damper windings and field current dynamics ,.,
B damping constant, Nlradls (in Newtons per removed.
,,'
radian per second) ,, ;
ea, eb, ec a, b, and c phase back emfs (in volts) As is well known, the transformation of the synchronous
Ep peak value of back emf (in volts) machine equations from the abc phase variables to the d, q
ia, ib, ic a, b, and c phase currents, (in amperes) variables forces all si~usoidally varying inductances in the abc
d, q axis stator currents (in amperes) frame to become constant-in the d, q frame. In the BDCM
id, iq'
J motor, since the back emf is nonsinusoidal, the inductances do i':
moment of inertia, kg - m2 'I;
La, Lb, Lc self inductance of a, b, and c phases (in not vary sinusoidally in the abc frame and it does not seem
henrys) advantageous to transform the equations to the d, q frame
since the inductances will not be constant after transformation. -
Lab mutual inductance between phases a and b (in
henrys) Hence it is proposed to use the abc phase variables model for
Ld, Lq d, q axis inductances (in henrys) the BDCM. In addition, this approach in the modeling of the
p derivative operator -
BDCM allows a detailed examination of the machine's torque
P number of pole pairs behavior that would not be possible if any simplifying ~-
R stator resistance (in ohms) assumptions were made. p
~,.
The d, q model of the PMSM has been used to examine the
Te electric torque (in newton meters)
T, transient behavior of a high-performance vector controlled
load torque, (in newton meters)
Va, Vb, Vc a, b, and c phase voltages (in volts)
PMSM servo drive [5]. In addition, the abc phase variable
model has been used to examine the behavior of a BDCM
Vd, Vq d,. q axis voltages (in volts)
Vdc dc bus voltage (in volts) speed servo drive [6]. Application characteristics of both
Aaf mutual flux due to magnet (in webers) machines have been presented in [7]. The purpose of this
d, q axis flux linkages (in webers) paper is to present these two models together and to show that
Ad, Aq
Wr rotor speed (in radians per second) the d, q model is sufficient to study the PMSM in detail while
Ws synchronous speed, (in radians per second) the abc model should be used in order to study the BDCM. It
Or angle between stator phase A and the rotor (in is therefore tutorial in nature and summarizes previously
radians) published work on the PMSM and BDCM.
* The paper is arranged as follows: Section II presents the
superscript indicating reference value
mathematical model of the PMSM. Section III presents the
/.
mathematical model of the BDCM. Section IV uses these
Manuscript received September 4, 1987; revised March 21, 1988.
The authors are with the Electrical Engineering Department, Virginia
models to present some key results to illustrate the use of these
Polytechnic Institute and State University, BIacksburg, V A 24061. models to study both transient and steady state behavior of
IEEE Log Number 8823354. these drive systems. Section IV has the conclusions.
0278-0046/88/1100-0537$01.00 @ 1988 IEEE -'.
2. 538 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS. VOL. 35. NO.4. NOVEMBER t988
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PMSM
The stator of the PMSM and the wound rotor synchronous
motor (SM) are similar.' In addition there is no difference '" ~
e q
between the back emf produced by a permanent magnet and
that produced by an excited coil. Hence the mathematical
i vd
model of a PMSM is similar to that of the wound rotor SM.
The following assumptions are made in the derivation:
1) Saturation is neglected although it can be taken into
account by parameter changes; R L
q
2) The back emf is sinusoidal;
3) Eddy currents and hysteresis losses are negligible. we~d
With these assumptions the stator d, q equations in the rotor ivq
reference frame of the PMSM are [6], [7]
Fig. 1. PMSM equivalent circuit from dynamic equations.
Vd= Rid+ PAd- (J),Aq (1)
where
Vq = Riq + PAq - ":rAd (2)
~
Aq=Lqiq (3) i~".'q
and
Ad=Ldid+Aaj (4)
Aajis the magnet mutual flux linkage. .
r:=9
iq +
v '"~
The electric torque T~=3P[~iq+(Ld-Lq)idiq]12 (5) q e d
For constant flux operation when id equals zero, the electric
Fig. 2. PMSM equivalent circuit from steady state equations.
torque T, = 3Aafiq12 = K,iq where K, is the motor torque
constant. Note that this torque equation for the PMSM
resembles that of the regular dc machine and hence provides inverse of the Park transform defined below
ease of control. .
Hence in state space form Va cos (0) sin (0)
Vb = cos(0-21r/3) sin (0-27r/3)
pid= (vd-Rid+ (J),Lqiq)ILd (6)
[ Vc] . ['cos (0 + 21r/3) sin (0+ 27r/3) m::]
piq = (Vq- Riq+ (J),Ldid~(J),Aaf)1
Lq (7) (11)
p(J),=(T~-B(J)r- ~)IJ (8) where 0 is the rotor position.
pO,=(J),. (9) The total input power to the machine in terms of abc
variables is
Vdand Vqare obtained from Va, Vb, and Vc-hrough the Park
t Power = vaia + vbib + vcic- (12)
transform defined below
while in terms of d, q variables
m =213
Power = 3 (vdid+ vqiq)l2.
The factor 3/2 exists because the Park transform defined above
(13)
COS (0) cos (0-21r/3) cos (0+ 27r/3)
is not power invariant.
sin (0) sin (0-27r/3) sin (0 + 21r/3)
From the dynamic equations of the PMSM, the equivalent
[ 1/2 . 1/2 1/2 ]
circuit in Fig. 1 can be drawn. During steady state operation,
the d, q axis currents are constant quantities. Hence .the
(10) dynamic equivalent circuit can be reduced to the steady state
[::] circuit shown in Fig. 2. The advantage of modeling the
machine using the d, q axis equations then is the subsequent
abc variables are obtained from d, q variables through the ease with which an equivalent circuit can be developed.
-
3. PILLAY AND KRISHNAN: MODEUNG OF PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR DRIVES 539
m. MATHEMATICALMODEL OF THE BDCM
The BDCM has three stator windings and a permanent
magnet on the rotor. Since both the magnet and the stainless
steel retaining sleeves have high resistivity, rotor induced
currents can be neglected and no damper windings are
modeled. Hence the circuit equations of the three windings in
phase variables are
Va R 0 0 ia
Vb = 0 R 0 ~b
[ Ve ] [0 0 R ] [ Ie ]
La Lba Lea ia ea
+p Lba Lb Leb ~b + eb (14)
[ Lea Leb Le ] [ Ie ] [ ee ]
where it has been assumed that the stator resistances of all the
windings are equal. The back emfs ea, eb' and ee have a
trapezoidal [6]. Assuming further that there is no change in the Fig. 3. BDCM equivalent circuit from dynamic equations.
rotor reluctance with angle, then
transformation can'be made from the phase variables to d, q
La=Lb=Le=L coordinates either in the stationary, rotor, or synchronously
Lab = Lea = Lbc = M rotating reference frames. Inductances that vary sinusoidally
in the abc frame become constants in the d, q frame. Since the
Va R 0 0 ia back emf is nonsinusoidal in the BDCM, it means that the
Vb = 0 R 0 ~b
mutual inductance between the stator and rotor is nonsinu-
[ Ve] [ 0 0 R ] [ Ie] soidal, hence transformation to a d, q reference frame cannot
be easily accomplished. A possibility is to find a Fourier series
L M M ia ea of the back emf in which case the back emf in the d, q
+ M L M P ~b + eb (15) reference frame would also consist of many terms. This is
[M M L ] [ Ie] [ ee] considered too cumbersome hence the abc phase variable
but model developed above will be used without further transfor-
ia+ib+ie=O. (16) mation.
The equation of motion is
Therefore
p(J),=(Te-Tf-B(J),)/J. (21)
Mib+Mie= -Mia (17)
From the dynamic equations of the BDCM the circuit in
Va R 0 O ia Fig. 3 can be drawn. ea, eb, and ee have the trapezoidal shapes
characteristic of the BDCM. Because of this nonsinusoidal
Vb = 0 R 0 ~b
[ Ve] [ 0 0 R ][ Ie] shape in the back emf, further simplifications in the model are
difficult.
L-M 0 0 ia ea IV. REsULTS
+ 0 L-M (18)
L ~M ] p
The models presented previously can be used to examine
[ 0 0 [ ~b ] + [ eb ]
Ie ee
both the transient and steady state behavior of PM' motor drive
Hence in state space form we have that systems. The models of the current controllers and inverter
switches have been presented previously [5J.
lI(L-M) 0
~a - Some typical results that can be generated using the above
p Ib - 0 lI(L-M) models are now given. Fig. 4 shows the results when a PMSM
[ ie] [ 0 ° lI(L~-M) ] is started up from zero to a speed of 1750 rpm. The response is
Va R ° 0 ia ea slightly underdamped in the design used here. The torque is
(19) held constant at the maximum capability of the machine while
the motor runs up to speed. At 0.025 s a load of 1 pu is added.
[[ ~: ] - [ .~ ~ ~ ] [ ~:] - [ :: ]] The electric torque of the machine increases in order to satisfy
and the load torque requirements. The sinusoidal currents required
Tt = (eaia + ebib 20
+ eeie)/ (J),. by the PMSM during the startup are shown including the
( ) voltage profile when a hysteresis band equal to 0.1 of the peak
The currents ia, ib, and ieneeded to produce a steady torque. rated current is used.
without torque pulsations are of 120' duration in each half Similar results are obtainable by using the dynamic model of
cycle [6]. With ac machines that have a sinusoidal back emf, a the BDCM as shown in Fig. 5. In the BDCM, the current
4. 540 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS. VOL. 35. NO.4. NOVEMBER 1988
"
.;
~ CURRENT ,.
;(
5P(ED
U
!.'
_~ I..'
~o X REF -8
:J.
..
~
:c8
<> I'>CTlA. 0...0
0
~ "
~. TORaUE
X REF
CI~
1:.
I
BRCK EMF
.
f...
-
'"
0 I'>CTlA.
-51 + L o~ :'
~..;
Y
.
§8
1:. V
, 8 ::;'
0
~ '.
~
:::RENT r.
i'
-8 0 I'>CTlA.
~~ i
~o ~~'0'.25
CI 0.375 0.5
"'"
.;,..
1: TIME! S) .10" :.,
~8
:c.
. Fig. 6. PMSM steady state results.
,..
..
"
~ VDLT~ ".'
"
~ CURRENT
:1lIJI
N
.
..'
..
§'0.00 0.025 0.05
-8
:J.
:c TIMEISI a.°
Fig. 4. PMSM transient results. 'z
0 ..
CIO ~ RCTURL i'.
I:U'!
o
N. .'
I
N BRCK EMF ..
SPEED
_:
".
'.
"
~o X REF -8
:J.
§ <> I'>CTlA. a.°
1:8 ,.
ci
~
CIO
,;
51 TORaUE
'U I: I'!
--, '..
"T x REF .,.
'0.14 0.32 0.50
-8 0 I'>CTlA. TIMEt S) -10"
~..; '
g
([51
+ L Fig. 7. BDCM steady stale results.
:c.
9 i
'.,
C.RRENT controllers are used to force the actual current to track the }'-'
~ i. .'
~
rectangular shaped current references. A difference between
-8 the two drives can be seen in the voltage profile. Each phase .,
~o x REF conducts for 120. in the BDCM and remains nonconducting
for 60. as shown in Fig. 5. In the PMSM on the other hand, ).
i~ <> I'>CTlA. each phase conducts continuously as shown in Fig. 4. .'
Steady state results of the current and back emf for example
0
VDLT~ can also be studied using these models as shown in Figs. 6 and
nm
7, respectively. Two possibilities exist. Either the transient
-: phase can be removed in order to facilitate study of the steady ".'
~o state or appropriate initial conditions found so as to run the
§o
:c-: model in steady state only.
'0.00 0.025 0.05
TIME.SI V. CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 5. BDCM transient results. This paper has presented the dynamic models and equivalent
circuits of two PM machines. It has shown that although the
----
5. PILLAY AND KRISHNAN: MODEUNG OF PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR DRIVES 541
PMSM and the BDCM are similar in construction, their magnet synchronous machine." IEEE Trans. Industry Applications.
modeling takes different forms. The d, q model of the wound vol. 1A-21, no. 2, pp. 408-413, Mar.lApr. 1985.
[3] E. Richter. T.l. E. Miller, T. W. Neumann. and T. L. Hudson. "The
rotor SM is easily adapted to the PMSM while an abc phase ferrite PMAC motor-A technical and economic assessment," IEEE
variable model is necessary for the BDCM if a detailed study Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 1A-21, no. 4, pp. 644-650, Mayl
of its behavior is needed. lune 1985.
[4] P. Krause, Analysis of Electric Machinery. New York: McGraw-
Both the steady state and dynamic behavior can be studied Hill, 1986.
using these models. [5] P. Pillay and R. Krishnan, "Modeling analysis and simulation oCa high
perfonnance, vector controlled, pennanent magnet synchronous motor
REFERENCES drive," presented at the IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, Atlanta, 1987.
[6] -. "Modeling simulationand analysisof a permanentmagnet
[I] R. Krishnan and A. 1. Beutler, "Perfonnance and design of an axial brushless dc motor drive," presented at the IEEE IAS Annual Meeting,
field pennanent magnet synchronous motor servo drive," in Proc. Atlanta, 1987.
IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, pp. 634-640, 1985. [7] -, "Application characteristics of pennanent magnet synchronous
[2] M. Lajoie-Mazenc, C. Villanueva, and 1. Hector, "Study and and brushless dc motors for servo drives," presented at the IEEE IAS
implementation of a hysteresis controlled invener on a pennanent Annual Meeting, Atlanta, 1987.