This document provides an outline and overview of phase-locked loops (PLLs) and carrier synchronization in digital communication systems. It discusses analog and digital PLLs, including their components and characteristics. First-order and second-order PLLs are examined in detail. The document also introduces carrier synchronization techniques used in both wired and wireless communication systems.
This is the third part of the mini-series of synchronization in the Topics in Digital Communication Presentations.
Timing synchronization is another key component in modem design and implementation. However, this subject, especially its practical aspects, were not covered in details in text books. The materials covered in this presentation are not really new, but discussed in the literature published over past forty years. I hope that putting them in a single slide deck can help people who want to learn more on this subject.
New book information is added
Fuyun Ling
Initial acquisition in digital communication systemsFuyun Ling
This presentation describes the initial acquisition process in digital communication systems, their optimality, and useful rule of thumb formulas, e.g., the non-coherent combining gain. Example the initial acquisitions in CDMA2000, WCDMA and LTE are also given.
Initial acquisition in digital communication systems by Fuyun Ling, v1.2Fuyun Ling
This presentation describes the initial acquisition process in digital communication systems, their optimality, and useful rule of thumb formulas, e.g., the non-coherent combining gain. Example the initial acquisitions in CDMA2000, WCDMA and LTE are also given.
New book information added
During past a few months, I spent some time on the subject of "In Band Full-Duplex" wireless communications, because it is related to echo cancellation that I worked on many years ago. I put together a presentation on this subject for share with people have same interest.
It should be noted that what shown in the presentation are based on my experience and reflect my understanding and opinions. As usual, my opinions are in general conservative and may or may not be totally correct. Please let me know if you have any comments. Thanks.
This is the third part of the mini-series of synchronization in the Topics in Digital Communication Presentations.
Timing synchronization is another key component in modem design and implementation. However, this subject, especially its practical aspects, were not covered in details in text books. The materials covered in this presentation are not really new, but discussed in the literature published over past forty years. I hope that putting them in a single slide deck can help people who want to learn more on this subject.
Fuyun Ling
This is the third part of the mini-series of synchronization in the Topics in Digital Communication Presentations.
Timing synchronization is another key component in modem design and implementation. However, this subject, especially its practical aspects, were not covered in details in text books. The materials covered in this presentation are not really new, but discussed in the literature published over past forty years. I hope that putting them in a single slide deck can help people who want to learn more on this subject.
New book information is added
Fuyun Ling
Initial acquisition in digital communication systemsFuyun Ling
This presentation describes the initial acquisition process in digital communication systems, their optimality, and useful rule of thumb formulas, e.g., the non-coherent combining gain. Example the initial acquisitions in CDMA2000, WCDMA and LTE are also given.
Initial acquisition in digital communication systems by Fuyun Ling, v1.2Fuyun Ling
This presentation describes the initial acquisition process in digital communication systems, their optimality, and useful rule of thumb formulas, e.g., the non-coherent combining gain. Example the initial acquisitions in CDMA2000, WCDMA and LTE are also given.
New book information added
During past a few months, I spent some time on the subject of "In Band Full-Duplex" wireless communications, because it is related to echo cancellation that I worked on many years ago. I put together a presentation on this subject for share with people have same interest.
It should be noted that what shown in the presentation are based on my experience and reflect my understanding and opinions. As usual, my opinions are in general conservative and may or may not be totally correct. Please let me know if you have any comments. Thanks.
This is the third part of the mini-series of synchronization in the Topics in Digital Communication Presentations.
Timing synchronization is another key component in modem design and implementation. However, this subject, especially its practical aspects, were not covered in details in text books. The materials covered in this presentation are not really new, but discussed in the literature published over past forty years. I hope that putting them in a single slide deck can help people who want to learn more on this subject.
Fuyun Ling
Frame Synchronization in Digital Communication SystemsQUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: This paper introduces the problem of frame synchronization in digital communication receiver and evaluates the performance of using different sequences for frame synchronization such as Barker, NeumanHofman and PN sequences. In this work we use a correlation rule based method where the receiver, after recovering phase value, the given input values are correlated with a sync pattern (marker) and the frame synchronization is obtained by examining the correlation values. Computer simulation is made by using MATLAB-SIMULINK program and the results show that the correlation rule based method has acceptable performance and implementation simplicity
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN ChannelAWANISHKUMAR84
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN Channel
This topic is related to Advance Digital Communication Engineering. In this ppt, you will get all details explanations of the receiver how to get affected by white Noise.
PAPR REDUCTION OF OFDM SIGNAL BY USING COMBINED HADAMARD AND MODIFIED MEU-LAW...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which gives high quality of service (QOS) to the users by mitigating the fading signals as well as high data rates in multimedia services. However, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a technical challenge that reduces the efficiency of RF power amplifiers. In this paper, we propose the combined Hadamard transform and modified meu-law companding transform method in order to lessen the effects of the peak-to-average power ratio of the
OFDM signal. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces PAPR compared to other companding techniques as well as the Hadamard transform technique when used on its own.
ESTIMATION OF CHANNEL IN OFDM WIRELESS CHANNEL USING LS AND MMSE TECHNIQUESIAEME Publication
In recent years with the increase in digital data communication, the need for high data rates with less information loss or distortion is being a continuous research area and new techniques are being invented in this area. Large amount of people are using the air interface for proper communication which also have a lot of drawbacks which include multipath fading, Inter symbol interference (ISI), Doppler shift etc..This paper is being presented on basis of channel estimation of wireless mobile OFDM channels using known pilot symbols.
These slides deal with the basic problem of channel equalization and exposes the issue related to it and shows how it can be balanced by the usage of effective and robust algorithms.
Communication Systems_B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding (Lecture No 16-21)Adnan Zafar
Lecture No 16: https://youtu.be/22XDP-_UKbg
Lecture No 17: https://youtu.be/CikQYWnvKdU
Lecture No 18: https://youtu.be/eT9sDYN4U30
Lecture No 19: https://youtu.be/7-jw3w9snik
Lecture No 20: https://youtu.be/kLmVgGSmfLE
Lecture No 21: https://youtu.be/Mm445diiQpM
Cyclostationary analysis of polytime coded signals for lpi radarseSAT Journals
Abstract In Radars, an electromagnetic waveform will be sent, and an echo of the same signal will be received by the receiver. From this received signal, by extracting various parameters such as round trip delay, doppler frequency it is possible to find distance, speed, altitude, etc. However, nowadays as the technology increases, intruders are intercepting transmitted signal as it reaches them, and they will be extracting the characteristics and trying to modify them. So there is a need to develop a system whose signal cannot be identified by no cooperative intercept receivers. That is why LPI radars came into existence. In this paper a brief discussion on LPI radar and its modulation (Polytime code (PT1)), detection (Cyclostationary (DFSM & FAM) techniques such as DFSM, FAM are presented and compared with respect to computational complexity.
Keywords—LPI Radar, Polytime codes, Cyclostationary DFSM, and FAM
Communication Systems_B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding (Lecture No 22-30)Adnan Zafar
Lecture No 22: https://youtu.be/z3gia8eHEOo
Lecture No 23: https://youtu.be/tFZuaZ4i89I
Lecture No 24: https://youtu.be/BIcjuUxb6aE
Lecture No 25: https://youtu.be/ZPvO4CubmME
Lecture No 26: https://youtu.be/CxUWW4Uh5Gk
Lecture No 27: https://youtu.be/OZ2TwSXkeVw
Lecture No 28: https://youtu.be/HGYXtSvisRY
Lecture No 29: https://youtu.be/W1ehHa0AUnk
Lecture No 30: https://youtu.be/q5gh3tQ7aLk
Phase locked loop is a technique usually used to perform indirect digital frequency synthesizer for
most RF transceivers. A fractional-N phase locked loop frequency synthesizer has been used in recent years
since it achieves fine resolution and large loop bandwidth . This paper presents the design and simulation of a
fractional-N phase locked loop frequency synthesizer using sigma-delta modulation for bluetooth standard
systems with a frequency range from 2402 to 2480MHz. Loop filter and Sigma-Delta modulator are the most
important factors in improving the performance of fractional-N phase locked loop. The digital Sigma-Delta
modulator provides a useful noise shaping for the phase noise introduced by the fractional division operation,
while the loop filter bandwidth limits the speed of switching time between the synthesized frequencies. A forth
order passive loop filter was implemented at bandwidth equal to 200 KHz, 50° phase margin, and a second
order single loop modulator with 4-level quantizer was used to control the frequency divider. Simulation results
showed that the system is stable, and there is no fractional spurs in the output spectrum of the fractional-N
phase locked loop.
Communication Systems_B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding (Lecture No 31-39)Adnan Zafar
Lecture No 31: https://youtu.be/UaBW0d2o9eY
Lecture No 32: https://youtu.be/X5rwgJjajy0
Lecture No 33: https://youtu.be/NbH_iysZss8
Lecture No 34: https://youtu.be/85e7cJXidM0
Lecture No 35: https://youtu.be/8BCnKJkEXqA
Lecture No 36: https://youtu.be/aFOVu8TOF9U
Lecture No 37: https://youtu.be/_PUG203mg6s
Lecture No 38: https://youtu.be/52pHpqvP2BA
Lecture No 39: https://youtu.be/ljeWa2XWjfA
Frame Synchronization in Digital Communication SystemsQUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: This paper introduces the problem of frame synchronization in digital communication receiver and evaluates the performance of using different sequences for frame synchronization such as Barker, NeumanHofman and PN sequences. In this work we use a correlation rule based method where the receiver, after recovering phase value, the given input values are correlated with a sync pattern (marker) and the frame synchronization is obtained by examining the correlation values. Computer simulation is made by using MATLAB-SIMULINK program and the results show that the correlation rule based method has acceptable performance and implementation simplicity
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN ChannelAWANISHKUMAR84
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN Channel
This topic is related to Advance Digital Communication Engineering. In this ppt, you will get all details explanations of the receiver how to get affected by white Noise.
PAPR REDUCTION OF OFDM SIGNAL BY USING COMBINED HADAMARD AND MODIFIED MEU-LAW...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which gives high quality of service (QOS) to the users by mitigating the fading signals as well as high data rates in multimedia services. However, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a technical challenge that reduces the efficiency of RF power amplifiers. In this paper, we propose the combined Hadamard transform and modified meu-law companding transform method in order to lessen the effects of the peak-to-average power ratio of the
OFDM signal. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces PAPR compared to other companding techniques as well as the Hadamard transform technique when used on its own.
ESTIMATION OF CHANNEL IN OFDM WIRELESS CHANNEL USING LS AND MMSE TECHNIQUESIAEME Publication
In recent years with the increase in digital data communication, the need for high data rates with less information loss or distortion is being a continuous research area and new techniques are being invented in this area. Large amount of people are using the air interface for proper communication which also have a lot of drawbacks which include multipath fading, Inter symbol interference (ISI), Doppler shift etc..This paper is being presented on basis of channel estimation of wireless mobile OFDM channels using known pilot symbols.
These slides deal with the basic problem of channel equalization and exposes the issue related to it and shows how it can be balanced by the usage of effective and robust algorithms.
Communication Systems_B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding (Lecture No 16-21)Adnan Zafar
Lecture No 16: https://youtu.be/22XDP-_UKbg
Lecture No 17: https://youtu.be/CikQYWnvKdU
Lecture No 18: https://youtu.be/eT9sDYN4U30
Lecture No 19: https://youtu.be/7-jw3w9snik
Lecture No 20: https://youtu.be/kLmVgGSmfLE
Lecture No 21: https://youtu.be/Mm445diiQpM
Cyclostationary analysis of polytime coded signals for lpi radarseSAT Journals
Abstract In Radars, an electromagnetic waveform will be sent, and an echo of the same signal will be received by the receiver. From this received signal, by extracting various parameters such as round trip delay, doppler frequency it is possible to find distance, speed, altitude, etc. However, nowadays as the technology increases, intruders are intercepting transmitted signal as it reaches them, and they will be extracting the characteristics and trying to modify them. So there is a need to develop a system whose signal cannot be identified by no cooperative intercept receivers. That is why LPI radars came into existence. In this paper a brief discussion on LPI radar and its modulation (Polytime code (PT1)), detection (Cyclostationary (DFSM & FAM) techniques such as DFSM, FAM are presented and compared with respect to computational complexity.
Keywords—LPI Radar, Polytime codes, Cyclostationary DFSM, and FAM
Communication Systems_B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding (Lecture No 22-30)Adnan Zafar
Lecture No 22: https://youtu.be/z3gia8eHEOo
Lecture No 23: https://youtu.be/tFZuaZ4i89I
Lecture No 24: https://youtu.be/BIcjuUxb6aE
Lecture No 25: https://youtu.be/ZPvO4CubmME
Lecture No 26: https://youtu.be/CxUWW4Uh5Gk
Lecture No 27: https://youtu.be/OZ2TwSXkeVw
Lecture No 28: https://youtu.be/HGYXtSvisRY
Lecture No 29: https://youtu.be/W1ehHa0AUnk
Lecture No 30: https://youtu.be/q5gh3tQ7aLk
Phase locked loop is a technique usually used to perform indirect digital frequency synthesizer for
most RF transceivers. A fractional-N phase locked loop frequency synthesizer has been used in recent years
since it achieves fine resolution and large loop bandwidth . This paper presents the design and simulation of a
fractional-N phase locked loop frequency synthesizer using sigma-delta modulation for bluetooth standard
systems with a frequency range from 2402 to 2480MHz. Loop filter and Sigma-Delta modulator are the most
important factors in improving the performance of fractional-N phase locked loop. The digital Sigma-Delta
modulator provides a useful noise shaping for the phase noise introduced by the fractional division operation,
while the loop filter bandwidth limits the speed of switching time between the synthesized frequencies. A forth
order passive loop filter was implemented at bandwidth equal to 200 KHz, 50° phase margin, and a second
order single loop modulator with 4-level quantizer was used to control the frequency divider. Simulation results
showed that the system is stable, and there is no fractional spurs in the output spectrum of the fractional-N
phase locked loop.
Communication Systems_B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding (Lecture No 31-39)Adnan Zafar
Lecture No 31: https://youtu.be/UaBW0d2o9eY
Lecture No 32: https://youtu.be/X5rwgJjajy0
Lecture No 33: https://youtu.be/NbH_iysZss8
Lecture No 34: https://youtu.be/85e7cJXidM0
Lecture No 35: https://youtu.be/8BCnKJkEXqA
Lecture No 36: https://youtu.be/aFOVu8TOF9U
Lecture No 37: https://youtu.be/_PUG203mg6s
Lecture No 38: https://youtu.be/52pHpqvP2BA
Lecture No 39: https://youtu.be/ljeWa2XWjfA
Phase Locked Loop with Filter Banks for High Data Rate Satellite Linkchiragwarty
Satellite communication systems operate in the
presence of path loss and atmospherically induced fading,
which results in waveform distortion, altering phase and bit
time period. After penetrating through several atmospheric
layers, the signal experiences Doppler shift which results in
frequency change and phase reversal, thus to sync the
receiver to the incoming signal we make use of the Phase
Locked Loop (PLL) with a filter at its core functioning.
To recover and reconstruct the original signal, the use of
filter banks in the loop filter block of the PLL will be added
and discussed. The idea of using M-channel uniform filter
banks is to minimize the error by optimizing the
performance in decomposition and reconstruction of signals.
Using different types of fundamental coherent digital
modulation schemes like, M-ary Amplitude/Frequency
/Phase shift keying (MASK, MFSK, MPSK), the best
optimized solution can be determined for all M-channels for
high data rates and bandwidth constraints.
The presentation studies the design of a digital PLL system by
using a variable filter block for several digital modulation
schemes used in ground to space communication links. Two
basic designs will be developed, first model with a fixed set
of filters, those seen in traditional legacy systems and the
second model, which consist of a filtering block made up of
Quadrature Mirror Filter banks (QMF). The method is based
on the strength of the incoming signal and modulation
scheme, which in turn decides the number of filter banks, to
be used to recover the signal.
In this presentation, the focus on pseudo-adaptive nature of the
filter banks is to reconstruct the original signal, considering
the effects of Doppler shift for fast moving airborne
platforms. Subsequently, the comparison between the
performance of the fixed filter based architecture and the
additional design with the variable pseudo-adaptive filter
banks design includes the QMF and Discrete Cosine
Transform Filter banks (DCT). This will follow with the
software oriented simulation of the performance of the
proposed design method, in different scenarios experienced
in satellite links.
Software PLL for PLI synchronization, design, modeling and simulation , sozopoldpdobrev
Power-line interference is a common disturbing
factor in almost all two-electrode biosignal acquisition
applications. Many filtering procedures for mains
interference elimination are available, but all of them are
maximally effective when the filter notches are positioned
exactly at the power-line harmonics, i. e. when the sampling rate is synchronous with the power-line frequency. Moreover, various lock-in techniques, su ch as automatic common mode input impedance balance, require precise in-phase and quadrature phase references, synchronous with the power-line interference. This paper describes in depth a design procedure of software PLL, generating synchronous reference to the common mode power-line interference, and achieved from its analog prototype using s to z backward difference transformation. The main advantage of th e presented
approach is that the synchronization is done in software, so it has no production cost. The presented PLL is intended for use in ECG signal processing, but it can be used after easy adaptation in various digital si gnal processing applications, where frequency synchronization is needed.
An Analytical Expression for Service Curves of Fading ChannelsGiacomo Verticale
In this paper, we develop a method for analyzing time-varying wireless channels in the context of the modern theory of the stochastic network calculus. In particular, our technique is applicable to channels that can be modeled as Markov chains, which is the case of channels subject to Rayleigh fading. Our approach relies on theoretical results on the convergence time of reversible Markov processes and is applicable to chains with an arbitrary number of states. We provide two expressions for the delay tail distribution of traffic transmitted over a fading channel fed by a Markov source. The first expression is tighter and only requires a simple numerical minimization, the second expression is looser, but is in closed form.
Energy and area efficient three input xor xno rs with systematic cell design...LogicMindtech Nologies
VLSI Projects for M. Tech, VLSI Projects in Vijayanagar, VLSI Projects in Bangalore, M. Tech Projects in Vijayanagar, M. Tech Projects in Bangalore, VLSI IEEE projects in Bangalore, IEEE 2015 VLSI Projects, FPGA and Xilinx Projects, FPGA and Xilinx Projects in Bangalore, FPGA and Xilinx Projects in Vijayangar
Design limitations and its effect in the performance of ZC1-DPLLIDES Editor
The paper studies the dynamics of a conventional
positive going zero crossing type digital phase locked loop
(ZC1-DPLL) taking non-ideal responses of the loop constituent
blocks into account. The finite width of the sampling pulses
and the finite propagation delay of the loop subsystems are
properly modeled mathematically and the system dynamics is
found to change because of their influence considered
separately. However, when these two are taken simultaneously,
the system dynamics can be made nearly equivalent to that of
the ideal system. Through an extensive numerical simulation
a set of optimum parameters to overcome design limitations
have been obtained.
Design and Implementation of Low Ripple Low Power Digital Phase-Locked LoopCSCJournals
We propose a phase-locked loop (PLL) architecture, which reduces the double frequency ripple without increasing the order of loop filter. Proposed architecture uses quadrature numerically–controlled oscillator (NCO) to provide two output signals with phase difference of π/2. One of them is subtracted from the input signal before multiplying with the other output of NCO. The system also provides stability in case the input signal has noise in amplitude or phase. The proposed structure is implemented using field programmable gate array (FPGA), which dissipates 15.44mw and works at clock frequency of 155.8 MHz.
Range Extended Second Order Digital Phase Locked LoopIDES Editor
A new structure of second order digital phase
locked loop (DPLL) called modified second order DPLL
(MSODPLL) has been proposed. The phase error
dynamics of a conventional second order DPLL
(CSODPLL) and that of a MSODPLL have been studied
using digital computers. Ranges of initial conditions
leading to the phase locking condition were determined
from computer simulation of both conventional and
modified second order DPLL Using these observations
the larger frequency acquisition range (FAR) of the
MSODPLL compared to the CSODPLL has been
established.
HW3 – Nichols plots and frequency domain specifications FORM.docxsheronlewthwaite
HW3 – Nichols plots and frequency domain specifications
FORMULAE FOR SECOND ORDER SPECIFICATIONS:
If the higher order closed-loop system has two dominant poles (and no dominant zeros) it can be approximated by a second order
system. Here are the formulae for transient specifications for second order systems or approximate second order systems:
1. Natural frequency: 𝜔𝑛 (distance of pole to origin)
2. Damping ratio: 𝜁 (related to angle of the pole)
3. The closed-loop dominant poles: 𝑝1, 𝑝2 = −𝜎 ± 𝑗𝜔𝑑 = −𝜔𝑛𝜁 ± 𝑗𝜔𝑛√1 − 𝜁
2
4. Angle of the poles with negative real axis: 𝛽 = arccos 𝜁 = cos−1 𝜁
5. The damped frequency of oscillations is the imaginary part of the roots: 𝜔𝑑
6. The exponential time constant is the reciprocal of the real part of the roots: 𝜏 =
1
𝜎
=
1
𝜔𝑛𝜁
7. Distance of the pole from origin is √𝜎2 + 𝜔𝑑
2 = 𝜔𝑛 = natural frequency.
8. Settling time: 𝑇𝑠 =
4
𝜎
=
4
𝜔𝑛𝜁
9. Peak time: 𝑇𝑝 =
𝜋
𝜔𝑑
10. Maximum overshoot: 𝑀𝑝 = 𝑒
−
𝜋𝜁
√1− 𝜁2
= 𝑒−𝜋 cot 𝛽 = 𝑒
−𝜋
𝜎
𝜔𝑑
11. To get percent overshoot multiply 𝑀𝑝 with 100.
Similar characteristics in the frequency domain are:
1. Resonant frequency of the closed loop system: 𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔𝑛√1 − 2𝜁
2
2. Resonant peak amplitude the closed loop system: 𝑀𝑟 =
1
2𝜁√1−𝜁2
Note that there is no resonant frequency or peak when the damping ratio is greater than
1
√2
= 0.707
3. Cutoff frequency the closed loop system: 𝜔𝑐 = 𝜔𝑛√1 − 2𝜁
2 + √1 + (1 − 2𝜁2)2
Cutoff frequency tells about the bandwidth and is related to speed of the closed loop system.
Higher cut-off frequency → higher bandwidth → lower settling time, rise-time, peak time.
4. Damping ratio of the closed loop system 𝜁 is related to the phase margin of the open loop system:
𝜙 = tan−1
2
√√4+
1
𝜁4
−2
(𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠) ≈ 100𝜁 (𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠)
The approximate formula for phase margin, 100𝜁, works only for phase margins up to about 60 degrees.
Errors specifications:
1. For a typical system with a plant G and controller K.
The error is 𝐸(𝑠) =
1
1+𝐺𝐾
𝑅
The steady state error is 𝑒(∞) = lim
𝑠→0
𝐸(𝑠)𝑠 = lim
𝑠→0
𝑠𝑅
1+𝐺𝐾
2. Steady state error for a step input R(s) = 1/s is:
𝑒(∞) = lim
𝑠→0
1
1 + 𝐺𝐾
=
1
1 + lim
𝑠→0
𝐺𝐾
=
1
1 + 𝑑𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝐾
=
1
1 + 𝐾𝑝
3. Steady state error for a ramp input R(s) = 1/s2 is:
𝑒(∞) = lim
𝑠→0
1
𝑠(1 + 𝐺𝐾)
=
1
lim
𝑠→0
𝑠𝐺𝐾
=
1
𝐾𝑣
If GK has no integrator 𝐾𝑣 is 0 (ramp error is infinite). If GK has 1 integrator 𝐾𝑣 is finite, it is the x-intercept (frequency
intercept) of the asymptote line from the left half of the bode(GK). If GK has more integrators 𝐾𝑣 is infinite.
4. To reduce the error due to reference command (and disturbance dy) of frequency 𝜔 by a factor of F: |𝐺(𝑗𝜔)| > 𝐹 + 1 .
5. To reduce the error due to a sinusoidal noise command of frequency 𝜔 by a factor of F: |𝐺(
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Concept of Flip OFDM and its applicationsDarshan Bhatt
OFDM is the advanced FDM technique used for wireless communication. But for Uni-polar communication and Optical Wireless communication (OWC) its modified version called Flip OFDM is quiet efficient technique.
LTE Physical Layer Transmission Mode Selection Over MIMO Scattering ChannelsIllaKolani1
Although LTE networks systems profits from recent advanced transmission techniques as MIMO systems, it encounters particularly two mains challenges:
MIMO channel Modeling or MIMO channel estimation .
An Optimal Dynamic MIMO transmission modes switching following the variation of MIMO Channel.
This Thesis proposes a channel model taking into account the motion of the UE first and after use this model to design an optimal transmission mode selection for 4G networks
Spur Reduction Of MB-OFDM UWB System using CMOS Frequency SynthesizerIDES Editor
As Technology progress deeper into submicron
CMOS, traditional analog circuits face problems that are
not to be solved purely by analog innovations. Instead,
new architectures are being proposed which take advantages
of the relatively cheaper of the digital circuits to augment or
improve the diminishing performance of the analog
circuitry. The conventional approach performs the design of
14 bands CMOS frequency synthesizers with spur reduction
for MB-OFMD for analog circuits which have high
distortions and noise. My proposed work is to replace the
analog input PLL into All Digital PLL with spur reduction.
Then the frequency mixing architecture alleviates
harmonics mixing and pulling to diminish spur
generation. The simulation is performed using Model SIM
and the implementation using Microwind to diminish spur
reduction.
A Low Power Digital Phase Locked Loop With ROM-Free Numerically Controlled Os...CSCJournals
The objective of this paper is to explore the analysis and design of second order digital phase-locked loop (DPLL), and present low power architecture for DPLL. The proposed architecture aims to reduce the high power consumption of DPLL, which results from using a read only memory (ROM) in implementation of the numerically controlled oscillator (NCO). The proposed DPLL utilizes a new design for NCO, in which no ROM is used. DPLL is deigned and implemented using FPGA, consumed 237 mw, which saves more than 25% of power consumption, and works at faster clock frequency compared to traditional architecture.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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