PHASE LOCKED LOOP FOR GSM 900
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We made this project during Master of Science study at University of Texas at Arlington. It was part of RF IC Design course work at fall’08 Semester.
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Phase locked loop
A phase-locked loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit that compares the phase of an input reference signal with the phase of a signal derived from its output oscillator. It adjusts the oscillator frequency to keep the input and output phases matched. A PLL consists of a phase detector, low-pass filter, and voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). It is used for synchronization, frequency synthesis, and demodulation in applications like wireless communications, radio transmitters, and signal recovery in noise.
Phase locked loop
A phase locked loop (PLL) is a feedback system that uses a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and phase comparator to maintain a constant phase angle between a reference signal and the VCO output signal. The basic PLL architecture consists of a phase detector, loop filter, VCO, and feedback divider. Negative feedback forces the phase error signal to approach zero, locking the frequencies. Fractional-N PLLs allow output frequency resolution smaller than the reference signal by varying the modulus of a dual-modulus prescaler. Key specifications for PLL design include lock time, phase noise, reference spurs, and stability.
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A Digital PLL is designed with improved acquisition time and power efficiency. The implemented D-PLL can operate
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A PLL or phase-locked loop is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal. It consists of three basic elements: a phase detector that compares the phase of two signals and generates an error signal, a loop filter that filters the error signal, and a voltage-controlled oscillator whose frequency is controlled by the filtered error signal. PLLs are commonly used in applications such as frequency synthesis, signal demodulation, and motor speed control.
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This presentation summarizes the key aspects of a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) circuit. It was presented by Aman Jain, Gourav Gupta, Mohit Swarnkar, Narendra Singh Rajput, and Piyush Pal to Ravitesh Mishra. The presentation outlines what a PLL is, the main components of a PLL including the phase detector, filter, and voltage controlled oscillator. It also discusses the locked condition of a PLL, the dynamics and transient response of PLL circuits, and applications of PLLs such as frequency multiplication, jitter reduction, and clock recovery.
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The document provides an overview of phase locked loops (PLLs). It discusses:
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- Applications of PLLs such as frequency modulation decoding, frequency synthesis, and clock generation.
- Key parameters like lock range, which is the range of input frequencies a PLL can lock onto, and capture range, which is the range a PLL can lock onto when starting unlocked.
- Operation of a basic PLL, including free running, capture, and phase lock stages where the VCO frequency adjusts until matching the
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1. The document introduces phase locked loops (PLLs), which are electronic circuits that lock the phase of the output signal to the phase of the input signal.
2. A basic PLL system consists of a phase detector that detects the phase difference between the input and output signals, a low pass filter, and a voltage controlled oscillator whose frequency is adjusted based on the output of the filter to reduce the phase difference.
3. Modern PLLs often use a phase/frequency detector and a charge pump instead of just a phase detector, which allows the loop to lock faster and be more stable. Charge pump PLLs work by using the phase/frequency detector to control switches that charge or discharge a capacitor, producing the control voltage
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A Digital PLL is designed with improved acquisition time and power efficiency. The implemented D-PLL can operate
from 6.54MHz to 105MHz with a power dissipation of is 7.763μW (at 210MHz) with 1.2V supply voltage. The D-PLL is
synthesized using cadence RTL compiler in 45nm CMOS process technology.
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The document provides an overview of phase locked loops (PLLs). It discusses:
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- Applications of PLLs such as frequency modulation decoding, frequency synthesis, and clock generation.
- Key parameters like lock range, which is the range of input frequencies a PLL can lock onto, and capture range, which is the range a PLL can lock onto when starting unlocked.
- Operation of a basic PLL, including free running, capture, and phase lock stages where the VCO frequency adjusts until matching the
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1) A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal, allowing it to synchronize signals or generate a frequency that is a multiple of the input frequency.
2) In a simple PLL, a phase detector (PD) converts the phase difference between the input and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) output to a voltage, which changes the VCO frequency to follow the input.
3) Ripple in the control voltage to the VCO can produce side bands, so a low-pass filter is used to fix this voltage ripple problem and improve stability.
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PLL Note
• Simple PLL
• VCO, PD
• PLL transfer function
• Phase Margin
• Type-I PLL
• Type-II PLL
• PFD
• Charge Pump
• CP PLL transfer function
• CP PLL stability
• Open-loop bandwidth
• Design strategy
• Higher-order PLL transfer function
• Higher-order PLL design rule of thumb
Phase Locked Loops (PLL) 1
1) A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal, allowing it to synchronize signals or generate a frequency that is a multiple of the input frequency.
2) In a simple PLL, a phase detector (PD) converts the phase difference between the input and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) output to a voltage, which changes the VCO frequency to follow the input.
3) Ripple in the control voltage to the VCO can produce side bands, so a low-pass filter is used to fix this voltage ripple problem and improve stability.
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The document discusses phase locked loops (PLL) and includes the following topics:
- Introduction to PLL and its components like phase detector and phase frequency detector
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- Sources and effects of noise in PLL
- Applications of PLL like frequency multiplication, data recovery/jitter reduction, and skew reduction
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FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE LOW DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
This paper presents the design of Low Drop-Out (LDO) voltage regulator has fast transient response and which exploits a few current else low quiescent current in the operational amplifier PMOS type. We use band-gap reference for eliminate the temperature dependence. The proposed LDO voltage regulator implemented in 0.18-μm CMOS technology, we use Folded cascode CMOS amplifiers high performance in the stability , provide fast transient response which explains a fast settling, the LDO itself should provide in the output regulator voltages at t equal 2ps with transient variation of the voltage less than 170mV. High accuracy in the DC response terms, the simulation results show that the accuracy of the output regulator voltages is 1.54±0.009V, and power consumption of 1.51 mW.
On Chip Calibration And Compensation Techniques (11 03 08)
The advent of CMOS technology in RF integrated circuits has lead to integration. A practical manifestation of such SoC is DRP, a solution engineered at Texas Instruments Inc. in which digital baseband has been integrated with a RF transceiver all in CMOS technology. A logical step forward in use of such technology is to harness the power of the digital architecture and the baseband in implementing innovative solutions to enhance radio performance over corner conditions and mitigate interferences arising as a result of integration. This research focuses on five practical examples of software solutions for common challenges in DRP.
Forharsha basha
This document presents a new multi-level inverter topology for solar energy applications. It uses a H-bridge structure with four switches connected to the DC link. It proposes a new PWM method that requires only one carrier signal. The switching sequence balances the capacitor voltages. The proposed topology requires a minimum number of components to increase the number of voltage levels. It provides simulation results showing the output voltage and current waveforms for the multi-level inverter with a solar input. The system has advantages of simple structure, low power consumption, and operating at the fundamental frequency.
Thesis presentation
The document summarizes the design, analysis, and simulation of a Schottky diode-based sampling circuit for a 40 Gbps electronic time-division demultiplexer. The circuit uses a double diode configuration for sampling and undersampling theory to demultiplex the input signal. Bandwidth optimization is performed through analytic calculations and simulations. Layout design achieves 55 GHz bandwidth with a distance of 250 um between the capacitor and diode. Flip-chip bonding affects performance above 50 GHz. Future work includes using diodes with lower capacitance and compensating for flip-chip effects above 40 Gbps.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF NINE STAGES CMOS BASED RING OSCILLATOR
This paper deals with the design and performance analysis of a ring oscillator using CMOS 45nm technology process in Cadence virtuoso environment. The design of optimal Analog and Mixed Signal (AMS) very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) is a challenging task for the integrated circuit(IC) designer. A Ring Oscillator is an active device which is made up of odd number of NOT gates and whose output oscillates between two voltage levels representing high and low. There are a number of challenges ahead while designing the CMOS Ring Oscillator which are delay, noise and glitches. CMOS is the technology of choice for many applications, CMOS oscillators with low power, phase noise and timing jitter are highly desired. In this paper, we have designed a CMOS ring oscillator with nine stages.Previously, the researchers were unable to reduce the phase noise in ring oscillators substantially with nine stages. We have successfully reduced the phase noise to -6.4kdBc/Hz at 2GHz center frequency of oscillation.
Project_Kaveh & Mohammad
This document presents the design of a high performance folded cascade OTA and sample and hold circuit. The OTA is designed to achieve 10-bit resolution while operating at a 28 MHz sampling frequency. Simulation results show the OTA achieves a high open loop gain of 72 dB and bandwidth of 112 MHz, with a phase margin of 73 degrees. A low resistance transmission gate switch is designed to reduce charge injection and clock feedthrough effects during sampling. The circuit is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology.
Design of High Speed Phase Frequency Detector in 0.18 μm CMOS Process for PLL...
The Phase Frequency Detectors (PFD’s) are
proposed in this research paper by using the
two different structures of D Flip-Flop that is
the traditional D Flip-Flop and modified D
Flip-Flop with a NAND gate which can
overcome the speed and area limitations of the
conventional PFD. Both of the PFD’s use 20
transistors. The traditional PFD consumes
133.92 μW power when operating at 40 MHz
frequency with 1.8 Volts supply voltage
whereas the modified PFD consumes 100.51
μW power operating at 40 MHz frequency with
1.8 Volts supply voltage. The designs are
implemented by using 0.18 meter CMOSprocess in Tanner 13.ov. These can be used in
PLL for high speed applications
En34855860
This document describes the VLSI implementation of a fractional-N phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer using 45nm technology. It discusses the design and simulation of the key PLL components including the phase detector, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator, and sigma-delta modulator. The layout of the overall fractional-N PLL integrated circuit is presented, which consists of 23 NMOS and 23 PMOS transistors. Simulation results show the PLL locks onto an output frequency of 2.5GHz while consuming only 53.239μwatts of power.
Jv2416961699
This document compares the performance of a current starved VCO and differential VCO designed and simulated in 0.18um CMOS process. The current starved VCO achieved a maximum frequency of 1.153GHz with an area of 688um^2 and power consumption of 359.08uW. The differential VCO achieved a higher maximum frequency of 2GHz but with a larger area of 1648um^2 and higher power consumption of 0.91mW. Overall, the current starved VCO demonstrated better performance in terms of lower area and power consumption compared to the differential VCO for PLL applications.
Design of a current Mode Sample and Hold Circuit at sampling rate of 150 MS/s
A current mode sample and hold circuit is presented in this paper at 180nm technology. The major concerns of
VLSI are area, power, delay and speed. Hence, we have used a MOSFET in triode region in the proposed
architecture for voltage to current conversion instead of a resistor being used in previously proposed circuit. The
proposed circuit achieves high sampling frequency and with more accuracy than the previous one. The
performance of the proposed circuit is depicted in the form of simulation results.
IO Circuit_1.pptx
The document discusses various topics related to clock generation and distribution in integrated circuits, including:
1) External clock sources are converted to internal clock signals using on-chip clock generation circuits.
2) Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are commonly used on-chip clock generators that can multiply the frequency of an external reference clock.
3) Factors that affect clock signals such as skew and jitter must be minimized to within 10% of the clock cycle for reliable operation of computer systems.
Spur Reduction Of MB-OFDM UWB System using CMOS Frequency Synthesizer
This document presents a design for an all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL) frequency synthesizer to reduce spurs in an MB-OFDM UWB system. The proposed design replaces an analog PLL with an ADPLL composed of fully digital components. It includes a phase frequency detector, time-to-digital converter, digitally controlled oscillator, and frequency divider. Simulation results show the ADPLL locks the reference clock frequency and reduces spurs through multiplexing and mixing stages. The ADPLL approach overcomes limitations of analog PLL designs and allows for lower power consumption and reduced noise compared to traditional analog implementations.
CMOS ring oscillator delay cell performance: a comparative study
A common voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) architecture used in the phase locked loop (PLL) is the ring oscillator (RO). RO consist of number of inverters cascaded together as the input of the first stage connected to the output of the last stage. It is important to design the RO to be work at desired frequency depend on application with low power consumption. This paper presents a review the performance evaluation of different delay cell topologies the implemented in the ring oscillator. The various topologies analyzed includes current starved delay cell, differential delay cell and current follower cell. Performance evaluation includes frequency range, frequency stability, phase noise and power consumption had been reviewed and comparison of different topologies has been discussed. It is observed that starved current delay cell have lower power consumption and the different of the frequency range is small as compared to other type of delay cell.
Similar to PHASE LOCKED LOOP FOR GSM 900 (20)
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOP AND PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOP AND PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
A High-Speed, Low Power Consumption Positive Edge Triggered D Flip-Flop for H...
A High-Speed, Low Power Consumption Positive Edge Triggered D Flip-Flop for H...
FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE LOW DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE LOW DROPOUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
On Chip Calibration And Compensation Techniques (11 03 08)
On Chip Calibration And Compensation Techniques (11 03 08)
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF NINE STAGES CMOS BASED RING OSCILLATOR
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF NINE STAGES CMOS BASED RING OSCILLATOR
Design of High Speed Phase Frequency Detector in 0.18 μm CMOS Process for PLL...
Design of High Speed Phase Frequency Detector in 0.18 μm CMOS Process for PLL...
Design of a current Mode Sample and Hold Circuit at sampling rate of 150 MS/s
Design of a current Mode Sample and Hold Circuit at sampling rate of 150 MS/s
Spur Reduction Of MB-OFDM UWB System using CMOS Frequency Synthesizer
Spur Reduction Of MB-OFDM UWB System using CMOS Frequency Synthesizer
CMOS ring oscillator delay cell performance: a comparative study
CMOS ring oscillator delay cell performance: a comparative study
PHASE LOCKED LOOP FOR GSM 900
- 1. Submitted by: Chirag Patel Ravi Vachhani Vijay Sankar DESIGN OF A PHASE LOCKED LOOP FOR GSM 900
- 11. Frequency Divider ( by 4)
- 13. VCO Tuning Range
- 15. PLL
- 16. PLL Output
- 17. Layout