The document provides data on plastics production, demand, waste management, and the plastics industry in Europe. Some key points:
- European plastics production in 2013 was 57 million tonnes, similar to levels in 2002. Global production reached 299 million tonnes, up 3.9% from 2012.
- Packaging is the largest application sector for plastics in Europe at 39.6% of total demand. Building and construction is second at 20.3%.
- In 2012, 62% of post-consumer plastics waste in Europe was recovered through recycling or energy recovery, while 38% went to landfill. Since 2006, recycling and energy recovery have increased by 27% and 40% respectively
This document discusses the state of the European paper industry and policy issues affecting it. It makes the following key points:
1) The paper industry has faced an adverse economic context in recent years but has still invested in new technologies and mills across Europe.
2) The industry has a vision for becoming more sustainable outlined in the CEPI 2050 roadmap, aiming for 80% reduction in CO2 emissions and 50% increase in value.
3) Several major EU regulations and policy areas impact the competitiveness of the industry, such as environmental permitting, emissions trading, and renewable energy policies. CEPI is advocating for regulatory relief and fitness checks to support the industry.
Green Talks LIVE | International Trade and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
A circular economy aims to transform the current linear economy into a circular model to reduce consumption of finite material resources by recovering materials from waste streams for recycling or reuse, using products longer, and exploiting the potential of the sharing and services economy. Circular economy policies and initiatives largely take place domestically at the national or regional level. However, they have important interlinkages with international trade.
International trade plays an important role in circular supply chains in materials and products, end-of-life value chains in waste and scrap, secondary raw materials and second-hand goods. In this light, how can trade contribute to a more resource efficient and circular economy? How would the circular economy transition have an impact on global trade patterns? And in what ways can we secure coherence in these two policy areas?
On 25 March 2021, Shunta Yamaguchi, Rob Dellink and Elisa Lanzi of the OECD Environment Directorate discussed the role of international trade in the transition to a resource efficient and circular economy during an OECD Green Talks LIVE webinar. The presentation highlights findings from a series of recent OECD reports, including: "The consequences of a more resource efficient and circular economy for international trade patterns" and "International trade and circular economy: Policy alignment".
The replay of the event can be viewed here: https://youtu.be/37slq02rf2k
1. The document outlines 7 key challenges facing the textiles and clothing (T&C) industry in Latin America following the end of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), including price reductions, industry consolidation, competition from China, use of trade remedies, the Doha Development Round negotiations, approaches of multilateralism vs free trade agreements, and new regulatory rules.
2. It recommends that Latin American countries pursue closer regional cooperation, South-South trade, product and market diversification including into man-made fibers, and partnerships with foreign investors to improve competitiveness.
3. The rules governing international T&C trade from 2005 are also summarized, including provisions for China-specific safeguards, ant
The International Trading system and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
Presentation from the first panel of the World Circular Economy Forum 2021 Accelerator Session titled "Towards a mutually supportive trade and circular economy agenda"
Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon I...Daniel Gabadón-Estevan
Conference: Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry? The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector
Gabaldón-Estevan, D., Mezquita, A., Ferrer, S. and Monfort, E. 11th International Conference on Innovation and Management - ICIM 2014, Vaasa (Finland) 18-20 November 2014.
CO2 embodied in international Trade (Peters hertwich2008). Lecturas recomenda...Ecologistas en Accion
This document analyzes the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in international trade between 87 countries for the year 2001. It finds that over 5.3 gigatons of CO2 emissions are embodied globally in trade, and that countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B countries) are net importers of CO2 emissions through trade. The document argues that accounting for emissions embodied in trade is important for effective global climate policy, and discusses policy options like adjusting national emissions inventories to account for trade and implementing trade policies as part of an international climate agreement.
This document discusses the state of the European paper industry and policy issues affecting it. It makes the following key points:
1) The paper industry has faced an adverse economic context in recent years but has still invested in new technologies and mills across Europe.
2) The industry has a vision for becoming more sustainable outlined in the CEPI 2050 roadmap, aiming for 80% reduction in CO2 emissions and 50% increase in value.
3) Several major EU regulations and policy areas impact the competitiveness of the industry, such as environmental permitting, emissions trading, and renewable energy policies. CEPI is advocating for regulatory relief and fitness checks to support the industry.
Green Talks LIVE | International Trade and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
A circular economy aims to transform the current linear economy into a circular model to reduce consumption of finite material resources by recovering materials from waste streams for recycling or reuse, using products longer, and exploiting the potential of the sharing and services economy. Circular economy policies and initiatives largely take place domestically at the national or regional level. However, they have important interlinkages with international trade.
International trade plays an important role in circular supply chains in materials and products, end-of-life value chains in waste and scrap, secondary raw materials and second-hand goods. In this light, how can trade contribute to a more resource efficient and circular economy? How would the circular economy transition have an impact on global trade patterns? And in what ways can we secure coherence in these two policy areas?
On 25 March 2021, Shunta Yamaguchi, Rob Dellink and Elisa Lanzi of the OECD Environment Directorate discussed the role of international trade in the transition to a resource efficient and circular economy during an OECD Green Talks LIVE webinar. The presentation highlights findings from a series of recent OECD reports, including: "The consequences of a more resource efficient and circular economy for international trade patterns" and "International trade and circular economy: Policy alignment".
The replay of the event can be viewed here: https://youtu.be/37slq02rf2k
1. The document outlines 7 key challenges facing the textiles and clothing (T&C) industry in Latin America following the end of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), including price reductions, industry consolidation, competition from China, use of trade remedies, the Doha Development Round negotiations, approaches of multilateralism vs free trade agreements, and new regulatory rules.
2. It recommends that Latin American countries pursue closer regional cooperation, South-South trade, product and market diversification including into man-made fibers, and partnerships with foreign investors to improve competitiveness.
3. The rules governing international T&C trade from 2005 are also summarized, including provisions for China-specific safeguards, ant
The International Trading system and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
Presentation from the first panel of the World Circular Economy Forum 2021 Accelerator Session titled "Towards a mutually supportive trade and circular economy agenda"
Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon I...Daniel Gabadón-Estevan
Conference: Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry? The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector
Gabaldón-Estevan, D., Mezquita, A., Ferrer, S. and Monfort, E. 11th International Conference on Innovation and Management - ICIM 2014, Vaasa (Finland) 18-20 November 2014.
CO2 embodied in international Trade (Peters hertwich2008). Lecturas recomenda...Ecologistas en Accion
This document analyzes the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in international trade between 87 countries for the year 2001. It finds that over 5.3 gigatons of CO2 emissions are embodied globally in trade, and that countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B countries) are net importers of CO2 emissions through trade. The document argues that accounting for emissions embodied in trade is important for effective global climate policy, and discusses policy options like adjusting national emissions inventories to account for trade and implementing trade policies as part of an international climate agreement.
EURATEX Strategy for a Competitive and Innovative EU Textile & Clothing Industry
Serge Piolat, President of EURATEX
10th Annual Textile ETP Conference
25-26 March 2015, Brussels
The plastic sector in Bangladesh consists of about 3000 manufacturing units, 98% of which are small and medium enterprises. The sector contributes 1% to Bangladesh's GDP and employs half a million workers. While Bangladesh imports all polymer raw materials, the country's cheap labor and developing plastic recycling industry provide competitiveness. The domestic plastic market is valued at Tk. 9,000 crore while direct plastic exports earn Tk. 500 crore annually. The sector ranks 6th in the country's export sectors and shows strong potential for further growth.
The document provides an overview of the chemicals industry in Turkey. It summarizes key statistics on the size and composition of the industry. The industry includes over 17,000 companies and employs over 276,000 people. Most companies are small to medium sized and located near coastal regions. Major sub-sectors include petrochemicals, fibers, plastics, rubber, soap/detergent, cosmetics, dye, fertilizer, and pharmaceuticals. Turkey imports most raw materials but exports many finished chemical products, especially to Germany, Egypt, Iraq, Italy and the UK. The report was prepared by Foreign Market Consulting Ltd to provide brief snapshots of major Turkish industries.
Organosheet and Semi Finished Thermoplastic UDTape Laminate MarketBIS Research Inc.
The aerospace and defense industry require high quality parts for their employment in various spacecrafts and satellites. Moreover, high strength and lightweight components are desirable. Therefore, organosheet and semi-finished thermoplastic UD-tape laminate s, specifically carbon fiberbased, have been in huge demand in the aerospace and defense industry.
This document discusses circular economy, green public procurement, and cases from Bulgaria, Croatia, and Lithuania. The main points are:
1) It defines circular economy and outlines the EU's 2015 and 2018 circular economy plans and packages. It also notes critiques that the EU model may be scientifically flawed and rely too heavily on voluntary actions.
2) It describes green public procurement and challenges in implementing it, like lack of political support, standards, and training.
3) It provides overviews of green public procurement legislation, institutions, and practices in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Lithuania, noting strengths and weaknesses in each country.
4) It identifies lessons learned, like the need to reduce corruption and simplify regulations
Susanne Droege. German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP).
Autumn Seminar 2015. Climate change: Implications for technological developments and industrial competitiveness.
Jornada organizada por FUNSEAM y la Cátedra de Energía de Orkestra-Instituto Vasco de Competitividad con la colaboración de Fundación Repsol.
4 de Noviembre de 2015. CAMPUS REPSOL. Madrid, España
This document provides an analysis of plastics production, demand, waste management and recycling data for Europe. Some key points:
- Plastics production in Europe is stable while global production is growing. China is the largest producer globally followed by Europe.
- Packaging, building/construction and automotive are the top markets for plastics in Europe accounting for over 60% of demand.
- Recycling and energy recovery of plastics waste in Europe has increased in recent years but over 30% still goes to landfill. Countries with landfill bans achieve higher recycling rates.
- The European plastics industry employs over 1.4 million people and contributes significantly to the European economy and trade balance.
This document discusses education for all and the Philippines' commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs aim to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women by 2015. The Philippines has integrated the MDGs into its policies and development plans related to children, access to primary education, and gender equality. The document also outlines the mission and vision of the Department of Education to provide quality, equitable education for all Filipino students.
This document discusses common features and functions for working with application software in Windows, including how to start and exit programs, work with application windows, switch between open windows, use menus and toolbars, open and save files, change application settings, and access help. Specifically, it covers starting programs from the Start menu or desktop icons, closing programs using the Close button, components of application windows like the title bar and scroll bars, switching between windows using the taskbar, navigating menus and toolbars, opening the ribbon interface in Microsoft Office 2010, and obtaining help directly from the application or online resources.
This document provides information on polymers and plastics. It defines a polymer as being made up of chains of many links. Plastics are polymers where the chains come together to form long chains. The simplest example given is polyethylene, made from ethylene molecules reacting to form chains. Polymers can be made into various products like plastic bottles, sleeping bags, and eyeglasses. The document discusses polymer properties, types including thermoplastics and thermosets, and synthesis methods like chain polymerization. It also covers topics like polymer crystallization, glass transition temperatures, solvent interactions, processing methods like extrusion, and blending of polymers.
Metabolic Bone Disease Molecular Biologyvinod naneria
The discovery of RANKL, RANK, and OPG led to a new understanding of bone and calcium metabolism and the pathogenesis of metabolic bone diseases. These molecules orchestrate physiological bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast differentiation and function. Specifically, the interaction between RANKL and its receptor RANK is required for osteoclastogenesis, while OPG acts as a soluble receptor to inhibit this interaction and prevent osteoclast activation. Osteocytes play a key role in bone remodeling by sensing mechanical loads and signaling other cells to initiate resorption or formation.
This document discusses various postpolymerization reactions including cross-linking, block and graft copolymer formation, and hydrolysis. It focuses on cross-linking reactions like vulcanization of rubber and unsaturated polyesters. It also describes methods of generating reactive sites on polymers to initiate graft or block copolymerization, such as using photoinitiation, thermal initiators, or chain transfer reactions. The formation of block and graft copolymers allows modification of polymer properties.
This document presents a life cycle assessment comparing plastic and paper bags. It includes an introduction outlining the environmental impacts of plastic bag use. The objectives are to evaluate and compare the carrier bags used in India. The methodology involves compiling an inventory of inputs/outputs, evaluating environmental impacts, and interpreting results. The expected outcome is to calculate the pollution generated during each bag's life cycle from extraction to disposal to determine which has a higher environmental impact.
UNESCO's core mandate is to promote education for all through six goals: 1) expanding early childhood care and education, 2) providing free and compulsory primary education for all, 3) promoting learning and life skills for young people and adults, 4) increasing adult literacy by 50%, 5) achieving gender parity by 2005 in primary and secondary education, and 6) improving education quality. These goals aim to foster learning to know, to do, to live together, and to be, based on Jacques Delors' view that education throughout life rests on four pillars.
Addressing Environmental Problems with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Victorino Alexandre
It is proved that many of the global issues faced today are due to human beings activities. Being the main culprit of climate changes and other environmental issues, it is man`s obligation to try to solve this problem. Life Cycle Assessment is a recent technique used to address some environmental problems.
This document discusses various physical properties of materials important for manufacturing processes. It covers volumetric properties like density and thermal expansion, thermal properties including specific heat and thermal conductivity, and how these influence manufacturing. Density, thermal expansion, and melting points determine suitability for casting and other high-temperature processes. Specific heat and thermal conductivity impact the flow of heat within materials during operations like machining. Understanding these physical properties allows selection of appropriate materials for different manufacturing applications.
Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. The three main types of polymerization are addition, condensation, and insertion. Addition polymerization involves chain growth where a monomer adds to the end of the growing polymer chain. Condensation polymerization involves step growth where two monomers combine by removing a small molecule. Free radical polymerization is a common type of addition polymerization that uses an initiator to generate free radicals to start the chain reaction.
Education For All (EFA) is a government movement launched in 1990 that aims to provide quality basic education for all people. It has six main goals, including expanding early childhood education, ensuring all children complete primary education, meeting the learning needs of young people and adults, improving adult literacy, achieving gender equality in education, and improving education quality and learning outcomes for all. The Philippine EFA program has similar goals and aims to achieve universal basic education by 2015 through strategies like expanding early childhood programs, eliminating school dropouts, completing basic education, and gaining community support.
EURATEX Strategy for a Competitive and Innovative EU Textile & Clothing Industry
Serge Piolat, President of EURATEX
10th Annual Textile ETP Conference
25-26 March 2015, Brussels
The plastic sector in Bangladesh consists of about 3000 manufacturing units, 98% of which are small and medium enterprises. The sector contributes 1% to Bangladesh's GDP and employs half a million workers. While Bangladesh imports all polymer raw materials, the country's cheap labor and developing plastic recycling industry provide competitiveness. The domestic plastic market is valued at Tk. 9,000 crore while direct plastic exports earn Tk. 500 crore annually. The sector ranks 6th in the country's export sectors and shows strong potential for further growth.
The document provides an overview of the chemicals industry in Turkey. It summarizes key statistics on the size and composition of the industry. The industry includes over 17,000 companies and employs over 276,000 people. Most companies are small to medium sized and located near coastal regions. Major sub-sectors include petrochemicals, fibers, plastics, rubber, soap/detergent, cosmetics, dye, fertilizer, and pharmaceuticals. Turkey imports most raw materials but exports many finished chemical products, especially to Germany, Egypt, Iraq, Italy and the UK. The report was prepared by Foreign Market Consulting Ltd to provide brief snapshots of major Turkish industries.
Organosheet and Semi Finished Thermoplastic UDTape Laminate MarketBIS Research Inc.
The aerospace and defense industry require high quality parts for their employment in various spacecrafts and satellites. Moreover, high strength and lightweight components are desirable. Therefore, organosheet and semi-finished thermoplastic UD-tape laminate s, specifically carbon fiberbased, have been in huge demand in the aerospace and defense industry.
This document discusses circular economy, green public procurement, and cases from Bulgaria, Croatia, and Lithuania. The main points are:
1) It defines circular economy and outlines the EU's 2015 and 2018 circular economy plans and packages. It also notes critiques that the EU model may be scientifically flawed and rely too heavily on voluntary actions.
2) It describes green public procurement and challenges in implementing it, like lack of political support, standards, and training.
3) It provides overviews of green public procurement legislation, institutions, and practices in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Lithuania, noting strengths and weaknesses in each country.
4) It identifies lessons learned, like the need to reduce corruption and simplify regulations
Susanne Droege. German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP).
Autumn Seminar 2015. Climate change: Implications for technological developments and industrial competitiveness.
Jornada organizada por FUNSEAM y la Cátedra de Energía de Orkestra-Instituto Vasco de Competitividad con la colaboración de Fundación Repsol.
4 de Noviembre de 2015. CAMPUS REPSOL. Madrid, España
This document provides an analysis of plastics production, demand, waste management and recycling data for Europe. Some key points:
- Plastics production in Europe is stable while global production is growing. China is the largest producer globally followed by Europe.
- Packaging, building/construction and automotive are the top markets for plastics in Europe accounting for over 60% of demand.
- Recycling and energy recovery of plastics waste in Europe has increased in recent years but over 30% still goes to landfill. Countries with landfill bans achieve higher recycling rates.
- The European plastics industry employs over 1.4 million people and contributes significantly to the European economy and trade balance.
This document discusses education for all and the Philippines' commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs aim to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women by 2015. The Philippines has integrated the MDGs into its policies and development plans related to children, access to primary education, and gender equality. The document also outlines the mission and vision of the Department of Education to provide quality, equitable education for all Filipino students.
This document discusses common features and functions for working with application software in Windows, including how to start and exit programs, work with application windows, switch between open windows, use menus and toolbars, open and save files, change application settings, and access help. Specifically, it covers starting programs from the Start menu or desktop icons, closing programs using the Close button, components of application windows like the title bar and scroll bars, switching between windows using the taskbar, navigating menus and toolbars, opening the ribbon interface in Microsoft Office 2010, and obtaining help directly from the application or online resources.
This document provides information on polymers and plastics. It defines a polymer as being made up of chains of many links. Plastics are polymers where the chains come together to form long chains. The simplest example given is polyethylene, made from ethylene molecules reacting to form chains. Polymers can be made into various products like plastic bottles, sleeping bags, and eyeglasses. The document discusses polymer properties, types including thermoplastics and thermosets, and synthesis methods like chain polymerization. It also covers topics like polymer crystallization, glass transition temperatures, solvent interactions, processing methods like extrusion, and blending of polymers.
Metabolic Bone Disease Molecular Biologyvinod naneria
The discovery of RANKL, RANK, and OPG led to a new understanding of bone and calcium metabolism and the pathogenesis of metabolic bone diseases. These molecules orchestrate physiological bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast differentiation and function. Specifically, the interaction between RANKL and its receptor RANK is required for osteoclastogenesis, while OPG acts as a soluble receptor to inhibit this interaction and prevent osteoclast activation. Osteocytes play a key role in bone remodeling by sensing mechanical loads and signaling other cells to initiate resorption or formation.
This document discusses various postpolymerization reactions including cross-linking, block and graft copolymer formation, and hydrolysis. It focuses on cross-linking reactions like vulcanization of rubber and unsaturated polyesters. It also describes methods of generating reactive sites on polymers to initiate graft or block copolymerization, such as using photoinitiation, thermal initiators, or chain transfer reactions. The formation of block and graft copolymers allows modification of polymer properties.
This document presents a life cycle assessment comparing plastic and paper bags. It includes an introduction outlining the environmental impacts of plastic bag use. The objectives are to evaluate and compare the carrier bags used in India. The methodology involves compiling an inventory of inputs/outputs, evaluating environmental impacts, and interpreting results. The expected outcome is to calculate the pollution generated during each bag's life cycle from extraction to disposal to determine which has a higher environmental impact.
UNESCO's core mandate is to promote education for all through six goals: 1) expanding early childhood care and education, 2) providing free and compulsory primary education for all, 3) promoting learning and life skills for young people and adults, 4) increasing adult literacy by 50%, 5) achieving gender parity by 2005 in primary and secondary education, and 6) improving education quality. These goals aim to foster learning to know, to do, to live together, and to be, based on Jacques Delors' view that education throughout life rests on four pillars.
Addressing Environmental Problems with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Victorino Alexandre
It is proved that many of the global issues faced today are due to human beings activities. Being the main culprit of climate changes and other environmental issues, it is man`s obligation to try to solve this problem. Life Cycle Assessment is a recent technique used to address some environmental problems.
This document discusses various physical properties of materials important for manufacturing processes. It covers volumetric properties like density and thermal expansion, thermal properties including specific heat and thermal conductivity, and how these influence manufacturing. Density, thermal expansion, and melting points determine suitability for casting and other high-temperature processes. Specific heat and thermal conductivity impact the flow of heat within materials during operations like machining. Understanding these physical properties allows selection of appropriate materials for different manufacturing applications.
Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. The three main types of polymerization are addition, condensation, and insertion. Addition polymerization involves chain growth where a monomer adds to the end of the growing polymer chain. Condensation polymerization involves step growth where two monomers combine by removing a small molecule. Free radical polymerization is a common type of addition polymerization that uses an initiator to generate free radicals to start the chain reaction.
Education For All (EFA) is a government movement launched in 1990 that aims to provide quality basic education for all people. It has six main goals, including expanding early childhood education, ensuring all children complete primary education, meeting the learning needs of young people and adults, improving adult literacy, achieving gender equality in education, and improving education quality and learning outcomes for all. The Philippine EFA program has similar goals and aims to achieve universal basic education by 2015 through strategies like expanding early childhood programs, eliminating school dropouts, completing basic education, and gaining community support.
The document discusses the processing of traditional ceramics, new ceramics, and cermets. For traditional ceramics, raw materials are prepared by crushing and grinding, then shaped using processes like slip casting or plastic forming that involve water as a binder. The shaped pieces are dried and fired to bond the ceramic particles. New ceramics have stronger requirements and use processes from powder metallurgy, like dry pressing and sintering, for shaping and strengthening without water. Both types may be glazed or finished after firing.
The document discusses various heat treatment methods used in manufacturing to alter the mechanical properties of metals. It describes common heat treatments like annealing, hardening, and surface hardening. Annealing is used to soften metals by heating and slow cooling. Hardening involves rapidly cooling from high temperatures to form hard martensite. Surface hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface. Heat treatments require specialized furnaces, and some methods selectively heat only surface areas.
The document discusses the atomic structure and properties of materials. It describes how atoms are arranged in crystalline and noncrystalline structures and how different types of bonds like ionic, covalent and metallic bonds form between atoms. It explains defects in crystalline structures and how materials deform under stress. Metals typically have crystalline structures with metallic bonding while ceramics and polymers can have crystalline or noncrystalline structures with ionic/covalent bonding. The structures influence key material properties.
Glass products are made through a process involving raw material preparation and melting, shaping, and heat treatment. There are different shaping methods for discrete pieces like bottles and continuous processes for sheet glass. After shaping, glass undergoes annealing or tempering for heat treatment. Product design considerations include glass's transparency, strength in compression over tension, and brittleness.
This document provides an analysis of plastics production, demand, waste management and recycling data for Europe. Some key points:
- Plastics production in Europe is stable while global production is growing, with China being the largest producer.
- Packaging, building/construction and automotive are the top markets for plastics in Europe.
- Recycling and energy recovery of plastics waste in Europe has increased in recent years but 30% still goes to landfill.
- Further increasing recycling and limiting landfilling can provide economic and environmental benefits for Europe.
Plastics - the Facts is an analysis of the latest data related to plastics production, demand, conversion and waste management in Europe. It also provides information on key figures of the European plastics industry. In short, this report gives an insight into the industry’s contribution to European society.
Plastics - the Facts is an analysis of the latest data related to plastics production, demand, conversion and waste management in Europe. It also provides information on key figures of the European plastics industry. In short, this report gives an insight into the industry’s contribution to European society.
China is the leading importing country for waste plastics,China has received 56% (by weight) of
the global imports of waste plastics for the past 2 years
After a soft 2009, The European plastics industry has started to
bounce back & is being driven by the food & beverage
industry, the push for greater recycling, & use of plastics in
construction.
This report is a contribution towards a better understanding of the circular economy of plastics. It provides a European overview of plastics production, conversion into parts and products, waste collection and treatment, including recycling. It also addresses the production of recyclates and their use in different applications.
Business economics term report for MBA studentAmir Wahab
Global plastic production has grown rapidly due to its wide range of uses replacing other materials. In 2014, global plastic production was 311 million metric tons with China as one of the largest producers. Plastic production in Pakistan has also grown significantly at 15% annually with total estimated capacity of 624,200 metric tons per year, contributing over 1.69% to GDP. While plastics have benefits, their production requires energy and plastic waste is a major environmental issue as it takes hundreds of years to degrade and pollutes the environment.
The plastic sector in Bangladesh contributes 1% of GDP and employs half a million people. There are about 3,000 plastic manufacturing units, 98% of which are small and medium enterprises. Popular plastic products include household items, packaging, furniture, and accessories for the garment industry. While plastics offer benefits like low cost and durability, the sector faces challenges such as a lack of skilled labor and technical expertise, inadequate testing facilities, and issues with plastic waste recycling and management.
The document provides information on EU waste management policies and legislation. It discusses that waste represents an enormous loss of resources and environmental and health impacts. EU policies aim to reduce waste generation and promote recycling and reuse. It provides statistics on municipal solid waste generation and treatment methods across EU member states. It also outlines various EU directives governing waste streams like packaging, electronics, batteries, and more to increase recycling and recovery of materials.
The document provides information about EU waste management policies and statistics. It discusses that (1) waste generation in the EU has increased to 2,503 million tonnes in 2014, the highest amount on record, and (2) EU policies aim to reduce waste and promote recycling and recovery in order to improve resource efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Municipal waste, which represents around 10% of total EU waste, declined slightly between 2004-2014 in both total amounts and waste generated per person on average.
OECD Modelling Plastics Use Projections Workshop - Roland GeyerJack McNeill
1. A new study analyzed global plastic production, use, and waste generation from 1950-2017 using a mass-balanced stock and flow model.
2. The study found that a total of 7,000 million metric tons (Mt) of plastic waste has been generated since plastic production began in 1950.
3. As of 2017, out of the total plastic waste generated, 76% has been discarded in landfills or the environment, 14% has been incinerated, and only 10% has been recycled.
Bioplastics are regarded as a potential solution to address
environmental and economic challenges. They represent the
fastest-growing product line for bio-based products. Several
countries have taken action and significantly increased awareness of the use of bioplastics.
IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process involved heating the plastic waste in a reactor to about 500°C to break it down into oil, gas, and carbon black products. The oil produced has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using waste plastic oil replaces the need for other solvents and provides a way to manage plastic waste
IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor that was heated in a furnace to about 500°C. Vapors produced were condensed to obtain an oil that has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using oil from recycled plastic waste helps address the problems of plastic pollution while providing an alternative to existing solvent
OECD Modelling Plastics Use Projections Workshop - Julien BoucherJack McNeill
This document discusses modelling plastic leakage in the environment. It describes past and ongoing work by Shaping EA to assess plastic leakage along value chains and within countries. This includes developing a plastic leakage project to quantify leakage within markets, products, and polymer types. The document also discusses identifying regional plastic pollution hotspots through a mass balance approach coupled with leakage modelling. This allows computing a leakage map and pinpointing hotspot areas. Finally, it mentions an attempt to calibrate the modelling by comparing results to measurements of microplastic fluxes and stocks in the Lake Geneva basin.
Externalities of the Car Industry - First Ch. MSc Thesisserena boccardo
This document discusses the environmental and social externalities of the car industry and mobility. It notes that while cars have benefited society, they have also led to issues like air pollution, climate change, and health problems. Cars are responsible for about 12% of EU CO2 emissions. Air pollution from cars is a major concern, as greenhouse gases like CO2 are the leading cause of climate change. Other pollutants like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and fine particles are also emitted. While efforts have been made to increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, rising traffic and larger vehicles have counteracted some of these gains. Sustainable solutions are needed to transition to cleaner transportation while still meeting mobility needs.
This document discusses biomass cooking stoves and biomass pellets. It summarizes that biomass resources have been widely used for cooking and heating since ancient times. Improved biomass cook stoves can yield reduced combustion product concentration and faster cooking, resulting in better energy efficiency. The production of biomass pellets involves grinding biomass, compressing it under heat and pressure to form pellets, then cooling and drying the pellets before storage. Europe is a large producer and consumer of biomass pellets, importing most of its pellets from North America.
Trajnostni razvoj in Lizbonska strategijaŽiga Turk
The document discusses the convergence of the EU's Lisbon Strategy and Sustainable Development Strategy. It argues that climate change presents both risks and opportunities for economic growth. Specifically, addressing climate change through innovation in green technologies and industries could create new businesses and jobs. However, transitioning to a low-carbon economy will require substantial investment. The document advocates making sustainable development a central pillar and priority within the EU's Lisbon Strategy to spur green economic growth.
Moving towards a Circular Economy – Europe between Ambitions and RealityI W
This document provides an overview and analysis of the European Union's efforts to transition to a circular economy as outlined in its 2015 Circular Economy Package. It discusses the package's ambitions and the realities facing EU member states. Key points:
- The package aims to keep resources in use for longer by increasing recycling and reuse through new waste reduction, recycling and landfill targets for member states.
- Germany currently leads EU recycling but may face challenges meeting the new harmonized calculation methods and higher targets. Other countries need to significantly improve recycling infrastructure and rates.
- The package also promotes eco-design to facilitate recycling and extended producer responsibility to internalize waste management costs. However, implementation challenges remain regarding economic and technical feasibility
This document discusses the history and types of stem cells and their applications in regenerative medicine. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can differentiate into other cell types and self-renew. It describes the different types of stem cells based on their potency, from totipotent stem cells found in early embryos to unipotent adult stem cells. The document outlines milestones in the development of organ and cell transplantation, from early blood transfusions to modern bone marrow transplantation. It discusses the potential of stem cells to treat diseases and conditions like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, spinal cord injury, and diabetes.
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis. They become activated when endothelial cells are damaged, adhering to exposed collagen and releasing substances like ADP and thromboxane A2 that amplify recruitment and activation of additional platelets. Activated platelets undergo conformational changes and secrete procoagulant factors from granules, promoting fibrin formation and stabilization of thrombi. Strong agonists like thrombin and collagen induce intracellular signaling leading to aggregation, while weaker agonists like ADP stimulate secondary pathways. Platelets also release inflammatory mediators that can promote endothelial dysfunction. Antiplatelet drugs inhibit pathways of platelet activation to reduce thrombosis.
This document discusses principles of targeted cancer therapy and summarizes several studies. It describes how targeted therapies inhibit specific biological targets expressed by tumor cells, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The document reviews EGFR inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib, noting their efficacy in certain patient subgroups. It also discusses acquired resistance to these drugs via secondary mutations and the use of EGFR monoclonal antibodies like cetuximab. Further, it summarizes studies of anti-angiogenic therapy with bevacizumab and describes models used to study angiogenesis.
The document discusses the pathophysiology of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of breathing and gas exchange. It then covers anatomy and functions of the airways, lungs, and alveoli. Specific conditions like pneumonia, lung cancer, pleural effusion, and cystic fibrosis are examined. Diagnostic tools like bronchoscopy, thoracentesis, and genetic testing are also summarized. The roles of cells like pneumocytes and molecular components like surfactant and the CFTR protein are defined.
This document discusses sepsis and provides information on epidemiology, definitions, pathophysiology, and animal models. It notes that sepsis incidence is rising due to aging populations and increased survival of chronic conditions. Sepsis causes over 200,000 deaths per year in the US, often affecting those with pre-existing conditions. The pathophysiology involves an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Common animal models for studying sepsis include administration of toxins like LPS or live bacteria, or disruption of protective barriers through techniques like cecal ligation and puncture.
This document discusses rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the evolution of drugs used to treat it. RA is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes joint damage and disability. While the cause is unknown, it involves an immune system response leading to inflammation. Treatment has progressed from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate, to biological DMARDs that target specific cytokines and cells involved in the immune response, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors. Larger clinical trials were required to develop these targeted biologic therapies compared to earlier drugs. Animal models of collagen
This document summarizes information about diabetes, including its definition, classification, effects of insulin, and treatments. It begins with an overview of diabetes, defining it as a group of metabolic disorders involving hyperglycemia. It then discusses the two main types of diabetes - type 1 characterized by insulin deficiency and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance - and their causes. Subsequent sections provide details on insulin biosynthesis and secretion, its counter-regulation, effects in different tissues, and role in glucose homeostasis. The document concludes by outlining several classes of medications used to treat diabetes, including sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and newer drugs that target incretin hormones.
Genetically engineered T cells can have extreme toxicities due to their high affinity receptors selecting for on-target, off-tumor activity. One approach to address this issue is to use the antiviral drug acyclovir, which is selectively phosphorylated and activated by the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV TK) introduced into the T cells. Only cells expressing HSV TK will be able to convert acyclovir into its toxic form, thereby limiting toxicity to engineered T cells. An alternative approach is to reactivate the diverse natural T cells already present in the tumor microenvironment rather than undergoing complex bioengineering of T cells.
This document discusses adoptive T cell therapy and strategies to harness the adaptive immune system to fight cancer and other diseases. It provides an overview of T cell activation pathways and the role of accessory proteins like CD28 and CD3. It also summarizes methods to engineer T cells, including using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and genetically modifying T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors targeting cancers like CD19-positive leukemia. The document discusses approaches like lympho-depletion prior to therapy and highlights some toxicities seen with CAR-T therapy.
Dasatinib is a second-generation BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is more potent than imatinib and effective against some imatinib-resistant mutations. Unlike imatinib, dasatinib interferes with platelet function by targeting Src family kinases, which may contribute to increased bleeding risk in patients. Clinical trials found dasatinib achieved high rates of cytogenetic and molecular response in chronic myeloid leukemia patients, including those resistant to or intolerant of imatinib. However, dasatinib treatment also carried risks of myelosuppression and bleeding that required dose reductions in some cases.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 1Therapeutic antibodies 6_humanizationFREE EDUCATION FOR ALL
1. A phase III trial found that ofatumumab plus chemotherapy did not significantly improve progression-free survival compared to rituximab plus chemotherapy for treating relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
2. There were no differences in adverse events between the treatment arms.
3. Based on these results, the companies are unlikely to pursue regulatory approval for ofatumumab in this indication since it did not show a benefit over the standard rituximab treatment.
The document discusses a clinical trial comparing the monoclonal antibodies obinutuzumab and rituximab for treating diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Obinutuzumab is a glycoengineered, humanized antibody that clusters the CD20 antigen more effectively than rituximab. In a phase III trial, obinutuzumab plus chemotherapy did not significantly improve progression-free survival over rituximab plus chemotherapy. However, obinutuzumab's glycoengineering may enhance its antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and direct cell death mechanisms relative to rituximab.
The document discusses hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation by hypoxia. It describes how hypoxia leads to the activation of HIF, which upregulates genes like VEGF and EPO. It discusses the role of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein and prolyl hydroxylases in the HIF pathway. The document also summarizes VEGF structure and signaling, how it promotes angiogenesis, and the role of differential splicing in producing pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic isoforms. Finally, it discusses how anti-angiogenic therapies target tumor vasculature and their limitations.
Rituximab added to CHOP chemotherapy for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma significantly improves outcomes including complete response rates, decreases treatment failure and relapse rates, and improves event-free and overall survival compared to CHOP alone, without significantly increasing toxicity. These benefits are sustained over long-term follow up of 10 years. The addition of rituximab improves progression-free and disease-free survival in patients who initially had a complete remission.
CD20 is an excellent target for therapeutic antibodies to treat B cell disorders. Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, was found to significantly improve outcomes when added to standard CHOP chemotherapy for B cell lymphoma in elderly patients. Long term follow up of over 10 years confirmed that rituximab extended progression-free and overall survival compared to CHOP alone. Rituximab's success led to further development of monoclonal antibodies for different cancer targets.
The document discusses the development and applications of monoclonal antibodies, including the 1975 discovery of hybridoma technology by Milstein and Köhler which allowed unlimited production of monoclonal antibodies of a single specificity. It then focuses on the development and mechanism of action of the monoclonal antibody Rituximab, the first approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody for treatment of B-cell lymphomas via targeting of the CD20 antigen. The summary also mentions techniques for generating monoclonal antibodies such as hybridoma screening, phage display, and the use of expression vectors for recombinant antibody production.
A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order, with atoms occupying specific positions. An amorphous solid lacks a well-defined arrangement and long-range order. A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid and defines the positions of atoms, molecules, or ions within the structure.
This chapter discusses the structure of crystalline solids. It introduces three common metallic crystal structures - simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic - and describes their atomic packing arrangements. The chapter also discusses hexagonal close-packed structure and compares the atomic packing factors and densities of each structure. After studying this chapter, readers should understand how atoms are arranged in crystalline materials and be able to analyze and compare different crystal structures.
This document discusses various types of imperfections that can occur in solid materials, including crystalline defects. It begins by noting that real materials have irregularities in their crystal structure compared to the assumed perfect order in previous lectures. Defects are then classified as either point defects (e.g. vacancies, interstitials), line defects (dislocations), or planar defects (e.g. grain boundaries, twins, stacking faults). The document goes on to describe various defect types in more detail and how defects influence material properties. It also discusses grain structure formation during solidification and examines defects using microscopy techniques.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
• For a full set of 530+ questions. Go to
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This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – LIM – June 2024 OECD discussion
PLASTICS FACTS IN EUROPE
1. 1
Plastics – the Facts 2014/2015
An analysis of European plastics
production, demand and waste data
2. 2
Plastics – the Facts is an analysis of the data related to the production, demand and waste
management of plastics materials. It provides the latest business information on production and
demand, trade, recovery as well as employment and turnover in the plastics industry. In short, this
report gives an insight into the industry’s contribution to European economic growth and prosperity
throughout the life cycle of the material.
The data presented in this report was collected by PlasticsEurope (the Association of Plastics
Manufacturers in Europe) and EPRO (the European Association of Plastics Recycling and Recovery
Organisations). PlasticsEurope’s Market Research and Statistics Group (PEMRG) provided input on the
production of and demand for plastics raw materials. Consultic Marketing & Industrieberatung GmbH
helped assess waste generation and recovery data. Official statistics from European or national
authorities and waste management organisations have been used for recovery and trade data, where
available. Research or expertise from consultants completed gaps.
Figures cannot always be directly compared with those of previous years due to changes in estimates.
Some estimates from previous years have been revised in order to track progress, e.g. for use and
recovery of plastics across Europe over the past decade.
All figures and graphs in this report show data for EU-27 plus Norway and Switzerland, which is referred
to as Europe for the purposes of abbreviation – other country groups are explicitly listed.
4. 4
For the last 150 years, plastics
materials have been key enablers for
innovation and have contributed to the
development and progress of society.
Discover how plastics
have changed the world.
www.plasticseurope.org
7. 7
An industry generating
about 26.3 billion euro for
public finance and welfare.Estimated data
for EU-27 (excl. NO/CH), 2013
Source: 1. Eurostat.
The European plastics industry: a pillar of economics and society
250
200
150
100
50
0
Development of sales
in EU-27 (2007 – 2013)
Source: Eurostat
Number of employees in 2013
Plastics converters
Plastics manufacturers
Turnover (bn €)
bn €
year
212
99
~ 26.3 bn €
Contribution
to EU society
Plastics converters
1.267.000
Plastics manufacturers
134.000
employeesemployees
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Tax and social security costs
Corporate tax
1 1
8. 8
Plastics
AUTOMOTIVE
Packaging
RENEWABLE
energy
CONSTRUCTION
TEXTILE
AEROSPACE
ElectronicsHEALTHCARE
The growth of the plastics industry has a multiplier effect
on numerous important sectors of the European economy.
The plastics industry is a key enabler of innovation of
many products and technologies in other sectors of the
economy like healthcare, energy generation, aerospace,
automotive, maritime, construction, electronics,
packaging or textile.
None of these sector would innovate and grow as much as
they do without plastic materials and solutions.
Innovation and growth in Europe depend on
manufacturing, in particular the plastics industry. A study
led in 2013 by leading Italian think tank “The European
House Ambrosetti” reveals the “multiplier effect” of the
plastics industry:
• It is in one of the sectors that provides the greatest
contribution to EU manufacturing
• A 10% increase in the value added of the European
plastics sector could lead to a 4.4% increase in the
value added to the overall EU manufacturing sector.
And at national level for Italy:
• For every job created in the plastics sector, almost
3 jobs are created in the wider economy
• A 100€ increase in GDP in the national plastics supply
chain generates 238€ of GDP in the national economy
Moreover, the unique characteristics of plastics also
allow them to make a strong contribution to a more
environmentally sustainable and resource efficient
Europe. Lightweight, versatile and durable plastics
contribute to energy and resource savings in strategic
sectors like retail, construction, healthcare, automotive
or renewable energies. In addition, significant advances
are also being made in the environmental performance
of plastics in their production and end-of-life phases,
hence contributing to the sustainability of European
indsutries and societies.
Plastics are a source of jobs, growth, innovation and sustainability
the multiplier effect of plastics
for society and the economy
9. 9
Global competitiveness challenges
of the European plastics industry
Low energy costs due
to non-conventional
fuels. The rate of shale
gas in the US energy
production is expected
to grow from current
10% to 36% by 2035.
One-third of the bio-plastics
are produced in Latin
America. Access to
bio based feedstock
provides opportunities for
the Brazilian bio-plastics
industry.
67% of the world’s oil
reserves and 45% of the
world gas reserves are
located in the Middle East.
Feedstock provides
opportunities for the plastics
industry there.
Forward integration of
plastics processing industry.
is on-going.
Strong growth in plastics
conversion sector (more than
22.000 companies and 4 million
employees).
Key drivers are the growing
population and the growth
of manufacturing sectors such
as the automotive sector.
China is the world leader in
plastics production and
conversion. Low production
costs in plastics’ conversion
have triggered investments
in the plastics industry,
including the plastics
machinery manufacturing.
Source: based on The European House Ambrosetti study, 2013
11. 11
World and European plastics production 2002-2013
Includes Plastics materials (thermoplastics and polyurethanes),
other plastics (thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants)
and PP-fibers.
Plastics production grows globally and is stable in Europe
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic
204 250 279 299
2002 2009
257
2007
WORLD PLASTICS PRODUCTION in Mtonne
2011
288
2012 2013
2013201120092002
56
2007
65 5855 57
2012
57
With continuous growth for more than 50 years, global production in 2013
rose to 299 million tonnes, meaning a 3.9% increase compared to 2012.
In Europe, the plastic production stabilised in 2013 after the 2009
turn-down. Actual levels are similar to those in 2002.
EUROPEAN PLASTICS PRODUCTION in Mtonne
12. 12
Europe ranks second in the global plastics materials production
China
Europe
(EU27 + CH + NO)
Rest of AsiaMiddle East,
Africa
Latin
America
Japan
CIS
24.8%
PRODUCTION OF PLASTICS
MATERIALS BY REGIONS
250 Mtonne
20%
19.4%
16.4%7.3%
4.8%
4.4%
2.9%
NAFTA
2013 World production of plastics materials (thermoplastics and polyurethanes)
Does not include other plastics (thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants) nor PP-fibers.
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic
13. 13
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2007 year
Plastics manufacturing extra-EU Plastics processing Extra-EU
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
EU-27 plastics industry: trade balance
with non-EU member countries (Extra-EU)
Source: Eurostat
2013 top trade partners
Source: Eurostat
Extra-EU27 Exports
Trade balance
Extra-EU27 Imports
A positive trade balance of 18 billion euros
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2007 year2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Mio€ Mio€
Plastics manufacturing Plastics processing
Exports
Extra EU27
1. Turkey (14.3%) 1. USA (12.6%)
2. China (11.8%) 2. Russia (11.4%)
3. USA (10.3%) 3. Switzerland (11.3%)
4. Russia (8.5%) 4. China (7.7%)
5. Switzerland (6.3%) 5. Turkey (5.7%)
Imports
Extra EU27
1. USA (23.9%) 1. USA (21.7%)
2. Saudi Arabia (15.8%) 2. Switzerland (15.5%)
3. South Korea (10.4%) 3. China (12.8%)
4. Switzerland (6.7%) 4. Turkey (10.7%)
5. Japan (5.7%) 5. Japan (6.6%)
14. 14
Cyprus / Malta
Belgium & Lux.
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Norway
Switzerland
European plastics demand by country (Mtonne/year)
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / ECEBD
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Two thirds of plastics demand in Europe is concentrated in five countries
2013 2012 2011
Mtonne
Austria
Estonia
Germany
France
UK
Spain
Italy
25.4%
7.6%
7.5%
14.3%
35.5%
9.7%
Others
46.3 Mtonne
Plastics
demand
in Europe
15. 15
Plastics provide for a wide variety of markets
Packaging
European plastics demand* by segment 2013
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / ECEBD
* EU-27+NO/CH
In Europe, packaging applications are
the largest application sector for the
plastics industry and represent 39.6%
of the total plastics demand.
Building and construction is the second
largest application sector with 20.3%
of the total European demand.
Automotive is the third sector with a
share of 8.5% of the total demand.
Electrical and electronic applications
represent 5.6% of the plastics demand
and are closely followed by agricultural
applications which have a share
of 4.3%.
Other application sectors such as
appliances, household and consumer
products, furniture and medical
products comprise a total of 21.7%
of the European plastics demand.
46.3
Mtonne
Building & Construction
39.6%
20.3%
8.5%
5.6%
4.3%
21.7%
Electrical &
Electronics
Automotive
Others (include sectors such
as consumer and household
appliances, furniture,
sport, health and safety)
Agriculture
16. 16
European plastics demand* by polymer type 2013
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / ECEBD
* EU-27+NO/CH
PET bottles
PVC boots
PE-HD
milk bottles
PE-HD toys
Film for food
packaging
PET
PE-HD
PVC
PVC window
frames
PE-LD reusable bags
Different plastics for different needs
PE-LLD wire cables
PP
PS, PS-E
PUR
Others
PE-LD,
PE-LLD
PP car bumpers
Office/school
PP folders
PP flowerpot
PS plastic cups
PS glasses frames
Most yoghurt pots
are made of PS
PUR sponges
PUR
insulation
panels
PTFE (Teflon coated) pans
Polycarbonate
fridge trays
ABS bricks
17. 17
European plastics demand* by polymer type
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / ECEBD
* EU-27+NO/CH
PE-LD, PE-LLD
PE-HD, PE-MD
PS
PS-E
PVC
ABS, SAN
PMMA
PA
PC
Other ETP
PUR
Others
PET
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 95 10
Mtonne
201120122013
European plastics demand increased by 1% in 2013
PP
European
plastics
demand
46.3 Mtonne
20. 20
Treatment for post-consumer plastics waste in the EU27+Norway and Switzerland
Source: Consultic
In 2012 plastics recycling and energy recovery reached 62%
In 2012, 25.2 million tonnes of post-consumer plastics waste ended up in the waste upstream.
62% was recovered through recycling and energy recovery processes while 38% still went to landfill.
25 Mtonne
of post-
consumer
plastics
waste
38%
36%
26%
Landfill
Recycling Energy
recovery
21. Total plastics waste recycling and recovery 2006 – 2012
Source: Consultic
Mtonne
year
15
10
5
0
2006
Landfill
Energy
recovery
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Since 2006 recycling and energy recovery have increased…
The annual average of post-consumer plastics waste generation from 2006 to 2012 is 25 Mtonne.
-26%
+27%
Recycling
+40%
21
12,9
7,0
9,6
8,9
6,6
4,7
22. 22
Plastics waste going to landfill (2012)
Date of future landfill ban
… but landfilling is still the
1st
option in many EU countries
Above 66%
>50% to 66%
33% to 50%
below 10%
i.e. landfill ban
2014 Scotland
1999 +
2006
1997
1996
2005
2009 2005
2006
2004
2016
Date of landfill ban in force
20162016
2006
Source: Consultic
2016
23. 23
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2005 2010 2012 20302025
16
Mtonne
2037
Decrease from 2005-2012 (-26%)
Trend-line (extrapolation)
Zero plastics to landfill by 2025 scenario
Zero plastics to landfill, a challenging but worthwhile goal
Plastics waste going to landfill in Europe
= 60 million tonnes of plastics prevented from landfill, equivalent to over 750 million barrels
of oil or 60 billion euros
24. 24
Treatment of post-consumer plastics waste 2012
(EU-27 + CH/NO)
Source: Consultic
Switzerland
Germany
Austria
Luxembourg
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden
Netherlands
Norway
Finland
France
Estonia
Ireland
Slovakia
Italy
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Portugal
Spain
Hungary
Poland
Romania
UK
Latvia
Bulgaria
Greece
Lithuania
Cyprus
Malta
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 100%80% 90%
Energy recovery rate
Landfill rate
Recycling rate
In general, countries with landfill ban achieve higher recycling rates
Countrieswithlandfillban
25. 25
Plastics waste is a resource
energy
recoveryrecycling
Plastics are sorted and crushed into “flakes”,
washed, dried and sorted again...
The energy value of plastics is used to produce
electricity, heating and cooling for millions of homes
Alternatively
plastics are
used as fuel
for industrial
processes,
replacing
fossil fuel
Emissions are
subject to strict
regulations and
control standards
Those plastics which cannot be sustainably recycled can be used in
efficient Waste-to-Energy facilities to produce electricity and heat
...processed
into granulates
...out of which new plastic products are made
is the preferred
option
is needed to end the
landfilling of plastics
16-19
million
more citizens
potentially supplied with
energy recovered from
plastics waste
of plastics waste are
landfilled every year
in Europe
9.6 million
tonnes 41%
of plastics packaging
was recycled in Germany
in 2013 (based on input)
26. 26
Source: Consultic
* For Bulgaria & Romania: comparison 2012 vs. 2007
Estonia
Finland
Ireland
Slovenia
Romania*
Poland
Portugal
Greece
Slovakia
Hungary
Lithuania
Czech Republic
Bulgaria*
Luxembourg
Germany
Norway
Spain
Cyprus
Latvia
Netherlands
Belgium
Italy
France
Austria
UK
Malta
Sweden
Switzerland
Denmark
-10%-20% 0% 10% 30%20% 40% 50%
Recycling rate
Energy
recovery rate
Comparison of
rates 2012 vs. 2006
Plastics recycling and energy recovery complement each other
Changes in recycling and energy recovery rates by country
Referred to
post-consumer plastics
27. 27
Packaging recycling and energy recovery rate by country 2012
(Referred to post-consumer plastics waste)
Source: Consultic
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 100%80% 90%
Energy recovery rate
Recycling rate
Austria
Luxembourg
Germany
Switzerland
Denmark
Sweden
Belgium
Netherlands
Norway
Finland
Estonia
Italy
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Slovakia
France
Poland
Ireland
Romania
Hungary
Spain
Portugal
Latvia
Bulgaria
Lithuania
UK
Greece
Cyprus
Malta
Plastics packaging has the highest recycling and energy recovery rates
28. 28
Life cycle of a plastic bottle: recycling options
H
H
0 H
H
0
0 0C C C C
HH
H H
n
H H0
C 0
H0 H
0C C C
HH
C 0
H H
0C C C
n
PET bottle
Polyethylene Terephthalate is
nowadays the major polyester type
Crude oil components are
separated through distillation.
Plastic’s major raw material is
called naphta.
Smaller molecules result from
naphtha cracking, i.e. ethene,
propene and butane.
These short molecules (monomers)
are particularly reactive, tie together
and form long molecular chains
(polymers).
The cross linking of the
polymer chains determine
their ductility: Thermoplastic (T)
– Duroplast (D)
Plastic pellets are heated into
a viscous substance which is
blown and stretched into a
mould. The mould must be
cooled to set the plastic in
(a bottle) shape.
Pre-selection
of PET bottles
Optoelectronic
colour separation
Crushing into
so-called flakes
WashingMaterial separation by
density + drying process
Optoelectronic
colour selection
Automatic colour
separation of flakes
for further processing
Extruder processes
flakes into granules
Fibres production
Recycled PET is the raw
material which is used to
produce fleece pullovers
Thermoformed films
D
T
20% of the recycled material
goes into the production of
new bottles
30. 30
Plastics industry production in EU-27
Source: Eurostat
60
50
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Plastics manufacturing Plastics machinery Plastics processing
Production index (2010=100, trend cycle & seasonally adjusted data)
year
In 2014 plastics production is still below pre-crisis level
Index
31. 31
Source: Eurostat, VCI, PlasticsEurope, *estimation for 2014 and 2015
80
200720062005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201520142013
90
100
110
120
Production index Average annual index Forecast
Index
For 2015: plastics production is expected to have a very slight increase
Production of primary plastics, EU-28
Index 2010=100 on a quarterly basis; annual average
• In 2013: European producer
profited from the recovery
of the customer industries.
• The positive trend gained
momentum in the seconded
half of 2014.
• 2015: Moderate upward trend.
Growth rates:
2013: +2.6%
Est* 2014: +1.5%
Est* 2015: 1.0%
32. 32
ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
ASA Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate
bn billion
CH Switzerland
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
Consultic Consultic Marketing & Industrieberatung GmbH
ECEBD Eastern and Central European
Business Development
EU European Union
EPRO European Association of Plastics Recycling
and Recovery Organisations
ETP Engineering Thermoplastics
GDP Gross domestic product
Mtonne Million tonnes
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NO Norway
Other Thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants
plastics
PA Polyamide
PC Polycarbonate
PE Polyethylene
PE-HD Polyethylene, high density
PE-LD Polyethylene, low density
PE-LLD Polyethylene, linear low density
PE-MD Polyethylene, medium density
PEMRG PlasticsEurope Market Research Group
PET Polyethylene terephthalate
Plastics Thermoplastics + Polyurethanes (PUR)
Materials
PUR Polyurethane
PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate
PP Polypropylene
PS Polystyrene
PS-E Polystyrene, expandable
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile
Thermo- Standard plastics (PE, PP, PVC, PS, EPS, PET
(bottle grade)) + Engineering plastics (ABS,
SAN, PA, PC, PBT, POM, PMMA, Blends, and
others including High Performance Polymers)
Thermosets Urea-formaldehyde foam, melamine resine,
polyester resins, epoxy resins, etc
UK United Kingdom
VCI Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V.
Glossary of terms
plastics
33. 33
3
PlasticsEurope
PlasticsEurope is the association of plastics manufacturers and one of the leading European trade associations with centres in
Brussels, Frankfurt, London, Madrid, Milan and Paris. It is networking with European and national plastics associations and
have more than 100 member companies, producing over 90% of all polymers across the EU28 member states plus Norway,
Switzerland and Turkey.
European Association of Plastics Recycling
and Recovery Organisations (EPRO)
EPRO is the association of national organisations responsible for organising and promoting plastics recycling and recovery in
Europe. EPRO provides a unique forum for leading European specialists in plastics waste management to exchange experience
and ideas, develop integrated plastics packaging and agriculture waste strategies and support technological development.