Although LTE networks systems profits from recent advanced transmission techniques as MIMO systems, it encounters particularly two mains challenges:
MIMO channel Modeling or MIMO channel estimation .
An Optimal Dynamic MIMO transmission modes switching following the variation of MIMO Channel.
This Thesis proposes a channel model taking into account the motion of the UE first and after use this model to design an optimal transmission mode selection for 4G networks
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Multi carrier equalization by restoration of redundanc y (merry) for adaptive...IJNSA Journal
This paper proposes a new blind adaptive channel shortening approach for multi-carrier systems. The
performance of the discrete Fourier transform-DMT (DFT-DMT) system is investigated with the proposed
DST-DMT system over the standard carrier serving area (CSA) loop1. Enhanced bit rates demonstrated
and less complexity also involved by the simulation of the DST-DMT system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
LTE is required to support communication with terminals moving at speeds of up to 350 km/h, or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band. The primary scenario for operation at such high speeds is usage on high-speed trains – a scenario which is increasing in importance across the world as the number of high-speed rail lines increases and train operators aim to offer an attractive working environment to their passengers. These requirements mean that handover between cells has to be possible without interruption – in other words, with imperceptible delay and packet loss for voice calls, and with reliable transmission for data services.
Multi carrier equalization by restoration of redundanc y (merry) for adaptive...IJNSA Journal
This paper proposes a new blind adaptive channel shortening approach for multi-carrier systems. The
performance of the discrete Fourier transform-DMT (DFT-DMT) system is investigated with the proposed
DST-DMT system over the standard carrier serving area (CSA) loop1. Enhanced bit rates demonstrated
and less complexity also involved by the simulation of the DST-DMT system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Multi-carrier Equalization by Restoration of RedundancY (MERRY) for Adaptive ...IJNSA Journal
This paper proposes a new blind adaptive channel shortening approach for multi-carrier systems. The performance of the discrete Fourier transform-DMT (DFT-DMT) system is investigated with the proposed DST-DMT system over the standard carrier serving area (CSA) loop1. Enhanced bit rates demonstrated and less complexity also involved by the simulation of the DST-DMT system.
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Sensitivity to high PAPR is the most significant of these
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and document the effects of PAPR on the performance of OFDM
based digital communications under different channel conditions.
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objective of this paper. The first step is to provide a basic
background on the principles of OFDM. The reasons for the
PAPR and a theoretical analysis of these effects on OFDM
systems are documented. The OFDM system has a high peak-toaverage
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radiation. To be able to observe the system behavior, the
simulation results for different channel models are presented in
graphical form. Next, the simulation results obtained in this work
are compared to the simulation results reported in related studies
Design and Fabrication of a Two Axis Parabolic Solar Dish CollectorIJERA Editor
The work consists of the design of the chain drive system and the fabrication of the two axis parabolic solar dish.
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made parabolic solar dish is taken and fabricated. The circular iron ring provides the two axis motion of the dish.
A compound chain drive system was developed for the smooth movement of the dish. An electromechanical
system which tracks the sun on both axes and which is controlled via a programmable logic control (PLC) was
designed and implemented. In this a theoretical study was done. A C program was made which gave the required
result for the graphical representation of the recorded radiation. Programmable Logic Controls (PLC) was used
instead of photo sensors, which are widely used for tracking the sun. The azimuthal angle of the sun from sunrise
to sunset times was calculated for each day of the year at 23.59 Lat & 72.38Longitude in the Northern hemisphere,
the location of the city Mehsana. According to this azimuth angle, the required analog signal was taken from the
PLC analog module and sent to the power window motor, which controlled the position of the panel to ensure that
the rays fall vertically on the panel. After the mechanical control of the system was started, the performance
measurements of the solar panel were carried out. The values obtained from the measurements were compared and
the necessary evaluations were conducted.
IMPROVEMENT OF LTE DOWNLINK SYSTEM PERFORMANCES USING THE LAGRANGE POLYNOMIAL...IJCNCJournal
To achieve a high speed data rate, higher spectral efficiency, improved services and low latency the 3rd
generation partnership project designed LTE standard (Long Term Evolution).the LTE system employs
specific technical as well the technical HARQ, MIMO transmission, OFDM Access or estimation technical.
In this paper we focus our study on downlink LTE channel estimation and specially the interpolation which
is the basis of the estimation of the channel coefficients. Thus, we propose an adaptive method for polynomial interpolation based on Lagrange polynomial. We perform the Downlink LTE system MIMO transmission then compare the obtained results with linear, Sinus Cardinal and polynomial Newton Interpolations. The simulation results show that the Lagrange method outperforms system performance in term of Block Error Rate (BLER) , throughput and EVN(%)vs. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
Classical Discrete-Time Fourier TransformBased Channel Estimation for MIMO-OF...IJCSEA Journal
In this document, we look at various time domain channel estimation methods with this constraint of null carriers at spectrumborders.We showin detail howto gauge the importance of the “border effect” depending on the number of null carriers, which may vary from one system to another. Thereby we assess the limit of the technique discussed when the number of null carriers is large. Finally the DFT with the truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) technique is proposed to completely eliminate the impact of the null subcarriers whatever their number. A technique for the determination of the truncation threshold for any MIMO-OFDM system is also proposed.
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Bit Error Rate Performance of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing with MPSK Modulation ...ijsrd.com
Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the general V-BLAST architecture with MPSK Modulation in Rayleigh fading channels. Based on bit error rate, we show the performance of the 2x2 schemes with MPSK Modulation in noisy environment. We also show the bit error rate performance of 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 systems with BPSK modulation. We see that the bit error rate performance of 2x2 systems with QPSK modulation gives us the best performance among other schemes analysed here.
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Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
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People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
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Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
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Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
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As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
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End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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Bob Boule
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LTE Physical Layer Transmission Mode Selection Over MIMO Scattering Channels
1. Dissertation Defense1
LTE Physical Layer Transmission Mode Selection
Over MIMO Scattering Channels
In the Name of Jesus-Christ(耶稣上帝已经做了我需要的)
Name: Illa Kolani
Major: Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology
Professor Advisor :Jie Zhang
Professor Assistant : Gao zehua
2. Dissertation Defense2
Overview
2.Multi Ring Scattering Channel Model
1. MIMO Channel Modeling
5. Contributions and Suggestions
3. An Adaptive MIMO Switching for LTE Downlink
LTE Physical Layer Dynamic Transmission Mode Selection
3. Dissertation Defense3
MIMO Channel Modeling
Although LTE networks systems profits from recent advanced transmission
techniques as MIMO systems, it encounters particularly two mains challenges:
MIMO channel Modeling or MIMO channel estimation .
An Optimal Dynamic MIMO transmission modes switching following the
variation of MIMO Channel
4. Dissertation Defense4
MIMO Channel Modeling
Set up the Space-Time and Frequency correlation function rkl,qs(∆t ,∆f)
a) Parameters Taken into account
-Scattering environment -mobility of the mobile - multipath
-antenna spacing d, D
b) Correlation Function computation method
Two paths hkl (t, f) and hqs (t+ ∆t ,f+ ∆f )
rkl,qs(∆t,∆f)= hkl (t) . hqs (t+∆t, f+ ∆f )*
Set up the evolution of rkl,qs(∆t,∆f) in time domain
In space domain In Time domain t In Frequency domain f
General framework
5. Dissertation Defense5
3GPP MIMO Channel Model for LTE Extended from the SCM
1
( )
1 2
kl,qs
d
r f
j f τ
MIMO Channel Modeling
( , )klh t f
, , ,
, ,
1
, ,
exp sin
exp sin
exp cos
s n m AoD n m
M
u n m AoA
m
n m AoA v
j kd
jkd
jk t
v
( )nP f
M
6. Dissertation Defense6
Complexities Lacks of 3GPP LTE MIMO Channel model
The model is defined for fixed Scattering Cell Environment A,B,C and D
The model system assumed a single-bounced waves.
Inaccuracy of the Uniform PDF used of time-delays
The Model is not suitable to implement a MIMO TM Switching .
For m path tending infinite the model system turns to the well-known
One-Ring Scattering Channel (1)
3GPP MIMO Channel Model for LTE
7. Dissertation Defense7
α
re
Le
k
q
l
s
An arbitrary path
Base Station
Scattering Ring
Mobile Station
(1)One-Ring Scattering MIMO channel
Describing only Space-time
correlation function
Fails to exhibit The frequency
correlation function
3GPP MIMO Channel Model for LTE
-α= re/Le is the beamwidth where Le is the distance between base station and the mobile station
-therefore when the mobile is moving, the channel can experience different beamwidth realization
K,q; s,l denotes the range of each pair of antenna in the respective array
8. Dissertation Defense8
A Novel Frequency Correlation Function
Motivations
in NLOS ,waves may undergoes multiple bounces scattering before
reaching the Mobile Station.
The Uniform PDF of time-delays or waves of the 3GPP is not in
accordance with experimental results
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
9. Dissertation Defense9
α
re
Le
k
q
l
s
An arbitrary path
Base Station
Scattering Ring
Mobile Station
(1)One-Ring Scattering Model (2)Our Channel Model
A Novel Frequency Correlation Function
(1) Waves emitted from the base station reaches a local scattering surrounding the mobile station
(2) Waves emitted from the base station undergoes multiple bounces before reaching a local scattering surrounding
the base station
Base StationBase Station
Scattering Ring
Complex medium of scatterers
distributed randomy
Scatterer m
m
Scatterer ii
m
10. Dissertation Defense10
Mathematical Formulation
(1) One-ring scattering MIMO
(2) Our MIMO Channel modeling
(3) Difference between the two systems
Waves in (2) are delayed with average delay τi and attenuated with
average attenuation Ci.
the PDF P(τi) of time-delays in (2 ) is needed
2
2* *
kl,qs i il iq ik is d i i i i i ir ( t, f C a a b b .exp j2π( f cos( - ) t j . fτ P( )P(τ )d dτ
* *
kl,qs il iq ik is d i i ir ( t a a b b .exp j2π( f cos( - ) t P( )d
A Novel Frequency Correlation Function
11. Dissertation Defense11
Which PDF P(τi) should be used ?
A Uniform PDF as in the 3GPP MIMO channel Model?
Experimental results suggests an exponent PDF of delays
A Gaussian PDF
• Physically acceptable
A uniform PDF
• Physically inacceptable!!!
• Infinite(∞) time-delays inexistent
22
0ic' τ τ
i
c'
p τ e
π
Gaussian PDF
A Novel Frequency Correlation Function
12. Dissertation Defense12
Novel frequency correlation function
The novel frequency correlation
Main Contributions of our Novel correlation function
More flexible than the 3GPP correlation form
Calibration functionalities with three parameters τo, C’, τd (1/DFd )
Wideband channel Bandwidth calibrations
2
2 2
2 22d o /
kl,qs
jΔf τ c' τ /c'
Δf c'r ( f e e
1
( )
1 2
kl,qs
d
r f
j f τ
A Novel Frequency Correlation Function
13. Dissertation Defense13
Simulation results
Assuming τo =0, simulation result show
different form of frequency correlation
with different bandwidths.
In Practical circumstance ,parameters can
be calibrated in order to match a given
power density function
The correlation Function can
be used in LTE performance
analysis.
Novel Frequency correlation function
A Novel Frequency Correlation Function
14. Dissertation Defense14
Application to LTE system : General Setting and simulations
Frequency Spacing Δf Antenna
configurations
TMs Channel characteristics
15KHz 2x2 MIMO, 4x2 MIMO TM2,TM3,TM4 Δfd =100 KHz , C=1.e5
Performances of LTE TM are affected in frequency selective channel in comparison with non-
frequency selective channel(Uncor) . The channel should be coded by appropriate Space-frequency
coding
A Novel Frequency Correlation Function
15. Dissertation Defense15
Note
(1) The space-time and frequency correlation based on the one-ring
scattering channel is rkl,qs(∆t, α)
rkl,qs(∆f) is our New frequency correlation.
(2) Set up the Evolution of the space-time frequency correlation in the Cell
kl,qs 0 d
d D d
r t,α exp j2π( s l ) J 2π ( q k ) α( s l ) f t
λ λ λ
A Novel Frequency Correlation Function
16. Dissertation Defense16
The Evolution of the Correlation Function of The Cell MIMO Channel
Motivations
The 3GPP MIMO channel fails to describe the evolution of Cell MIMO
channel following the mobility of the MS
Provide the evolution of our proposed rkl,qs(∆f, ∆t, α) with the motion of
the mobile(time ).
Implement a LTE Downlink Dynamic Transmission Mode selection
Methodology
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
17. Dissertation Defense17
Methodology
Split the LTE cell coverage zone into Multiple Sectors environment
Split Each Sector into Multiple One-ring Scattering Channels
α1 αnα2
α1
S1
S2
Sm
Base station
Cell coverage
MS moving
18. Dissertation Defense18
kl,qs n 0 n d
d D d
r t,α exp j2π( s l ) J 2π (q k ) α ( s l ) f t
λ λ λ
Methodology
Adopt the One-ring Scattering Channel as Channel realization rkl,qs(∆f, ∆t, αn)
.
Each sector as then it own MIMO channel correlation function
Experimental Results about the Beamwidth αn seen at the base station
Following experimental results of authors, αn =[tang(0o ) tang(15o ) ]
kl,qsr
kl,qs n kl,qs n nr d .r α dα
19. Dissertation Defense19
.
Cluster model and Gaussian model of MRSC
Two models of MRSC for each sector are investigated
Cluster Model dn ( uniform )
Each sector consists of multiple clusters of MRSC
Each cluster consists of continuous variation of On-
ring Scattering
Gaussian Model
with α1 < α2 < .. αmax
1
1
=n
max
d
α -α
22
0
2 nc α α
n
.c
d e
π
20. Dissertation Defense20
In cluster Model
In Gaussian Model
Transmit, receive and cross correlation q≠k , l=s; q=k , l ≠ s; q≠k ,q≠k
d
j2π( s l )
λ
kl,qs max 0 d 2k+1 max
max k=0
λ D(q k ) 2π
r t,α e J 2π f t J d(s l )α
2πd(s l )α λ λ
With conditions
q = [1, nt]; k = [1, nt];
l = [1, nr]; s = [1, nr ]
1
2
0 0 0 2 2
0
11 2
2
m
j2π( s l )
kl,ks 0 d m
m
mπ
r t,α e .J 2πf t . J d(s-l )α
λπ .c m!
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
21. Dissertation Defense21
Kronecker Representation of MIMO MRSC Channel
Fast fading fd. ∆t ≠0 : MRSC does not respect Kronecker representation
Slow Fading fd. ∆t =0 : MRSC respects Kronecker requirement
Cross-correlation = transmit correlation X receive correlation
Application of MRSC to LTE performances Analysis
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
22. Dissertation Defense22
Capacity and BLER Performances Analyses: General Setting
LTE General Parameters MRSC Cluster model MRSC Gaussian Model
OFDM channel Subcarrier=15Khz
Bandwidth, Bw=1.4MHz
Working Frequency, F=2GHz
Antenna Configuration:4x2
MIMO,2x2 MIMO,2x1 MIMO
Channel Quality Indicator,
CQI_index=7
Transmission Modes:
TM2(OLSM rank1)
TM3(OLSM rank2)
TM4(CLSM rank2)
TM6(CLSM rank 1)
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
23. Dissertation Defense23
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Rank 1: Cluster model(C) versus Gaussian model(G)
Capacity[Mbps]
SNR [dB]
CLSM rank1 2x1c
CLSM rank1 2x1c
OLSM rank1 2x2c
OLSM rank1 4x2c
OLSM rank1 4x1c
CLSM rank1 4x1c
OLSM rank1 2x1G
CLSM rank1 2x1G
OLSM rank1 2x2G
OLSM rank1 4x2G
OLSM rank1 4x1G
CLSM rank1 4x1G
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Capacity[Mbps]
SNR [dB]
OLSM rank1 2x1
OLSM rank1 2x2
CLSM rank1 2x1
CLSM rank2 2x2
OLSM rank2 2x2
OLSM rank1 4x2
OLSM rank2 4x2
CLSM rank2 4x2
Capacity Rank1TM: Gaussian vs Cluster model Capacity Rank2 TM: Gaussian vs Cluster model
We note that, in terms of bit error rate and capacity, rank 2 transmissions in Gaussian MIMO channel
model performs higher than in Cluster MIMO model. This may be explained by assuming that in Cluster
model correlations are relatively high.
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
24. Dissertation Defense24
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Rank 1:Cluster model(C) versus Gaussian model(G)
BLER
SNR [dB]
CLSM rank1 2x1c
CLSM rank1 2x1c
OLSM rank1 2x2c
OLSM rank1 4x2c
OLSM rank1 4x1c
CLSM rank1 4x1c
OLSM rank1 2x1G
CLSM rank1 2x1G
OLSM rank1 2x2G
OLSM rank1 4x2G
OLSM rank1 4x1G
CLSM rank1 4x1G
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BLER
SNR [dB]
OLSM rank1 2x1
OLSM rank1 2x2
CLSM rank1 2x1
CLSM rank2 2x2
OLSM rank2 2x2
OLSM rank1 4x2
OLSM rank2 4x2
CLSM rank2 4x2
BLER Rank1 TM: Gaussian vs Cluster model BLER Rank2TM : Gaussian vs Cluster model
This assumption is in accordance with what we observe that CLSM rank1 (4x1 MIMO) performs well in Cluster
model than in Gaussian model. In fact CLSM rank 1 takes advantage of high correlations in cluster channel
model.
Correlation decreases the performances of TM
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
25. Dissertation Defense25
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Rank 2: Cluster model(c) versus Gaussian model(G)
Capacity[Mbps]
SNR [dB]
CLSM rank2 2x2c
OLSM rank2 2x2c
OLSM rank2 4x2c
CLSM rank2 4x2c
CLSM rank2 2x2G
OLSM rank2 2x2G
OLSM rank2 4x2G
CLSM rank2 4x2G
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Capacity[Mbps]
SNR [dB]
OLSM rank1 2x1
OLSM rank1 2x2
CLSM rank1 2x1
CLSM rank2 2x2
OLSM rank2 2x2
OLSM rank1 4x2
OLSM rank2 4x2
CLSM rank2 4x2
Figure5.7 Capacity : MRSC model Figure5.8 Capacity : One-Ring Scattering model
MRSC can be used also for fixed mobile station .In this case, the simulation results shows that Gaussian model of
MRSC behave similar to the one-ring scattering channel when we assume the beamwidth αo = α.
Therefore, we may assume that the Gaussian model is more accurate.
However TM 6performance is increase.
Gaussian Model of MRSC is more accurate
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
26. Dissertation Defense26
Note
Each sector has its own MIMO channel characterized by the beamwidth
αmax in Cluster model of MRSC
αo in Gaussian model of MRSC
The beamwidth αo / αmax is varying
Each Cell MIMO channel evolution is performed by the variation of sector MIMO
Channel.
LTE MIMO TM Switching or Selection can be now performed over the variation of
each cell MIMO channel evolution .
Multi Ring Scattering Channel model
28. Dissertation Defense28
Motivations
Problematic of a LTE downlink TM Switching
There is no deep study on the subject
Telecommunication operators implement only a single TM.
Lacks of LTE feedback CQI, RI, PMI in implementing a TM switching
LTE TM performs differently in Different correlation Environments
An Adaptive MIMO Switching for LTE Downlink
29. Dissertation Defense29
TM1
TM2
TM3
TM4
TM8
TM5
TM6
TM7
BS
Problematic of LTE Downlink TM switching
?
How to implement the TM switching?
Which Suitable MIMO Channel to be
used ?
MIMO Multi Ring Scattering Channel
Model
TM1 implements a SISO
TM2 implements OLSM rank 1 or OSTBC
TM3 implements OLSM rank2 or SM(CDD)
TM4 implements CLSM rank2 or SM rank2
TM5 implements MU-MIMO
TM6 implements CLSM rank1 or SM rank1
TM7 implements Beamforming rank1
TM8 implements Beamforming rank 2
ms
Problematic of LTE Downlink TM switching
30. Dissertation Defense30
TM2,TM6,TM7
Rank 1
TM
high
correlation
levels
TM3,TM4,TM8
Rank 2
TM
Low
correlation
levels
SISO or
TM1
case of
bad MIMO
channel
Spatial Correlation
Performances of LTE TM following spatial correlations levels
Problematic of LTE Downlink TM switching
αo1
αo2
αo3
S1
S2 S3
01kl,ksr t,α
02kl,ksr t,α
Cell
coverage
Base station
Sector Channel
Multi –Ring Scattering Channel Model
Motion of the mobile in different spatial
correlation levels
0
1
31. Dissertation Defense31
Impact of the amount of correlation on the DMT
Methodology for Delimitation correlations levels
What is low, medium, high spatial correlation?
Take into account MIMO signal processing(SP) performance characteristics
Capacity-error rate tradeoff : Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff gs =f(gd)
Take into account Impact of correlations on MIMO SP performance
Correlations measure: Amount of correlation
Impact of amount of correlation on DMT gs =f(gd)
gs =f(Ψntnr ,gd )
t r
t r
*
n n kl,qs kl,qs
t r t r k,q=1s.l=1
nn
1
ψ r r
n n (n n 1)
32. Dissertation Defense32
.
DMT of Rank2 TM DMT of Rank 1 TM
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
AMOUNT OF CORRELATION
MULTIPLEXING GAIN
DIVERSITYGAIN
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.5
1
0
1
2
3
4
AMOUNT OF CORRELATION
MULTIPLEXING GAIN
DIVERSITYGAIN
2
1
1 ( 1) t r
r
dsm s
t r n n
n
g g n
n n ψ
2
1
1 ( 1) t r
t r
dostbc s
t r n n
n n
g g n
n n ψ
It can be seen that Rank 2 TM can achieve a high
coding rate or rank(max=2) but cannot offer
highest diversity available(diversity gain=4).
It can be seen that Rank1 TMthe can achieve a
high diversity available(max=4)but cannot
offer highest coding rate available(n=2).
Diversity Multiplexing and Amount of Correlations
nt = nr =n=2 nt = nr =n=2
33. Dissertation Defense33
Correlations levels delimitation
1. User Ran2 TM DMT Fonction to fix a Guard diversity gain 𝜇o wanted
2. Use Rank2 TM DMT Fonction to fix a Guard diversity gain 𝜇1
s t r
t r t r
d s n n o
o
n n n n
g g ,ψ μ
ψ ψ
0 t r t r
o
n n n nψ ψ
TM3,TM4
Rank 2 TM
To Delimit low
correlation
Levels for Rank2 TM
Spatial Correlations levels delimitation
1
1
s t r
t r t r
d s n n
n n n n
g g ,ψ μ
ψ ψ
TM3,TM4Rank 2 TM
To Delimit medium
correlation
Levels for Rank2 TM
1
t r t r t r
o
n n n n n nψ ψ ψ
34. Dissertation Defense34
3.Rank 1 DMT Fonction to fix a guard diversity gain 𝜇2
.
4. Finaly for activate SISO or TM1
2
2
ostbc t r
t r t r
d s n n
n n n n
g g ,ψ μ
ψ ψ
TM2,TM6
Rank 1TM
To Delimit high
correlation
Levels for Rank1 TM
1 2
t r t r t rn n n n n nψ ψ ψ
2
1t r t rn n n nψ ψ
Bad MIMO channel
Spatial Correlations levels delimitation
35. Dissertation Defense35
Low
correlation
levels, L
Medium
correlation
levels, M
High
correlations
level, H
Bad
MIMO
channel
B
Propositions
4x2
MIMO
2x2
MIMO
TM TM4,TM3 TM4,TM3 TM2,TM6 TM1
0 0 3t rn n .
0 0 2t rn n .
0 3 0 6t rn n. . 0 6 0 95t rn n. . 0 95 1t rn n.
0 2 0 4t rn n. . 0 4 0 95t rn n. . 0 95 1t rn n.
Proposition of correlation environments delimitation
(1) Since the highest diversity gain of SM is 1, we suggest 𝜇o=1/2, 𝜇1=1.
(2) since the smallest diversity gain of OSTBC is 1 ,we suggest 𝜇2=0.95 nearest SISO performance
(3)in the literature , it is quite difficult to delimit correlation levels. It often assumed <=0.3 and >= 0.6 as low correlationlevels and high
correlation levels for MIMO systems
Spatial Correlations levels delimitation
36. Dissertation Defense36
CQ is known
MIMO correlation environments are delimited
An Adaptive MIMO Switching for LTE Downlink
If CSI is known
For Channel correlation case L, M, H, B
If case L,M
TM= TM4
Else if case H
TM= TM6
Else TM=TM1
end
For Channel Correlation case L, M, H, B
If case L,M
TM= TM3
Else if case H
TM= TM2
Else TM=TM1
end
TG=CLSM{TM4,TM6}+TM1TG=OLSM{TM2,TM3}+TM1
PMI=[1,2,3,4]
CQI=[0,1,..15]
chose
MIMO TM switching scheme
37. Dissertation Defense37
Application of the MIMO TM switching Scheme
Practical Amount of correlation computation
Channel Model Propagation
Environment
Base station spacing Mobile Station
spacing
Sectors Beamwidth
variation
MRSC A, Gaussian
distribution model
Urban macro Cell 1 ,0.5λ spacing 0.2λ
spacing(proposition)
αo =[tang(0o ) tang(15o ) ].
MRSC B, Gaussian
distribution model
Urban macro Cell 2, 4 λ spacing 0.2λ
spacing(proposition)
α o =[tang(0o ) tang(15o ) ].
An Adaptive MIMO Switching for LTE Downlink
38. Dissertation Defense38
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Beamwidth
AMOUNTOFCORRELATION
ANTENNA SPACING d=4.lamda ,D=0.2.lamda
4x2MIMO
2x2MIMO
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
Beamwidth
AMOUNTOFCORRELATION
ANTENNA SPACING d=0.5.lamda,D=0.2.lamda
4x2MIMO
2x2MIMO
Amount of correlation in Cell 1 Amount of correlation in Cell
both 2x2 MIMO and 4x2 MIMO stay in high correlation level
i.e.C3.In this case ,on the basis of the proposed adaptive LTE
MIMO switching, it advisable to allow the eNodeB enabling
the appropriate transmission mode.
Both 2x2 MIMO and 4x2 MIMO systems may experience C2
and C3 level. So in this case, we need to implement a
switching.
[rd] [rd]
An Adaptive MIMO Switching for LTE Downlink
39. Dissertation Defense39
Sector
Beamwidth seen
at the base
station
Sector 1
0.1
sector 2
0.001
2x2
MIMO(Amount of
correlation ψ
Ψ=0.3283:
Moderate
correlation level
Ψ=0.84:
high correlation level
4x2
MIMO(Amount of
correlation ψ)
Ψ=0.4094:
moderate
correlation level
Ψ=0.92:
high correlation level
Correlations levels for Sector 1 and sector 2
Bandwidth
Bw=5MHz
10 Frame basis
Working
frequency=2GHz
CQ
CQI_index
=10
PMI=1
RI=1,2
Receiver: SSD
LTE General Parameters
An Adaptive MIMO Switching for LTE Downlink
BLER and Capacity Analysis in different LTE Sector spatial correlation
environments
Cell1 :6 sectors conf.
40. Dissertation Defense40
Block Error Rate in sector 1: M level
].
Block Error Rate in Sector 2 :H level
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BLER, CQI 10, MRSC model,Beamwidth=0.1, 10 subframes
BLER
SNR [dB]
SISO TM1
2x1 MIMO TM6
2x2 MIMO TM2
2x2 MIMO TM3
2x2 MIMO TM4
4x1 MIMO TM6
4x2 MIMO TM2
4x2 MIMO TM3
4x2 MIMO TM4
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BLER, CQI 10, MRSC model,Beamwidth=0.001, 10 subframes
BLER
SNR [dB]
SISO TM1
2x1 MIMO TM6
2x2 MIMO TM2
2x2 MIMO TM3
2x2 MIMO TM4
4x1 MIMO TM6
4x2 MIMO TM2
4x2 MIMO TM3
4x2 MIMO TM4
In Sector1, we can see Rank 1 BLER being a transmit –diversity based performs well than Rank TM BLER ,however it can offer
high capacity while Rank2 TM achieves high capacity and acceptable BLER rate, In this case , the base station can chose to
maximize capacity and this enable Rank2 TM
In Sector 2, even though transmit diversity-based TM (TM2) performance decrease with the increase of correlation level; it
remains robust against correlation in H state. In contrast, the spatial multiplexing –based TM (TM3, TM4) which is rank 2
transmission mode performances become extremely catastrophic at H level. Indeed, their BLER performances remain
approximately linear lines following the SNR while their capacity behaves similar as rank 1–based transmission(TM 6 and
TM2).
Simulation Results in Different Correlations levels
Different BLER in the Cell1
41. Dissertation Defense41
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
5
10
15
20
25
Capacity, CQI 10, MRSC model,Beamwidth=0.1, 10 subframes
Capacity[Mbps]
SNR [dB]
SISO TM1
2x1 MIMO TM6
2x2 MIMO TM2
2x2 MIMO TM3
2x2 MIMO TM4
4x1 MIMO TM6
4x2 MIMO TM2
4x2 MIMO TM3
4x2 MIMO TM4
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Capacity, CQI 10, MRSC model,Beamwidth=0.001, 10 subframes
Capacity[Mbps] SNR [dB]
SISO TM1
2x1 MIMO TM6
2x2 MIMO TM2
2x2 MIMO TM3
2x2 MIMO TM4
4x1 MIMO TM6
4x2 MIMO TM2
4x2 MIMO TM3
4x2 MIMO TM4
Rule(1):In this case the eNodeB can only choose to optimize the transmission reliability(BLER Performance) and thus enable the
rank 1 modes.
Rule(2): Enable TM1 at M et H level instead of TM6 in the case of the switching 2x2 MIMO TM4 and 2x1 TM 6. However if the
switching process is configured between 2x2 MIMO(TM4) and 2x2 MIMO-TM6, the advantage of the TM6 on TM1 will be clearly
seen.
Simulation Results in Different Correlations levels
Capacity in Cell 1
Sector 1 : M correlation level Sector 2 : H correlation level
42. Dissertation Defense42
E. Simulation Results from BER and Capacity analyses
In moderate correlation LTE , sector1
Enable TM4 if CSI known else TM3
In High correction , LTE sector 2
Enable TM6 if CSI is known else TM2
Both 2x2 MIMO and 4x2 MIMO spatial correlation levels are not in bad MIMO
channel condition and in low correlation level.
Not need to enable SISO channel
Results of these analyses are then satisfactory and in agreement in regard
with the proposed adaptive LTE MIMO TM scheme !!!!!!!!
Simulation Results in Different Correlations levels
43. Dissertation Defense43
Note
In MIMO MRSC, Each LTE sector n has the space-time and frequency correlation
as:
With
αn =[tang(0o ) tang(15o ) ]
kl,ks n kl,ks kl,ks nr t,α , f r f r t,α
kl,ks kl,ksr f r f
44. Dissertation Defense44
Conclusion And Suggestions
In this Thesis ,we have proposed a new frequency correlation function by
assuming multiple bounced - waves emitted from the base station before
reaching the mobile surrounded by a local one-ring scattering channel.
We further extend the frequency selective channel to propose a full space-time
and frequency MIMO channel named MRSC by assuming that the mobile is
moving through in a LTE cell sectored in multiple sectors.
We adopt the MRSC model to propose an optimal LTE Physical Dynamic TM
Switching method for LTE TM when the base station is moving through multiple
sectors.
We propose also a wise tradeoff between parameters for minimizing
correlations and for Designing MIMO Systems (reference in our thesis).
45. Dissertation Defense45
Papers published
(1) I.Kolani And J. Zhang, ‘ MIMO Multi Ring scattering channel Model for Wireless Communications
Microcells’ in proceeding IEEE –2nd ICIST , Wuhan 2012, PP:794-797
(2) I.Kolani And J. Zhang And G. Zehua, ‘ MIMO Channel Modeling: Covariances Estimation based on
Multi Ring Scattering Environments’ ,IEEE-8th WICOM, Shanghai 2012.
l (3) I. Kolani And J. Zhang And G. Zehua,‘Amount of Correlation Function-based Diversity Motivation
Design in MIMO Systems’,International Journal of Information and Computer Science, 2012IJICS Volume 1,
Issue 6, September 2012 PP. 159-162.
l (4) I. Kolani And J. Zhang, Gao Zehua ,R. Germany’ LTE Optimal Transmission Mode Selection
Algorithm in MIMO Scattering Correlation environments’ , Journal of communications(Scopus and EI) ‘
(accepted and under the author review ). 2013, April .
l (5) I.Kolani And J.Zhang, ‘Millimeter Wave Antenna for MIMO Small Antenna and For Mobile Handset’ in
proceeding IEEE-ICCSNT, Harbin 2011, PP: 150-153
l (6) I. Kolani And J. Zhang, ‘A Wise Trade- off between Parameters for Minimizing Correlations and for
Designing MIMO Systems’ ,in proceeding IEEE-ComComAp, Hong Kong 2012 , PP: 396-399.
46. Dissertation Defense46
Thank you !
In the Name of Jesus-Christ(耶稣上帝已经做了我需要的)
耶稣上帝 是您天主, 真的上帝, 他 要您的生活完全好,顺利。
请您相信我他是真的 上帝,哪,您等什么信他呢?
LTE Physical Layer Transmission Mode Selection
Over MIMO Scattering Channels
感谢张杰与高泽华教授 为了他们的辅导