The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates crash together forming mountains or one plate slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past each other causing earthquakes. The theory developed from the theories of continental drift proposing the splitting of Pangaea and seafloor spreading explaining the patterns of aging rocks in the oceans. Together these theories explained how plate motions and interactions at their boundaries shape the Earth's surface over millions of years.
This Powerpoint Presentaion is used for my 11th Grade Earth Science Reporting as a major requirement for our sujbect. It talks about the tectonic processes and Plate boundaries with its theories..
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
This pdf covers theory of continental drift and plate tectonics.
Continental drift
Plate Tectonics
Mantle Convection
Convection currects
Types of Mantle convection
Drivers of the plate motion.
Bibliography_ Lutgens, Tarbuk and Tasa Publisher: Prentice Hall
What is Plate tectonics? In this presentation, you will be able to learn about Plate Tectonic Theory, the Plate Boundaries, as well as the Evidences of Plate Movement.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
This Powerpoint Presentaion is used for my 11th Grade Earth Science Reporting as a major requirement for our sujbect. It talks about the tectonic processes and Plate boundaries with its theories..
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
This pdf covers theory of continental drift and plate tectonics.
Continental drift
Plate Tectonics
Mantle Convection
Convection currects
Types of Mantle convection
Drivers of the plate motion.
Bibliography_ Lutgens, Tarbuk and Tasa Publisher: Prentice Hall
What is Plate tectonics? In this presentation, you will be able to learn about Plate Tectonic Theory, the Plate Boundaries, as well as the Evidences of Plate Movement.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed over 4 billion years ago.[24][25][26] Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite. Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days, a period known as an Earth year. During this time, Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times.[n 5]
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface.[27] The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes the Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation.[28] Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.
Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly by oceans.[29] The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.
Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive.[30][31] In the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species[32] that ever lived on Earth are extinct.[33][34] Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely;[35][36][37] most species have not been described.[38] Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and natural resources for their survival. Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures; politically, the world has about 200 sovereign states.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. • Some questions we will answer today:
– How is the earth always changing?
– What forces inside the earth create and change
landforms on the surface?
– What is the theory of plate tectonics and how does it
work?
– What two theories help make up the theory of plate
tectonics?
– What is continental drift and sea floor spreading?
– What happens when the plates crash together, pull
apart, and slide against each other?
3. The Earth’s Layers
• The Earth is made of many different and distinct layers. The
deeper layers are composed of heavier materials; they are
hotter, denser and under much greater pressure than the
outer layers.
• Natural forces interact with and affect the earth’s crust,
creating the landforms, or natural features, found on the
surface of the earth.
4. Before we start to look at the forces that contribute
to landforms,lets look at the different layers of
the earth that play a vital role in the formation of
our continents, mountains, volcanoes, etc.
5. crust - the rigid, rocky outer surface of the Earth, composed mostly of basalt
and granite. The crust is thinner under the oceans.
mantle - a rocky layer located under the crust - it is composed of silicon,
oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium. Convection (heat) currents
carry heat from the hot inner mantle to the cooler outer mantle.
outer core - the molten iron-nickel layer that surrounds the inner core.
inner core - the solid iron-nickel center of the Earth that is very hot and under
great pressure.
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
7. Land and Water
• Photographs of the earth taken from space
show clearly that it is a truly a ”watery
planet.”
• More than 70 percent of the earth’s
surface is covered by water, mainly the
salt water of oceans and seas.
8. • The large landmasses in the oceans are called
continents.
List the continents in your notes.
Landforms are commonly classified according to
differences in relief. The relief is the difference in
elevation between the highest and lowest points. Another
important characteristic is whether they rise gradually or
steeply.
•The major types of landforms are mountains, hills,
plateaus, and plains.
Land
9. • Together, lets look at your Land and Water
Features handout.
• Please join me in filling out the correct
answers. Use a map pencil to color the
different types of land and water features.
10. • Most people know that Earth is moving
around the Sun and that it is constantly
spinning.
• But did YOU know that the continents and
oceans are moving across the surface of the
planet?
• Volcanoes and earthquakes as well as
mountain ranges and islands all are results
of this movement.
• Why is this?
12. • Most of these changes in the earth’s
surface takes place so slowly that they are
not immediately noticeable to the human
eye.
• The idea that the earth’s landmasses have
broken apart, rejoined, and moved to other
parts of the globe forms part of the
– plate tectonic theory.
13. Plate Tectonic Theory
About forty years ago, scientists exploring the seafloor found that it is full of tall
mountains and deep trenches, a single seafloor mountain chain circles Earth and
contains some of Earth’s tallest mountains.
Along this mountain chain is a deep crack in the top layers of earth. Here the
seafloor is pulling apart and the two parts are moving in opposite directions,
carrying along the continents and oceans that rest on top of them. These pieces of
Earth’s top layer are called tectonic plates. They are moving very slowly, but
constantly. (Most plates are moving about as fast as your fingernails are growing
-- not very fast!) Currently Earth’s surface layers are divided into nine very large
plates and several smaller ones.
14. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the
earth’s outer shell is not one solid piece of
rock. Instead the earth’s crust is broken into
a number of moving plates. The plates vary
in size and thickness.
15. • The North American Plate stretches from
the mid-Atlantic Ocean to the northern top of
Japan. The Cocos Plate covers a small
area in the Pacific Ocean just west of
Central America.
• These plates are not anchored in place but
slide over a hot and bendable layer of the
mantle.
16. – How is the earth always changing?
– What is the theory of plate tectonics and how
does it work?
17. To really understand how the earth became to look
as it does today, and the theory of plate
tectonics, you also need to become familiar with
two other ideas:
Continental Drift
and
Seafloor Spreading.
18. Less than 100 years ago, many scientists thought the continents
always had been the same shape and in the same place.
A few scientists noted that the eastern coastline of South America and
the western coastline of Africa looked as if they could fit together.
Some also noted that, with a little imagination, all the continents could
be joined together like giant puzzle pieces to create one large
continent surrounded by one huge ocean.
• In your study groups for today, take your
continent cut outs and shape them into one
large land mass.
19. So, if my contintents fit together,
why does the earth look like it
does today?
20. Continental Drift Theory
• When the tectonic plates under the
continents and oceans move, they carry
the continents and oceans with them.
• In the early 1900s a German explorer and
scientist proposed the continental drift theory.
He proposed that there was once a ingle
“supercontinent” called Pangaea.
21.
22. • Wegner’s theory was that about 180 million
years ago, Pangaea began to break up into
separate continents. To back this theory up, he
perserved remains and evidence from ancient
animals and plants from South America, Africa,
India, and Australia that were almost identical.
23. Seafloor Spreading
• The other theory theory supporting plate
tectonics emerged from the study of the ocean
floor.
• Scientists were suprised to find that rocks taken
from the ocean floor were much younger than
those found on the continents. The youngest
rocks were those nearest the underwater ridge
system which is a series of mountains that
extend around the world, stretching more than
64 thousand kilometers (40 thousand miles).
24. • The theory of seafloor spreading suggests that
molten rock (think of a melted chocolate bar that
has been left in your pocket for too long)... This hot
substance (lava) from the mantle rises under the
underwater ridge and breaks through a split at the
top of the ridge (the crust... Remember, the plate).
The split is called a rift valley. The rock then
spreads out in both directions from the ridge as if it
were on two huge conveyor belts. As the seafloor
moves away from the ridge, it carries older rocks
away. Seafloor spreading, along with the
continental drift theory, became part of the theory of
plate tectonics.
25. Plate motions also can be looked at into the future, and we can have a
stab at what the geography of the planet will be like. Perhaps in 250
million years time there will be a new supercontinent.
26. – What two theories help make up the theory of
plate tectonics?
– What is continental drift and sea floor
spreading?
27. • When a geologist or a geographer looks at
a piece of land they often ask, ”What
forces shaped the mountains, plains, and
other landforms that are here?”
So....
29. Plate Tectonics
But this doesn’t actually tell me how the
mountains or volcanoes were formed or
how earthquakes happen, does it?
30. YES!
• As mentioned earlier, those tectonic plates
are always moving. They are always
moving:
– pulling away from each other
– crashing head-on
– or sliding past each other.
Depending on which way these plates are moving will decide what is
happening on the earth you and I are standing on.
31. They’re Pulling Apart!
• When plates pull away from
one another they form a
diverging plate boundary, or
spreading zone.
Thingvellir, the spreading zone in Iceland between the North American (left
side) and Eurasian (right side) tectonic plates. January 2003.
32. The Crash!
• What happens when plates crash into
each other depends on the types of
plates involved.
– Because continental crust is lighter
than oceanic crust, continental plates
”float” higher.
– Therefore, when an oceanic plate
meets a continetnal plate, it slides
under the lighter plate and down into
the mantle. The slab of oceanic rock
melts when the endges get to a depth
which is hot enough. A temperature
hot enough to melt si about a thousand
degrees!) This process is called
subduction. Molten material produced
in a subduction zone can rise to the
earth’s surface and cause volcanic
building, mountains, and islands.
33.
34. When they Crash
• When two plates of the same type meet,
the result is a process called converging.
– Depending on what type of plates these are,
depends on what occurs.
35. • When both are oceanic plates, one slides
under the other. Often an island group
forms at this boundary.
Converging... They crash!
And they’re both ocean plates!
36. Converging...They Crash!
And they’re both Continental Plates
• When both are continental plates, the plates
push against each other, creating mountain
ranges.
37. They Crash and are both
continental plates!
• Earth’s highest mountain range, the Himalayas, was formed millions
of years ago when the Indo-Australian Plate crashed into the
Eurasian Plate. Even today, the Indo-Australian Plate continues to
push against the Eurasian Plate at a rate of about 5 cm a year!
38. They meet and slide past each
other!
• Sometimes, instead of pulling away from
each other or colliding with eac hother,
plates slip or grind past each other along
faults. This process is known as faulting.
39. • These areas are likely
to have a rift valley,
earthquake, and
volcanic action.
For example: Here, the San Andreas
Fault lies on the boundary between
two tectonic plates, the north
American Plate and the Pacific Plate.
The two plates are sliding past each
other at a rate of 5 to 6 centimeters
each year. This fault frequently
plagues California wit hearthquakes.
40. – What forces inside the earth create and
change landforms on the surface?
– What happens when the plates crash
together, pull apart, and slide against each
other?
41. • All graphics were taken from Google
Images, enchanted learning, boom zone,
and other educational sites.
• All written information was taken from
Prentice Hall, World Geography, PBS.org,
and other educational websites.
• A good website for a deeper
understanding is
www.observe.arc.nasa.gov/