The document provides background information on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the origin of PLCs in the 1960s as an alternative to relay-based control systems. It then covers the key components of PLCs including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and power supply. The document also discusses PLC programming and applications in various industrial sectors.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including their origins in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems. It discusses the historical development of PLCs from 1968 to 1985, including advances in hardware, memory, I/O points, communications, and software. The document defines PLCs and lists some common brands and applications. It also describes the major components of PLCs like the processor, power supply, I/O modules, and programming device. Finally, it provides details on I/O modules and circuits for different signal types.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the major components of PLCs, including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming devices. It also outlines the basic operation of PLCs, including their scanning process of reading inputs, executing programs, and updating outputs. Additionally, it covers common PLC applications, programming techniques, and troubleshooting strategies. The objectives of the training are for participants to understand PLC components, convert relay logic into PLC programs, operate and program PLCs, and apply troubleshooting techniques.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the major components of a PLC including the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. It discusses PLC applications, programming concepts, and troubleshooting. The document also provides details on PLC memory organization, input and output modules, and different types of memory designs used in PLCs.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their basic components and functions. It describes the typical hardware components of a PLC including the processor, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. It also explains the basic concepts of PLC memory organization, input and output circuit types, ladder logic programming, and common PLC applications in industry. The document is intended to introduce trainees to the fundamental building blocks and programming of PLC systems.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC. The document lists the course contents which include the history of PLCs, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides details on the basic hardware components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the training as teaching the major components of PLCs, programming techniques, and how to troubleshoot applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming, and a sample control application using a liquid mixing tank.
This document provides an overview of basic programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the typical hardware components of a PLC including the processor, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. The document then covers PLC programming concepts and applications. The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC code, and program a PLC for applications.
This document provides an overview of a training course on basic programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC for applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like history, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming devices, input/output modules, and memory designs.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including their origins in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems. It discusses the historical development of PLCs from 1968 to 1985, including advances in hardware, memory, I/O points, communications, and software. The document defines PLCs and lists some common brands and applications. It also describes the major components of PLCs like the processor, power supply, I/O modules, and programming device. Finally, it provides details on I/O modules and circuits for different signal types.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the major components of PLCs, including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming devices. It also outlines the basic operation of PLCs, including their scanning process of reading inputs, executing programs, and updating outputs. Additionally, it covers common PLC applications, programming techniques, and troubleshooting strategies. The objectives of the training are for participants to understand PLC components, convert relay logic into PLC programs, operate and program PLCs, and apply troubleshooting techniques.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the major components of a PLC including the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. It discusses PLC applications, programming concepts, and troubleshooting. The document also provides details on PLC memory organization, input and output modules, and different types of memory designs used in PLCs.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their basic components and functions. It describes the typical hardware components of a PLC including the processor, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. It also explains the basic concepts of PLC memory organization, input and output circuit types, ladder logic programming, and common PLC applications in industry. The document is intended to introduce trainees to the fundamental building blocks and programming of PLC systems.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC. The document lists the course contents which include the history of PLCs, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides details on the basic hardware components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the training as teaching the major components of PLCs, programming techniques, and how to troubleshoot applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming, and a sample control application using a liquid mixing tank.
This document provides an overview of basic programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the typical hardware components of a PLC including the processor, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. The document then covers PLC programming concepts and applications. The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC code, and program a PLC for applications.
This document provides an overview of a training course on basic programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC for applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like history, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming devices, input/output modules, and memory designs.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC languages, and operate and program PLCs. The contents include the history of PLCs, relay logic, PLC architecture such as CPU and I/O systems, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems and are now widely used in industrial automation.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the course which are to explain the basic components and programming of PLCs. The document outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, input/output systems, programming concepts, applications, troubleshooting and maintenance. It also provides examples of PLC components and their functions.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the course which are to explain the basic components and programming of PLCs. The document outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, input/output systems, programming concepts, applications, troubleshooting and maintenance. It also provides examples of PLC components and their functions.
This document provides an overview of a basic PLC training course. It describes the major components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device. It also outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. The objectives are for participants to understand PLC components, programming, applications, and basic troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of a basic PLC training course. It describes the major components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device. It also outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. The objectives are for participants to understand PLC components, programming, applications, and basic troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the course which are to understand the basic components of PLCs, how to program and troubleshoot them, and how to apply PLCs to industrial control applications. The document also lists the major topics to be covered, which include the history of PLCs, relay logic, PLC components like the CPU and I/O system, programming concepts, and PLC applications and maintenance.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the course which are to explain the basic components and programming of PLCs. The document outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, input/output systems, programming concepts, applications, troubleshooting and maintenance. It also provides examples of PLC components and their functions.
This document provides an overview of a basic PLC training course. It describes the major components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device. It also outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. The objectives are for participants to understand PLC components, programming, applications, and basic troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of a basic PLC training course. It describes the major components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device. It also outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. The objectives are for participants to understand PLC components, programming, applications, and basic troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to understand the major PLC components, interpret specifications, troubleshoot PLCs, convert relay logic to PLC programming, and operate and program a PLC for applications. The course covers the history of PLCs, components like the CPU and I/O system, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. It also provides examples of PLC programming for mixing tank controls.
Basics and applications of programmable logic controller (plc)Ali Altahir
PLC is a multipurpose clock-driven memory-based electronic device which is also known as a specialized industrial computer which deals with different level of complexity and control system.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It includes an agenda that covers introductions to PLCs and SCADA, their classifications, elements, applications, and types. It also discusses the purpose of the research project, which is to develop teaching modules on general SCADA systems and PLCs using LabVIEW and wireless computers.
Programmable Logic Controller by Pranoti R. DokePranoti Doke
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that a PLC is a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The major components of a PLC include a processor, input and output modules, power supply, and a programming device. It then explains the basic operational sequence of a PLC which involves input scanning, logic processing, and output scanning. Additional topics covered include ladder logic, examples of controlling motors, advantages and disadvantages of PLCs, and their applications in industry.
A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus.
Which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of machines or process.
329292817-PLC-Training for new person pptxviveksingh2418
The document provides information about relays and contactors used in industrial automation. It discusses what relays and contactors are, their basic construction and operation. It provides examples of exercises using relays, including making a relay circuit to switch on a lamp when a push button is pressed. It also discusses the differences between relays and contactors, noting that contactors are used for switching larger electrical power loads.
This document provides a summary of a practical training seminar report on embedded systems conducted at CMC Academy in Jaipur. It discusses the company profile of CMC Academy, provides definitions and comparisons of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It also describes some common electronic components used in embedded systems like resistors, LEDs, transistors, integrated circuits. Programming concepts for 8051 microcontrollers like I/O ports, timers and interrupts are explained. The document concludes by noting the widespread use of embedded systems in appliances, vehicles, medical devices and more.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have evolved from relay controllers and semiconductor logic controllers. PLCs are commonly used in industrial applications for on-off control, sequential control, feedback control, and motion control. PLCs have input and output modules that interface with field devices, a processor that runs the user-defined control program, and memory. Leading PLC manufacturers include Allen-Bradley, Siemens, and Omron. PLCs offer advantages over traditional controllers like easy reprogramming, real-time operation, low cost, and minimal maintenance.
The document provides information about a unit on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It lists textbooks on the subject and outlines the contents of Unit 1, which includes an overview of PLC systems, their parts such as input/output modules and power supplies, architecture, input/output devices, and fundamental wiring diagrams. The document then discusses the definition of a PLC, their benefits over conventional controls, sizes for different applications, and components like processors, memory and input/output sections. It also describes common switching elements and input devices used with PLCs like switches, sensors and relays.
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial digital computer which has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, or robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of programming and process fault diagnosis.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC languages, and operate and program PLCs. The contents include the history of PLCs, relay logic, PLC architecture such as CPU and I/O systems, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems and are now widely used in industrial automation.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the course which are to explain the basic components and programming of PLCs. The document outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, input/output systems, programming concepts, applications, troubleshooting and maintenance. It also provides examples of PLC components and their functions.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the course which are to explain the basic components and programming of PLCs. The document outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, input/output systems, programming concepts, applications, troubleshooting and maintenance. It also provides examples of PLC components and their functions.
This document provides an overview of a basic PLC training course. It describes the major components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device. It also outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. The objectives are for participants to understand PLC components, programming, applications, and basic troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of a basic PLC training course. It describes the major components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device. It also outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. The objectives are for participants to understand PLC components, programming, applications, and basic troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the course which are to understand the basic components of PLCs, how to program and troubleshoot them, and how to apply PLCs to industrial control applications. The document also lists the major topics to be covered, which include the history of PLCs, relay logic, PLC components like the CPU and I/O system, programming concepts, and PLC applications and maintenance.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the course which are to explain the basic components and programming of PLCs. The document outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, input/output systems, programming concepts, applications, troubleshooting and maintenance. It also provides examples of PLC components and their functions.
This document provides an overview of a basic PLC training course. It describes the major components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device. It also outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. The objectives are for participants to understand PLC components, programming, applications, and basic troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of a basic PLC training course. It describes the major components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device. It also outlines the course contents which will cover the history of PLCs, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. The objectives are for participants to understand PLC components, programming, applications, and basic troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to understand the major PLC components, interpret specifications, troubleshoot PLCs, convert relay logic to PLC programming, and operate and program a PLC for applications. The course covers the history of PLCs, components like the CPU and I/O system, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. It also provides examples of PLC programming for mixing tank controls.
Basics and applications of programmable logic controller (plc)Ali Altahir
PLC is a multipurpose clock-driven memory-based electronic device which is also known as a specialized industrial computer which deals with different level of complexity and control system.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It includes an agenda that covers introductions to PLCs and SCADA, their classifications, elements, applications, and types. It also discusses the purpose of the research project, which is to develop teaching modules on general SCADA systems and PLCs using LabVIEW and wireless computers.
Programmable Logic Controller by Pranoti R. DokePranoti Doke
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that a PLC is a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The major components of a PLC include a processor, input and output modules, power supply, and a programming device. It then explains the basic operational sequence of a PLC which involves input scanning, logic processing, and output scanning. Additional topics covered include ladder logic, examples of controlling motors, advantages and disadvantages of PLCs, and their applications in industry.
A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus.
Which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of machines or process.
329292817-PLC-Training for new person pptxviveksingh2418
The document provides information about relays and contactors used in industrial automation. It discusses what relays and contactors are, their basic construction and operation. It provides examples of exercises using relays, including making a relay circuit to switch on a lamp when a push button is pressed. It also discusses the differences between relays and contactors, noting that contactors are used for switching larger electrical power loads.
This document provides a summary of a practical training seminar report on embedded systems conducted at CMC Academy in Jaipur. It discusses the company profile of CMC Academy, provides definitions and comparisons of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It also describes some common electronic components used in embedded systems like resistors, LEDs, transistors, integrated circuits. Programming concepts for 8051 microcontrollers like I/O ports, timers and interrupts are explained. The document concludes by noting the widespread use of embedded systems in appliances, vehicles, medical devices and more.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have evolved from relay controllers and semiconductor logic controllers. PLCs are commonly used in industrial applications for on-off control, sequential control, feedback control, and motion control. PLCs have input and output modules that interface with field devices, a processor that runs the user-defined control program, and memory. Leading PLC manufacturers include Allen-Bradley, Siemens, and Omron. PLCs offer advantages over traditional controllers like easy reprogramming, real-time operation, low cost, and minimal maintenance.
The document provides information about a unit on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It lists textbooks on the subject and outlines the contents of Unit 1, which includes an overview of PLC systems, their parts such as input/output modules and power supplies, architecture, input/output devices, and fundamental wiring diagrams. The document then discusses the definition of a PLC, their benefits over conventional controls, sizes for different applications, and components like processors, memory and input/output sections. It also describes common switching elements and input devices used with PLCs like switches, sensors and relays.
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial digital computer which has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, or robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of programming and process fault diagnosis.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
Basic PLC.ppt
1. Advantages of PLCs
• Less wiring.
• Wiring between devices and relay contacts are done in
the PLC program.
• Easier and faster to make changes.
• Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and
reduce downtime.
• Reliable components make these likely to operate for
years before failure.
INTRODUCTION TO PLCS
2. PLC Origin
•- Developed to replace relays in the late 1960s
•- Costs dropped and became popular by 1980s
•- Now used in many industrial designs
3. 3
Historical Background
The Hydramatic Division of the General Motors
Corporation specified the design criteria for the first
programmable controller in 1968
Their primary goal
To eliminate the high costs associated with inflexible,
relay-controlled systems.
4. 4
Programmable Controller Development
1968 Programmable concept developed
1969 Hardware CPU controller, with logic
instructions, 1 K of memory and 128 I/O
points
1974 Use of several (multi) processors within a
PLC - timers and counters; arithmetic
operations; 12 K of memory
and 1024 I/O points
1976 Remote input/output systems introduced
1977 Microprocessors - based PLC introduced
5. 5
Programmable Controller Development
1980 Intelligent I/O modules developed
Enhanced communications facilities
Enhanced software features
(e.g. documentation)
Use of personal microcomputers as
programming aids
1983 Low - cost small PLC’s introduced
1985 on Networking of all levels of PLC, computer
and machine using SCADA software.
6. 6
Programmable Logic Controllers
( Definition according to NEMA standard ICS3-1978)
A digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a
programming memory for the internal storage of instructions
for implementing specific functions such as logic,
sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control
through digital or analog modules, various types of machines
or process.
7. 7
Leading Brands Of PLC
AMERICAN 1. Allen Bradley
2. Gould Modicon
3. Texas Instruments
4. General Electric
5. Westinghouse
6. Cutter Hammer
7. Square D
EUROPEAN 1. Siemens
2. Klockner & Mouller
3. Festo
4. Telemechanique
9. 9
Areas of Application
Manufacturing / Machining
Food / Beverage
Metals
Power
Mining
Petrochemical / Chemical
10. 10
PLC Size
1. SMALL - it covers units with up to 128 I/O’s and
memories up to 2 Kbytes.
- these PLC’s are capable of providing
simple to advance levels or machine
controls.
2. MEDIUM - have up to 2048 I/O’s and memories up
to 32 Kbytes.
3. LARGE - the most sophisticated units of the PLC
family. They have up to 8192 I/O’s and
memories up to 750 Kbytes.
- can control individual production
processes or entire plant.
11. 11
Major Components of a Common PLC
PROCESSOR
POWER
SUPPLY
I M
N O
P D
U U
T L
E
O M
U O
T D
P U
U L
T E
PROGRAMMING
DEVICE
From
SENSORS
Pushbuttons,
contacts,
limit switches,
etc.
To
OUTPUT
Solenoids,
contactors,
alarms
etc.
12. 12
Major Components of a Common PLC
POWER SUPPLY
Provides the voltage needed to run the primary PLC
components
I/O MODULES
Provides signal conversion and isolation between the
internal logic- level signals inside the PLC and the field’s
high level signal.
13. 13
Major Components of a Common PLC
PROCESSOR
Provides intelligence to command and govern the activities
of the entire PLC systems.
PROGRAMMING DEVICE
used to enter the desired program that will determine the
sequence of operation and control of process equipment or
driven machine.
14. 14
Programming Device
Also known as:
Industrial Terminal ( Allen Bradley )
Program Development Terminal ( General Electric )
Programming Panel ( Gould Modicon )
Programmer ( Square D )
Program Loader ( Idec-Izumi )
Programming Console ( Keyence / Omron )
16. 16
I/O Module
• The I/O interface section of a PLC connects it to
external field devices.
• The main purpose of the I/O interface is to condition the
various signals received from or sent to the external input
and output devices.
• Input modules converts signals from discrete or analog
input devices to logic levels acceptable to PLC’s processor.
• Output modules converts signal from the processor to
levels capable of driving the connected discrete or analog
output devices.
17. 17
I/O Module
DC INPUT MODULE
OPTO-
ISOLATOR
IS NEEDED TO:
Prevent voltage
transients from
damaging the
processor.
Helps reduce the
effects of electrical
noise
Current
Limiting
Resistor
FROM
INPUT
DEVICE
USE TO
DROP THE
VOLTAGE
TO LOGIC
LEVEL
Buffer,
Filter,
hysteresis
Circuits
TO
PROCESSOR
18. 18
I/O Module
AC INPUT MODULE
OPTO-
ISOLATOR
IS NEEDED TO:
Prevent voltage
transients from
damaging the
processor.
Helps reduce the
effects of electrical
noise
Rectifier,
Resistor
Network
FROM
INPUT
DEVICE
CONVERTS THE AC
INPUT TO DC AND
DROPS THE VOLTAGE
TO LOGIC LEVEL
Buffer,
Filter,
Hysteresis
Circuits
TO
PROCESSOR
20. 20
I/O Module
DC / AC OUTPUT MODULE
OPTO-
ISOLATOR
IS NEEDED TO:
Prevent voltage
transients from
damaging the
processor.
Helps reduce the
effects of electrical
noise
FROM
PROCESSOR
TTL
Circuits
Amplifier
RELAY
TRIAC
X’SISTOR
TO
OUTPUT
DEVICE
22. 22
I/O Circuits
DIFFERENT TYPES OF I/O CIRCUITS
1. Pilot Duty Outputs
Outputs of this type typically are used to drive high-current
electromagnetic loads such as solenoids, relays, valves, and
motor starters.
These loads are highly inductive and exhibit a large inrush
current.
Pilot duty outputs should be capable of withstanding an
inrush current of 10 times the rated load for a short period of
time without failure.
23. 23
I/O Circuits
2. General - Purpose Outputs
These are usually low- voltage and low-current and are used
to drive indicating lights and other non-inductive loads. Noise
suppression may or may not be included on this types of
modules.
3. Discrete Inputs
Circuits of this type are used to sense the status of limit
switches, push buttons, and other discrete sensors. Noise
suppression is of great importance in preventing false
indication of inputs turning on or off because of noise.
24. 24
I/O Circuits
4. Analog I/O
Circuits of this type sense or drive analog signals.
Analog inputs come from devices, such as thermocouples,
strain gages, or pressure sensors, that provide a signal
voltage or current that is derived from the process variable.
Standard Analog Input signals: 4-20mA; 0-10V
Analog outputs can be used to drive devices such as
voltmeters, X-Y recorders, servomotor drives, and valves
through the use of transducers.
Standard Analog Output signals: 4-20mA; 0-5V; 0-10V
25. 25
I/O Circuits
5. Special - Purpose I/O
Circuits of this type are used to interface PLCs to very specific
types of circuits such as servomotors, stepping motors PID
(proportional plus integral plus derivative) loops, high-speed
pulse counting, resolver and decoder inputs, multiplexed
displays, and keyboards.
This module allows for limited access to timer and counter
presets and other PLC variables without requiring a program
loader.
29. 29
Discrete Input
A discrete input also referred as digital input is an input that is
either ON or OFF are connected to the PLC digital input. In the
ON condition it is referred to as logic 1 or a logic high and in the
OFF condition maybe referred to as logic o or logic low.
Normally Open Pushbutton
Normally Closed Pushbutton
Normally Open switch
Normally Closed switch
Normally Open contact
Normally closed contact
31. 31
IN
PLC
Analog
Input
Module
Tank
Level Transmitter
An analog input is an input signal that has a continuous
signal. Typical inputs may vary from 0 to 20mA, 4 to 20mA
or 0 to10V. Below, a level transmitter monitors the level of
liquid in the tank. Depending on the level Tx, the signal to the
PLC can either increase or decrease as the level increases
or decreases.
Analog Input
32. 32
OUT
PLC
Digital
Output
Module
Lamp
A discrete output is either in an ON or OFF condition. Solenoids,
contactors coils, lamps are example of devices connected to the
Discrete or digital outputs. Below, the lamp can be turned ON or
OFF by the PLC output it is connected to.
Digital Output
33. 33
OUT
PLC
Analog
Output
Module
An analog output is an output signal that has a continuous
signal. Typical outputs may vary from 0 to 20mA, 4 to 20mA
or 0 to10V.
Analog Output
E
P
Pneumatic control valve
Supply air
Electric to pneumatic transducer
0 to 10V
34. 34
Processor
The processor module contains the PLC’s microprocessor,
its supporting circuitry, and its memory system.
The main function of the microprocessor is to analyze data
coming from field sensors through input modules, make
decisions based on the user’s defined control program and
return signal back through output modules to the field
devices. Field sensors: switches, flow, level, pressure, temp.
transmitters, etc. Field output devices: motors, valves,
solenoids, lamps, or audible devices.
The memory system in the processor module has two parts:
a system memory and an application memory.
35. 35
Memory Map Organization
SYSTEM
•System memory includes an area called the EXECUTIVE,
composed of permanently-stored programs that direct all system
activities, such as execution of the users control program,
communication with peripheral devices, and other system
activities.
•The system memory also contains the routines that implement the
PLC’s instruction set, which is composed of specific control
functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and
arithmetic.
•System memory is generally built from read-only memory devices.
APPLICATION
•The application memory is divided into the data table area and
user program area.
•The data table stores any data associated with the user’s control
program, such as system input and output status data, and any
stored constants, variables, or preset values. The data table is
where data is monitored, manipulated, and changed for control
purposes.
•The user program area is where the programmed instructions
entered by the user are stored as an application control program.
•Data Table
•User Program
36. 36
Memory Designs
VOLATILE.
A volatile memory is one that loses its stored information
when power is removed.
Even momentary losses of power will erase any information
stored or programmed on a volatile memory chip.
Common Type of Volatile Memory
RAM. Random Access Memory(Read/Write)
Read/write indicates that the information stored in the
memory can be retrieved or read, while write indicates that
the user can program or write information into the memory.
37. 37
Memory Designs
The words random access refer to the ability of any
location (address) in the memory to be accessed or used.
Ram memory is used for both the user memory (ladder
diagrams) and storage memory in many PLC’s.
RAM memory must have battery backup to retain or protect
the stored program.
38. 38
Memory Designs
Several Types of RAM Memory:
1.MOS
2.HMOS
3.CMOS
The CMOS-RAM (Complimentary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) is probably one of the most popular. CMOS-
RAM is popular because it has a very low current drain when
not being accessed (15microamps.), and the information
stored in memory can be retained by as little as 2Vdc.
39. 39
Memory Designs
NON-VOLATILE
Has the ability to retain stored information when power is
removed, accidentally or intentionally. These memories do not
require battery back-up.
Common Type of Non-Volatile Memory
ROM, Read Only Memory
Read only indicates that the information stored in memory
can be read only and cannot be changed. Information in ROM
is placed there by the manufacturer for the internal use and
operation of the PLC.
40. 40
Memory Designs
Other Types of Non-Volatile Memory
PROM, Programmable Read Only Memory
Allows initial and/or additional information to be written into
the chip.
PROM may be written into only once after being received
from the PLC manufacturer; programming is accomplish by
pulses of current.
The current melts the fusible links in the device, preventing it
from being reprogrammed. This type of memory is used to
prevent unauthorized program changes.
41. 41
Memory Designs
EPROM, Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
Ideally suited when program storage is to be semi-
permanent or additional security is needed to prevent
unauthorized program changes.
The EPROM chip has a quartz window over a silicon
material that contains the electronic integrated circuits. This
window normally is covered by an opaque material, but
when the opaque material is removed and the circuitry
exposed to ultra violet light, the memory content can be
erased.
The EPROM chip is also referred to as UVPROM.
42. 42
Memory Designs
EEPROM, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory
Also referred to as E2PROM, is a chip that can be
programmed using a standard programming device and can
be erased by the proper signal being applied to the erase pin.
EEPROM is used primarily as a non-volatile backup for the
normal RAM memory. If the program in RAM is lost or erased,
a copy of the program stored on an EEPROM chip can be
down loaded into the RAM.
43. 43
PLC Operation
Basic Function of a Typical PLC
Read all field input devices via the input interfaces, execute
the user program stored in application memory, then, based
on whatever control scheme has been programmed by the
user, turn the field output devices on or off, or perform
whatever control is necessary for the process application.
This process of sequentially reading the inputs, executing
the program in memory, and updating the outputs is known
as scanning.
44. 44
While the PLC is running, the scanning process includes the
following four phases, which are repeated continuously as
individual cycles of operation:
PHASE 2
Program
Execution
PHASE 3
Diagnostics/
Comm
PHASE 4
Output
Scan
PHASE 1
Read Inputs
Scan
45. 45
PHASE 1 – Input Status scan
A PLC scan cycle begins with the CPU reading the status
of its inputs.
PHASE 2– Logic Solve/Program Execution
The application program is executed using the status of
the inputs
PHASE 3– Logic Solve/Program Execution
Once the program is executed, the CPU performs
diagnostics and communication tasks
46. 46
PHASE 4 - Output Status Scan
•An output status scan is then performed, whereby the
stored output values are sent to actuators and other field
output devices. The cycle ends by updating the outputs.
47. 47
As soon as Phase 4 are completed, the entire cycle begins
again with Phase 1 input scan.
The time it takes to implement a scan cycle is called SCAN
TIME. The scan time composed of the program scan time,
which is the time required for solving the control program, and
the I/O update time, or time required to read inputs and
update outputs. The program scan time generally depends on
the amount of memory taken by the control program and type
of instructions used in the program. The time to make a single
scan can vary from 1 ms to 100 ms.
48. 48
PLC Communications
Common Uses of PLC Communications Ports
Changing resident PLC programs - uploading/downloading
from a supervisory controller (Laptop or desktop computer).
Forcing I/O points and memory elements from a remote
terminal.
Linking a PLC into a control hierarchy containing several
sizes of PLC and computer.
Monitoring data and alarms, etc. via printers or Operator
Interface Units (OIUs).
49. 49
PLC Communications
Serial Communications
PLC communications facilities normally provides serial
transmission of information.
Common Standards
RS 232
Used in short-distance computer communications, with the
majority of computer hardware and peripherals.
Has a maximum effective distance of approx. 30 m at
9600 baud.
50. 50
PLC Communications
Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Area Network provides a physical link between all
devices plus providing overall data exchange management or
protocol, ensuring that each device can “talk” to other
machines and understand data received from them.
LANs provide the common, high-speed data communications
bus which interconnects any or all devices within the local
area.
LANs are commonly used in business applications to allow
several users to share costly software packages and
peripheral equipment such as printers and hard disk storage.
51. 51
PLC Communications
RS 422 / RS 485
Used for longer-distance links, often between several PCs
in a distributed system. RS 485 can have a maximum
distance of about 1000 meters.
52. 52
PLC Communications
Programmable Controllers and Networks
Dedicated Network System of Different Manufacturers
Manufacturer Network
Allen-Bradley Data Highway
Gould Modicon Modbus
General Electric GE Net Factory LAN
Mitsubishi Melsec-NET
Square D SY/NET
Texas Instruments TIWAY
53. 53
Specifications
Several factors are used for evaluating the quality and
performance of programmable controllers when selecting a
unit for a particular application. These are listed below.
NUMBER OF I /O PORTS
This specifies the number of I/O devices that can be
connected to the controller. There should be sufficient I/O
ports to meet present requirements with enough spares to
provide for moderate future expansion.
54. Selecting a PLC
Criteria
• Number of logical inputs and outputs.
• Memory
• Number of special I/O modules
• Scan Time
• Communications
• Software
55. A Detailed Design Process
1. Understand the process
2. Hardware/software selection
3. Develop ladder logic
4. Determine scan times and memory requirements
56. 56
Specifications
OUTPUT-PORT POWER RATINGS
Each output port should be capable of supplying sufficient
voltage and current to drive the output peripheral connected
to it.
SCAN TIME
This is the speed at which the controller executes the relay-
ladder logic program. This variable is usually specified as the
scan time per 1000 logic nodes and typically ranges from 1 to
200 milliseconds.
57. 57
Specifications
MEMORY CAPACITY
The amount of memory required for a particular application is
related to the length of the program and the complexity of the
control system. Simple applications having just a few relays
do not require significant amount of memory. Program length
tend to expand after the system have been used for a while. It
is advantageous to a acquire a controller that has more
memory than is presently needed.
59. Troubleshooting
1. Look at the process
2. PLC status lights
HALT - something has stopped the CPU
RUN - the PLC thinks it is OK (and probably is)
ERROR - a physical problem has occurred with the PLC
3. Indicator lights on I/O cards and sensors
4. Consult the manuals, or use software if available.
5. Use programming terminal / laptop.
60. List of items required when working with PLCs:
1. Programming Terminal - laptop or desktop PC.
2. PLC Software. PLC manufacturers have
their own specific software and license key.
3. Communication cable for connection from Laptop
to PLC.
4. Backup copy of the ladder program (on diskette, CDROM,
hard disk, flash memory). If none, upload it from the PLC.
5. Documentation- (PLC manual, Software manual, drawings,
ladder program printout, and Seq. of Operations manual.)
62. 62
PROGRAMMING
Normally Open
(NO)
Normally Closed
(NC)
Power flows through these contacts when they are closed. The
normally open (NO) is true when the input or output status bit
controlling the contact is 1. The normally closed (NC) is true
when the input or output status bit controlling the contact is 0.
63. 63
Coils
Coils represent relays that are energized when power flows to
them. When a coil is energized it causes a corresponding
output to turn on by changing the state of the status bit controlling
the output to 1. That same output status bit maybe used to control
normally open or normally closed contact anywhere in the program.
64. 64
Boxes
Boxes represent various instructions or functions that are
Executed when power flows to the box. Some of these
Functions are timers, counters and math operations.
65. 65
AND OPERATION
Each rung or network on a ladder program represents
a logic operation. In the rung above, both inputs A and B
must be true (1) in order for the output C to be true (1).
Rung
A B C
66. 66
OR OPERATION
In the rung above, it can be seen that either input A or B
is be true (1), or both are true, then the output C is true (1).
Rung
A
B
C
67. 67
NOT OPERATION
In the rung above, it can be seen that if input A is be true (1),
then the output C is true (0) or when A is (0), output C is 1.
Rung
A C