Material science1 lecture 1 part 1
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A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order, with atoms occupying specific positions. An amorphous solid lacks a well-defined arrangement and long-range order. A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid and defines the positions of atoms, molecules, or ions within the structure.
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Similar to Material science1 lecture 1 part 1
Types of solids
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14092017 1 Crystal Structure 1 Crystalline Sol.docx
14/09/2017
1
Crystal Structure
1
Crystalline Solid
• Crystalline Solid is the solid form of a substance in
which the atoms or molecules are arranged in a
definite, repeating pattern in three dimension.
• Single crystals, ideally have a high degree of order, or
regular geometric periodicity, throughout the entire
volume of the material.
Crystalline Solids
2
Macroscopic form reflects underlying atomic structure
14/09/2017
2
Crystal Structure
3
Polycrystalline Solid
Polycrystalline
Pyrite form
(Grain)
Polycrystal is a material made up of an aggregate of many small single crystals
(also called crystallites or grains).
Polycrystalline material have a high degree of order over many atomic or molecular
dimensions.
These ordered regions, or single crytal regions, vary in size and orientation wrt one
another.
These regions are called as grains ( domain) and are separated from one another
by grain boundaries. The atomic order can vary from one domain to the next.
The grains are usually 100 nm - 100 microns in diameter. Polycrystals with grains
that are <10 nm in diameter are called nanocrystalline
Crystal Structure
4
Amorphous Solid
• Amorphous (Non-crystalline) Solid is composed of randomly
orientated atoms , ions, or molecules that do not form defined
patterns or lattice structures.
• Amorphous materials have order only within a few atomic or molecular
dimensions.
• Amorphous materials do not have any long-range order, but they have
varying degrees of short-range order.
• Examples to amorphous materials include amorphous silicon,
plastics, and glasses.
• Amorphous silicon can be used in solar cells and thin film transistors.
http://www.alaskanessences.com/gembig/Pyrite.jpg
14/09/2017
3
Molecular Crystals
5
Formed from C60 or molecules,
Known as “buckyballs”
A molecular lattice of 1·KClO4.
Liquid Crystals & Polymers
6
Some properties of liquid,
some of solid
Polymer long chain of atoms
14/09/2017
4
7
Bonds between atoms: contents
• bonding in general, attractive and repulsive forces,
cohesive energy
• ionic bonding
• covalent bonding
• metallic bonding
• hydrogen bonding and van der Waals bonding
• relationship between bonding type and some physical
properties of a solid (in particular melting point)
at the end of this lecture you should understand....
8
Bonding in solids: the general idea
• valence electrons (of the outer shell) achieve bonding (like
in chemistry)
• decrease in total energy stabilises the solid (the solid’s
energy is lower than that of sum of atoms it is made of)
• so the energy gain by the bonding must be higher than the
energy it costs to promote electrons from the atomic orbitals
to the electronic states of the solid.
• this energy difference is a measure for the strength of the
bond. It is called the cohesive energy.
cohesive en.
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Chapter08 130905235143-
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Material science1 lecture 1 part 1
- 1. A ___________________________ solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific (predictable) positions. An ____________________________ solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order. A _____________________________________ is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid. At lattice points: lattice point Molecules • Unit cells in 3 dimensions Atoms • Unit Cell • Ions
- 2. Objectives Today • • • • • • Solids/Crystal Structures Unit Cell Cubic Unit Cells Types of Solids Lattice Energy from Born-Haber Cycle Logger Pro Intro Lab
- 3. A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific (predictable) positions. An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order. A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid. At lattice points: lattice point Molecules • Unit cells in 3 dimensions Atoms • Unit Cell • Ions
- 8. Shared by 8 unit cells Shared by 2 unit cells
- 9. 1 atom/unit cell 2 atoms/unit cell 4 atoms/unit cell (8 x 1/8 = 1) (8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2) (8 x 1/8 + 6 x 1/2 = 4)
- 11. When silver crystallizes, it forms face-centered cubic cells. The unit cell edge length is 408.7 pm. Calculate the density of silver. d= m V V = a3 = (408.7 pm)3 = __________________ ___ atoms/unit cell in a face-centered cubic cell 1 mole Ag 107.9 g x m = 4 Ag atoms x = ___________ 23 mole Ag 6.022 x 10 atoms 7.17 x 10-22 g m = = ___________________ d= -23 3 V 6.83 x 10 cm
- 13. Extra distance = BC + CD = 2d sinθ = nλ (Bragg Equation)
- 14. X rays of wavelength 0.154 nm are diffracted from a crystal at an angle of 14.170. Assuming that n = 1, what is the distance (in pm) between layers in the crystal? nλ = 2d sin θ n=1 nλ θ = 14.170 λ = 0.154 nm = 154 pm 1 x 154 pm = d= 2 x sin14.17 2sinθ = ____________
- 15. Types of Solids ________________ Solids • Lattice points occupied by cations and anions • Held together by electrostatic attraction • Hard, brittle, high melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity CsCl ZnS CaF2
- 16. Types of Solids Ionic Crystals or Solids • Lattice points occupied by cations and anions • Held together by electrostatic attraction • Hard, brittle, high melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity CsCl ZnS CaF2
- 17. Types of Solids • • • • Solids Lattice points occupied by molecules Held together by intermolecular forces Soft, low melting point Poor conductor of heat and electricity
- 18. Types of Solids Molecular Crystals or Solids • Lattice points occupied by molecules • Held together by intermolecular forces • Soft, low melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity
- 19. Types of Solids _________________ Solids • Lattice points occupied by atoms • Held together by covalent bonds • Hard, high melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity carbon atoms diamond graphite
- 20. Types of Solids Network or covalent Crystals or Solids • Lattice points occupied by atoms • Held together by covalent bonds • Hard, high melting point • Poor conductor of heat and electricity carbon atoms diamond graphite
- 21. Types of Solids _________________ Solids • Lattice points occupied by metal atoms • Held together by metallic bond • Soft to hard, low to high melting point • Good conductor of heat and electricity Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal nucleus & inner shell emobile “sea” of e-
- 22. Types of Solids Metallic Crystals or Solids • Lattice points occupied by metal atoms • Held together by metallic bond • Soft to hard, low to high melting point • Good conductor of heat and electricity Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal nucleus & inner shell emobile “sea” of e-
- 23. Types of Crystals Types of Crystals and General Properties
- 24. An ____________________________ solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order. A _______ is an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing Crystalline quartz (SiO2) Non-crystalline quartz glass
- 25. An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order. A glass is an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing Crystalline quartz (SiO2) Non-crystalline quartz glass