This document provides an analysis of plastics production, demand, waste management and recycling data for Europe. Some key points:
- Plastics production in Europe is stable while global production is growing. China is the largest producer globally followed by Europe.
- Packaging, building/construction and automotive are the top markets for plastics in Europe accounting for over 60% of demand.
- Recycling and energy recovery of plastics waste in Europe has increased in recent years but over 30% still goes to landfill. Countries with landfill bans achieve higher recycling rates.
- The European plastics industry employs over 1.4 million people and contributes significantly to the European economy and trade balance.
This document discusses the state of the European paper industry and policy issues affecting it. It makes the following key points:
1) The paper industry has faced an adverse economic context in recent years but has still invested in new technologies and mills across Europe.
2) The industry has a vision for becoming more sustainable outlined in the CEPI 2050 roadmap, aiming for 80% reduction in CO2 emissions and 50% increase in value.
3) Several major EU regulations and policy areas impact the competitiveness of the industry, such as environmental permitting, emissions trading, and renewable energy policies. CEPI is advocating for regulatory relief and fitness checks to support the industry.
Green Talks LIVE | International Trade and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
A circular economy aims to transform the current linear economy into a circular model to reduce consumption of finite material resources by recovering materials from waste streams for recycling or reuse, using products longer, and exploiting the potential of the sharing and services economy. Circular economy policies and initiatives largely take place domestically at the national or regional level. However, they have important interlinkages with international trade.
International trade plays an important role in circular supply chains in materials and products, end-of-life value chains in waste and scrap, secondary raw materials and second-hand goods. In this light, how can trade contribute to a more resource efficient and circular economy? How would the circular economy transition have an impact on global trade patterns? And in what ways can we secure coherence in these two policy areas?
On 25 March 2021, Shunta Yamaguchi, Rob Dellink and Elisa Lanzi of the OECD Environment Directorate discussed the role of international trade in the transition to a resource efficient and circular economy during an OECD Green Talks LIVE webinar. The presentation highlights findings from a series of recent OECD reports, including: "The consequences of a more resource efficient and circular economy for international trade patterns" and "International trade and circular economy: Policy alignment".
The replay of the event can be viewed here: https://youtu.be/37slq02rf2k
1. The document outlines 7 key challenges facing the textiles and clothing (T&C) industry in Latin America following the end of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), including price reductions, industry consolidation, competition from China, use of trade remedies, the Doha Development Round negotiations, approaches of multilateralism vs free trade agreements, and new regulatory rules.
2. It recommends that Latin American countries pursue closer regional cooperation, South-South trade, product and market diversification including into man-made fibers, and partnerships with foreign investors to improve competitiveness.
3. The rules governing international T&C trade from 2005 are also summarized, including provisions for China-specific safeguards, ant
The International Trading system and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
Presentation from the first panel of the World Circular Economy Forum 2021 Accelerator Session titled "Towards a mutually supportive trade and circular economy agenda"
Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon I...Daniel Gabadón-Estevan
Conference: Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry? The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector
Gabaldón-Estevan, D., Mezquita, A., Ferrer, S. and Monfort, E. 11th International Conference on Innovation and Management - ICIM 2014, Vaasa (Finland) 18-20 November 2014.
CO2 embodied in international Trade (Peters hertwich2008). Lecturas recomenda...Ecologistas en Accion
This document analyzes the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in international trade between 87 countries for the year 2001. It finds that over 5.3 gigatons of CO2 emissions are embodied globally in trade, and that countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B countries) are net importers of CO2 emissions through trade. The document argues that accounting for emissions embodied in trade is important for effective global climate policy, and discusses policy options like adjusting national emissions inventories to account for trade and implementing trade policies as part of an international climate agreement.
This document discusses the state of the European paper industry and policy issues affecting it. It makes the following key points:
1) The paper industry has faced an adverse economic context in recent years but has still invested in new technologies and mills across Europe.
2) The industry has a vision for becoming more sustainable outlined in the CEPI 2050 roadmap, aiming for 80% reduction in CO2 emissions and 50% increase in value.
3) Several major EU regulations and policy areas impact the competitiveness of the industry, such as environmental permitting, emissions trading, and renewable energy policies. CEPI is advocating for regulatory relief and fitness checks to support the industry.
Green Talks LIVE | International Trade and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
A circular economy aims to transform the current linear economy into a circular model to reduce consumption of finite material resources by recovering materials from waste streams for recycling or reuse, using products longer, and exploiting the potential of the sharing and services economy. Circular economy policies and initiatives largely take place domestically at the national or regional level. However, they have important interlinkages with international trade.
International trade plays an important role in circular supply chains in materials and products, end-of-life value chains in waste and scrap, secondary raw materials and second-hand goods. In this light, how can trade contribute to a more resource efficient and circular economy? How would the circular economy transition have an impact on global trade patterns? And in what ways can we secure coherence in these two policy areas?
On 25 March 2021, Shunta Yamaguchi, Rob Dellink and Elisa Lanzi of the OECD Environment Directorate discussed the role of international trade in the transition to a resource efficient and circular economy during an OECD Green Talks LIVE webinar. The presentation highlights findings from a series of recent OECD reports, including: "The consequences of a more resource efficient and circular economy for international trade patterns" and "International trade and circular economy: Policy alignment".
The replay of the event can be viewed here: https://youtu.be/37slq02rf2k
1. The document outlines 7 key challenges facing the textiles and clothing (T&C) industry in Latin America following the end of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), including price reductions, industry consolidation, competition from China, use of trade remedies, the Doha Development Round negotiations, approaches of multilateralism vs free trade agreements, and new regulatory rules.
2. It recommends that Latin American countries pursue closer regional cooperation, South-South trade, product and market diversification including into man-made fibers, and partnerships with foreign investors to improve competitiveness.
3. The rules governing international T&C trade from 2005 are also summarized, including provisions for China-specific safeguards, ant
The International Trading system and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
Presentation from the first panel of the World Circular Economy Forum 2021 Accelerator Session titled "Towards a mutually supportive trade and circular economy agenda"
Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon I...Daniel Gabadón-Estevan
Conference: Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry? The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector
Gabaldón-Estevan, D., Mezquita, A., Ferrer, S. and Monfort, E. 11th International Conference on Innovation and Management - ICIM 2014, Vaasa (Finland) 18-20 November 2014.
CO2 embodied in international Trade (Peters hertwich2008). Lecturas recomenda...Ecologistas en Accion
This document analyzes the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in international trade between 87 countries for the year 2001. It finds that over 5.3 gigatons of CO2 emissions are embodied globally in trade, and that countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B countries) are net importers of CO2 emissions through trade. The document argues that accounting for emissions embodied in trade is important for effective global climate policy, and discusses policy options like adjusting national emissions inventories to account for trade and implementing trade policies as part of an international climate agreement.
EURATEX Strategy for a Competitive and Innovative EU Textile & Clothing Industry
Serge Piolat, President of EURATEX
10th Annual Textile ETP Conference
25-26 March 2015, Brussels
The plastic sector in Bangladesh consists of about 3000 manufacturing units, 98% of which are small and medium enterprises. The sector contributes 1% to Bangladesh's GDP and employs half a million workers. While Bangladesh imports all polymer raw materials, the country's cheap labor and developing plastic recycling industry provide competitiveness. The domestic plastic market is valued at Tk. 9,000 crore while direct plastic exports earn Tk. 500 crore annually. The sector ranks 6th in the country's export sectors and shows strong potential for further growth.
This document discusses circular economy, green public procurement, and cases from Bulgaria, Croatia, and Lithuania. The main points are:
1) It defines circular economy and outlines the EU's 2015 and 2018 circular economy plans and packages. It also notes critiques that the EU model may be scientifically flawed and rely too heavily on voluntary actions.
2) It describes green public procurement and challenges in implementing it, like lack of political support, standards, and training.
3) It provides overviews of green public procurement legislation, institutions, and practices in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Lithuania, noting strengths and weaknesses in each country.
4) It identifies lessons learned, like the need to reduce corruption and simplify regulations
The document provides an overview of the chemicals industry in Turkey. It summarizes key statistics on the size and composition of the industry. The industry includes over 17,000 companies and employs over 276,000 people. Most companies are small to medium sized and located near coastal regions. Major sub-sectors include petrochemicals, fibers, plastics, rubber, soap/detergent, cosmetics, dye, fertilizer, and pharmaceuticals. Turkey imports most raw materials but exports many finished chemical products, especially to Germany, Egypt, Iraq, Italy and the UK. The report was prepared by Foreign Market Consulting Ltd to provide brief snapshots of major Turkish industries.
Organosheet and Semi Finished Thermoplastic UDTape Laminate MarketBIS Research Inc.
The aerospace and defense industry require high quality parts for their employment in various spacecrafts and satellites. Moreover, high strength and lightweight components are desirable. Therefore, organosheet and semi-finished thermoplastic UD-tape laminate s, specifically carbon fiberbased, have been in huge demand in the aerospace and defense industry.
Susanne Droege. German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP).
Autumn Seminar 2015. Climate change: Implications for technological developments and industrial competitiveness.
Jornada organizada por FUNSEAM y la Cátedra de Energía de Orkestra-Instituto Vasco de Competitividad con la colaboración de Fundación Repsol.
4 de Noviembre de 2015. CAMPUS REPSOL. Madrid, España
The document provides data on plastics production, demand, waste management, and the plastics industry in Europe. Some key points:
- European plastics production in 2013 was 57 million tonnes, similar to levels in 2002. Global production reached 299 million tonnes, up 3.9% from 2012.
- Packaging is the largest application sector for plastics in Europe at 39.6% of total demand. Building and construction is second at 20.3%.
- In 2012, 62% of post-consumer plastics waste in Europe was recovered through recycling or energy recovery, while 38% went to landfill. Since 2006, recycling and energy recovery have increased by 27% and 40% respectively
SECONDARY SECTOR: INDUSTRY, ENERGY, MINING.Alfonso Poza
The document summarizes key aspects of the secondary sector, which includes industry, energy, and mining. It discusses the types of raw materials used in industry, including those of biological, geological, and artificial origin. It also describes the industrial process and how industry has evolved from craftsmanship to modern factories with automation. Additionally, it outlines different energy sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear, and renewable sources such as hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, and tidal energy. Factors influencing the location of industry and examples of industrial regions and companies are provided.
El documento describe los pasos para buscar y exportar 5 artículos sobre fisioterapia durante el embarazo y el parto desde la base de datos LILACS a Mendeley. Estos pasos incluyen buscar el tema en LILACS, filtrar por idioma español, seleccionar los 5 artículos, exportarlos a Mendeley en formato RIS, y copiar las citas en Vancouver desde Mendeley a un documento Word.
Paula Iglesias es una diseñadora gráfica y delineante con más de 6 años de experiencia trabajando para la administración pública, ingenierías y empresas textiles en España. Ofrece servicios de diseño como la creación y rediseño de marcas, manuales de identidad, presentaciones, publicaciones, envases, productos y fotografía. Su portafolio incluye proyectos de creación de marcas, rediseño, editoriales, carteles y empaques.
Zapraszamy do udziału w roli sponsorwa w Ogólnopolskim Programie Edukacji Zdrowotnej kierowanym do 300 tys. dzieci z szkół podstawowych i 600 000 rodziców.
The document provides guidance on proper interview behavior and etiquette. It recommends being flexible with interview times, researching the interview panel members in advance, casually mentioning mutual contacts only when relevant, listening carefully to questions and asking for clarification if needed, engaging with all interviewers by making eye contact, and keeping answers concise to respect the time constraints of the interview. Proper etiquette and preparation are emphasized to make a good impression.
The document describes an experiment to construct a double mutant yeast strain deficient in both interstrand crosslink repair genes and homologous recombination repair genes. Yeast strains with single mutations in these genes were mated and the progeny were screened to isolate strains with mutations in both genes. Hundreds of progeny colonies from three crosses were tested for growth on selective media and after mating with tester strains to identify eight candidate double mutant strains.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la economía mundial. Muchos países experimentaron fuertes caídas en el PIB y aumentos en el desempleo debido a los cierres generalizados y las restricciones a los viajes. Aunque las vacunas han permitido la reapertura de muchas economías, los efectos a largo plazo de la pandemia en sectores como el turismo y los viajes aún no están claros. Se espera que la recuperación económica mundial sea desigual y dependa de factores como el control
Este documento trata sobre los conceptos de aprendizaje y sus diferentes tipos. En resumen:
1. Define el aprendizaje como un proceso mediante el cual se adquieren habilidades, conocimientos o estrategias a través de la experiencia.
2. Explica que existen diferentes tipos de aprendizaje como el memorístico, significativo, por descubrimiento, por modelamiento y repetitivo.
3. Señala que el aprendizaje implica cambios conductuales duraderos a través de procesos cognitivos individuales y
NPAworldwide is a global cooperative network of over 500 independent recruitment firms established in 1956. The member-owned firms are committed to excellence and integrity in split placements across 6 continents. NPAworldwide provides members with a trusted peer network, client marketing support, leadership, dispute resolution processes, and return on investment through increased business opportunities.
Danger: Zombie Apocalypse Ahead -- How you and your organizations can avoid t...Nicholas Tuck
http://nebraskacode.com/sessions/danger-zombie-apocalypse-ahead----how-you-and-your-organizations-can-avoid-the-inevitable-doomsday-scenario
Whether it is indeed the Zombie Apocalypse, a game changing technology, the end of a contract, or a revolutionary new language, all software engineers and organizations have to come to grips with one thing -- all software applications including our current high-priority project wielding the latest in technology will eventually meet an untimely end!
The answer to this doomsday scenario is of course Brainz! -- We must take control of our own professional development and shape our organizations into intrinsically motivated cultures. This double-barreled approach will ensure we can adapt to the next challenge!
Two CSM/CSPs and founders of the Agile for Defense meetup team up to present innovative techniques to ensure you and your organization are ready to adapt when future challenges arise. Examples such as gamifying your organization through a Professional Development Challenge, leveraging ship-it days to foster innovation, and making servant leadership the core of your organizational structure will provide proven methods for building a motivated, zombie-free culture. Unleash the intrinsic motivation of your Brainz -- don’t let the Zombies win!
Plastics - the Facts is an analysis of the latest data related to plastics production, demand, conversion and waste management in Europe. It also provides information on key figures of the European plastics industry. In short, this report gives an insight into the industry’s contribution to European society.
Plastics - the Facts is an analysis of the latest data related to plastics production, demand, conversion and waste management in Europe. It also provides information on key figures of the European plastics industry. In short, this report gives an insight into the industry’s contribution to European society.
EURATEX Strategy for a Competitive and Innovative EU Textile & Clothing Industry
Serge Piolat, President of EURATEX
10th Annual Textile ETP Conference
25-26 March 2015, Brussels
The plastic sector in Bangladesh consists of about 3000 manufacturing units, 98% of which are small and medium enterprises. The sector contributes 1% to Bangladesh's GDP and employs half a million workers. While Bangladesh imports all polymer raw materials, the country's cheap labor and developing plastic recycling industry provide competitiveness. The domestic plastic market is valued at Tk. 9,000 crore while direct plastic exports earn Tk. 500 crore annually. The sector ranks 6th in the country's export sectors and shows strong potential for further growth.
This document discusses circular economy, green public procurement, and cases from Bulgaria, Croatia, and Lithuania. The main points are:
1) It defines circular economy and outlines the EU's 2015 and 2018 circular economy plans and packages. It also notes critiques that the EU model may be scientifically flawed and rely too heavily on voluntary actions.
2) It describes green public procurement and challenges in implementing it, like lack of political support, standards, and training.
3) It provides overviews of green public procurement legislation, institutions, and practices in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Lithuania, noting strengths and weaknesses in each country.
4) It identifies lessons learned, like the need to reduce corruption and simplify regulations
The document provides an overview of the chemicals industry in Turkey. It summarizes key statistics on the size and composition of the industry. The industry includes over 17,000 companies and employs over 276,000 people. Most companies are small to medium sized and located near coastal regions. Major sub-sectors include petrochemicals, fibers, plastics, rubber, soap/detergent, cosmetics, dye, fertilizer, and pharmaceuticals. Turkey imports most raw materials but exports many finished chemical products, especially to Germany, Egypt, Iraq, Italy and the UK. The report was prepared by Foreign Market Consulting Ltd to provide brief snapshots of major Turkish industries.
Organosheet and Semi Finished Thermoplastic UDTape Laminate MarketBIS Research Inc.
The aerospace and defense industry require high quality parts for their employment in various spacecrafts and satellites. Moreover, high strength and lightweight components are desirable. Therefore, organosheet and semi-finished thermoplastic UD-tape laminate s, specifically carbon fiberbased, have been in huge demand in the aerospace and defense industry.
Susanne Droege. German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP).
Autumn Seminar 2015. Climate change: Implications for technological developments and industrial competitiveness.
Jornada organizada por FUNSEAM y la Cátedra de Energía de Orkestra-Instituto Vasco de Competitividad con la colaboración de Fundación Repsol.
4 de Noviembre de 2015. CAMPUS REPSOL. Madrid, España
The document provides data on plastics production, demand, waste management, and the plastics industry in Europe. Some key points:
- European plastics production in 2013 was 57 million tonnes, similar to levels in 2002. Global production reached 299 million tonnes, up 3.9% from 2012.
- Packaging is the largest application sector for plastics in Europe at 39.6% of total demand. Building and construction is second at 20.3%.
- In 2012, 62% of post-consumer plastics waste in Europe was recovered through recycling or energy recovery, while 38% went to landfill. Since 2006, recycling and energy recovery have increased by 27% and 40% respectively
SECONDARY SECTOR: INDUSTRY, ENERGY, MINING.Alfonso Poza
The document summarizes key aspects of the secondary sector, which includes industry, energy, and mining. It discusses the types of raw materials used in industry, including those of biological, geological, and artificial origin. It also describes the industrial process and how industry has evolved from craftsmanship to modern factories with automation. Additionally, it outlines different energy sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear, and renewable sources such as hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, and tidal energy. Factors influencing the location of industry and examples of industrial regions and companies are provided.
El documento describe los pasos para buscar y exportar 5 artículos sobre fisioterapia durante el embarazo y el parto desde la base de datos LILACS a Mendeley. Estos pasos incluyen buscar el tema en LILACS, filtrar por idioma español, seleccionar los 5 artículos, exportarlos a Mendeley en formato RIS, y copiar las citas en Vancouver desde Mendeley a un documento Word.
Paula Iglesias es una diseñadora gráfica y delineante con más de 6 años de experiencia trabajando para la administración pública, ingenierías y empresas textiles en España. Ofrece servicios de diseño como la creación y rediseño de marcas, manuales de identidad, presentaciones, publicaciones, envases, productos y fotografía. Su portafolio incluye proyectos de creación de marcas, rediseño, editoriales, carteles y empaques.
Zapraszamy do udziału w roli sponsorwa w Ogólnopolskim Programie Edukacji Zdrowotnej kierowanym do 300 tys. dzieci z szkół podstawowych i 600 000 rodziców.
The document provides guidance on proper interview behavior and etiquette. It recommends being flexible with interview times, researching the interview panel members in advance, casually mentioning mutual contacts only when relevant, listening carefully to questions and asking for clarification if needed, engaging with all interviewers by making eye contact, and keeping answers concise to respect the time constraints of the interview. Proper etiquette and preparation are emphasized to make a good impression.
The document describes an experiment to construct a double mutant yeast strain deficient in both interstrand crosslink repair genes and homologous recombination repair genes. Yeast strains with single mutations in these genes were mated and the progeny were screened to isolate strains with mutations in both genes. Hundreds of progeny colonies from three crosses were tested for growth on selective media and after mating with tester strains to identify eight candidate double mutant strains.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la economía mundial. Muchos países experimentaron fuertes caídas en el PIB y aumentos en el desempleo debido a los cierres generalizados y las restricciones a los viajes. Aunque las vacunas han permitido la reapertura de muchas economías, los efectos a largo plazo de la pandemia en sectores como el turismo y los viajes aún no están claros. Se espera que la recuperación económica mundial sea desigual y dependa de factores como el control
Este documento trata sobre los conceptos de aprendizaje y sus diferentes tipos. En resumen:
1. Define el aprendizaje como un proceso mediante el cual se adquieren habilidades, conocimientos o estrategias a través de la experiencia.
2. Explica que existen diferentes tipos de aprendizaje como el memorístico, significativo, por descubrimiento, por modelamiento y repetitivo.
3. Señala que el aprendizaje implica cambios conductuales duraderos a través de procesos cognitivos individuales y
NPAworldwide is a global cooperative network of over 500 independent recruitment firms established in 1956. The member-owned firms are committed to excellence and integrity in split placements across 6 continents. NPAworldwide provides members with a trusted peer network, client marketing support, leadership, dispute resolution processes, and return on investment through increased business opportunities.
Danger: Zombie Apocalypse Ahead -- How you and your organizations can avoid t...Nicholas Tuck
http://nebraskacode.com/sessions/danger-zombie-apocalypse-ahead----how-you-and-your-organizations-can-avoid-the-inevitable-doomsday-scenario
Whether it is indeed the Zombie Apocalypse, a game changing technology, the end of a contract, or a revolutionary new language, all software engineers and organizations have to come to grips with one thing -- all software applications including our current high-priority project wielding the latest in technology will eventually meet an untimely end!
The answer to this doomsday scenario is of course Brainz! -- We must take control of our own professional development and shape our organizations into intrinsically motivated cultures. This double-barreled approach will ensure we can adapt to the next challenge!
Two CSM/CSPs and founders of the Agile for Defense meetup team up to present innovative techniques to ensure you and your organization are ready to adapt when future challenges arise. Examples such as gamifying your organization through a Professional Development Challenge, leveraging ship-it days to foster innovation, and making servant leadership the core of your organizational structure will provide proven methods for building a motivated, zombie-free culture. Unleash the intrinsic motivation of your Brainz -- don’t let the Zombies win!
Plastics - the Facts is an analysis of the latest data related to plastics production, demand, conversion and waste management in Europe. It also provides information on key figures of the European plastics industry. In short, this report gives an insight into the industry’s contribution to European society.
Plastics - the Facts is an analysis of the latest data related to plastics production, demand, conversion and waste management in Europe. It also provides information on key figures of the European plastics industry. In short, this report gives an insight into the industry’s contribution to European society.
After a soft 2009, The European plastics industry has started to
bounce back & is being driven by the food & beverage
industry, the push for greater recycling, & use of plastics in
construction.
OECD Modelling Plastics Use Projections Workshop - Roland GeyerJack McNeill
1. A new study analyzed global plastic production, use, and waste generation from 1950-2017 using a mass-balanced stock and flow model.
2. The study found that a total of 7,000 million metric tons (Mt) of plastic waste has been generated since plastic production began in 1950.
3. As of 2017, out of the total plastic waste generated, 76% has been discarded in landfills or the environment, 14% has been incinerated, and only 10% has been recycled.
OECD Modelling Plastics Use Projections Workshop - Julien BoucherJack McNeill
This document discusses modelling plastic leakage in the environment. It describes past and ongoing work by Shaping EA to assess plastic leakage along value chains and within countries. This includes developing a plastic leakage project to quantify leakage within markets, products, and polymer types. The document also discusses identifying regional plastic pollution hotspots through a mass balance approach coupled with leakage modelling. This allows computing a leakage map and pinpointing hotspot areas. Finally, it mentions an attempt to calibrate the modelling by comparing results to measurements of microplastic fluxes and stocks in the Lake Geneva basin.
China is the leading importing country for waste plastics,China has received 56% (by weight) of
the global imports of waste plastics for the past 2 years
This report is a contribution towards a better understanding of the circular economy of plastics. It provides a European overview of plastics production, conversion into parts and products, waste collection and treatment, including recycling. It also addresses the production of recyclates and their use in different applications.
The document provides information on EU waste management policies and legislation. It discusses that waste represents an enormous loss of resources and environmental and health impacts. EU policies aim to reduce waste generation and promote recycling and reuse. It provides statistics on municipal solid waste generation and treatment methods across EU member states. It also outlines various EU directives governing waste streams like packaging, electronics, batteries, and more to increase recycling and recovery of materials.
The document provides information about EU waste management policies and statistics. It discusses that (1) waste generation in the EU has increased to 2,503 million tonnes in 2014, the highest amount on record, and (2) EU policies aim to reduce waste and promote recycling and recovery in order to improve resource efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Municipal waste, which represents around 10% of total EU waste, declined slightly between 2004-2014 in both total amounts and waste generated per person on average.
The plastic sector in Bangladesh contributes 1% of GDP and employs half a million people. There are about 3,000 plastic manufacturing units, 98% of which are small and medium enterprises. Popular plastic products include household items, packaging, furniture, and accessories for the garment industry. While plastics offer benefits like low cost and durability, the sector faces challenges such as a lack of skilled labor and technical expertise, inadequate testing facilities, and issues with plastic waste recycling and management.
IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process involved heating the plastic waste in a reactor to about 500°C to break it down into oil, gas, and carbon black products. The oil produced has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using waste plastic oil replaces the need for other solvents and provides a way to manage plastic waste
IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor that was heated in a furnace to about 500°C. Vapors produced were condensed to obtain an oil that has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using oil from recycled plastic waste helps address the problems of plastic pollution while providing an alternative to existing solvent
This report presents estimates of global fossil CO2 emissions from 1970 to 2019 from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). Key findings include:
- Global fossil CO2 emissions increased 0.9% in 2019 to reach 38.0 gigatons, continuing recent trends of growth driven primarily by increases in China, India, and other emerging economies.
- China, the US, India, the EU27+UK, Russia, and Japan accounted for 67.0% of total global fossil CO2 emissions in 2019. Emissions increased most in China (3.4%) and India (1.6%) while decreasing in the US (-2.6%), EU27+UK (-3.
Bioplastics are regarded as a potential solution to address
environmental and economic challenges. They represent the
fastest-growing product line for bio-based products. Several
countries have taken action and significantly increased awareness of the use of bioplastics.
Business economics term report for MBA studentAmir Wahab
Global plastic production has grown rapidly due to its wide range of uses replacing other materials. In 2014, global plastic production was 311 million metric tons with China as one of the largest producers. Plastic production in Pakistan has also grown significantly at 15% annually with total estimated capacity of 624,200 metric tons per year, contributing over 1.69% to GDP. While plastics have benefits, their production requires energy and plastic waste is a major environmental issue as it takes hundreds of years to degrade and pollutes the environment.
#1 INTRODUCTION-The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulphur.
Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of heat and pressure or any other form of forces.
It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose environmental problem.
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the manufacturing of plastics.
##2Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe problem of waste generation in urban centres.
The waste quantities increased from 46 million tones in 2001 to 65 million tones in 2010.
Report says that per capita per day production will increase to 0.7 kg in 2050.
The characteristics of waste depends on various factors such as food habits, traditions, lifestyle, climate etc.
for more contect
IRJET- Pilot Study on Treatment of Plastic by Pyrolysis Process for Productio...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a pilot study on treating plastic waste through pyrolysis to produce oil. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an oxygen-free environment. In this study, low-density polyethylene plastic waste was pyrolyzed in a stainless steel reactor heated to 500°C to produce an oil with properties similar to aviation fuel. The pyrolysis process breaks the long polymer chains in plastics into smaller molecules of oil, gas and char. If optimized, pyrolysis has the potential to reduce plastic waste in landfills and produce a renewable alternative fuel from recycled plastics.
IRJET- Pilot Study on Treatment of Plastic by Pyrolysis Process for Produ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a pilot study on treating plastic waste through pyrolysis to produce oil. Plastic waste like polyethylene was pyrolyzed without a catalyst to produce fuel oil with properties similar to aviation fuel.
2. Pyrolysis is presented as a way to reduce plastic waste pollution while increasing fuel availability. The process converts waste plastic into useful oil through thermal decomposition.
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A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
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Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
1. 1
Plastics – the Facts 2015
An analysis of European plastics
production, demand and waste data
2. 3
Plastics – the Facts is an analysis of the data related to the production, demand and waste
management of plastics materials. It provides the latest business information on production and
demand, trade, recovery as well as employment and turnover in the plastics industry. In short, this
report gives an insight into the industry’s contribution to European economic growth and prosperity
throughout the life cycle of the material.
The data presented in this report was collected by PlasticsEurope (the Association of Plastics
Manufacturers in Europe) and EPRO (the European Association of Plastics Recycling and Recovery
Organisations). PlasticsEurope’s Market Research and Statistics Group (PEMRG) provided input on the
production of and demand for plastics raw materials. Consultic Marketing & Industrieberatung GmbH
helped assess waste generation and recovery data. Official statistics from European or national
authorities and waste management organisations have been used for recovery and trade data, where
available. Research or expertise from consultants completed gaps.
Figures cannot always be directly compared with those of previous years due to changes in estimates.
Some estimates from previous years have been revised in order to track progress, e.g. for use and
recovery of plastics across Europe over the past decade.
All figures and graphs in this report show data for EU-28 plus Norway and Switzerland, which is referred
to as Europe for the purposes of abbreviation – other country groups are explicitly listed.
6. 2014 key figures of the European plastics industry
62,000
Recycling
CompaniesEmployees
~ 27 bn €
350 bn € 2.4in GDP
Almost 3in jobs
Turnover Multiplier effect**
Trade balance* Contribution
Source: Eurostat
Most of them SMEs
Over
to public financesof positive trade balance of plastic waste recycled
18 bn €
The European plastics industry includes plastics raw material producers, plastics converters
and plastics machinery manufacturers in the EU-28 Member States.
1.45 million
7.7m t
**Source: Ambrosetti study 2013 – data for Italy*Data including only plastics raw material producers and plastics converters
8. 225 250 279 299
2004
Plastics production
in million tonnes
World
2009
257
2007 2011
288
2012 2013
311
2014
2013201120092004
60
2007
65 58 5855
2014
59
2012
57
Plastics* production is stable in Europe and grows globally
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic
*Includes plastics materials (thermoplastics and polyurethanes)
and other plastics (thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants).
Does not include the following fibers: PET-, PA-, PP- and polyacryl-fibers.
Europe
(EU28+NO/CH)
9. China is the largest producer of plastics materials*, followed by Europe
NAFTA
2006
2014
23%
23%
20%
21%
26%
19%
EUROPE CHINA
CIS
2%
3%
JAPAN
6%
4%
MIDDLE EAST,
AFRICA
6%
7%
LATIN
AMERICA
5%
5%
REST
OF ASIA
14%
16%
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic
* Plastics materials: only thermoplastics and polyurethanes 2014 World production of plastics materials*: 260 m t
data
data
10. Positive trade balance of 18 billion euros
5
10
15
20
25
30
2004
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Trade balance
Exports
Imports
bn€
Plastics manufacturing Plastics processing
Exports
Extra
EU-28
1. Turkey (13.7%) 1. USA (13.4%)
2. China (12.4%) 4. Switzerland (11.2%)
3. USA (11%) 3. Russia (10.7%)
4. Russia (7.8%) 4. China (8.9%)
5. Switzerland (6.2%) 5. Turkey (5.9%)
Imports
Extra
EU-28
1. USA (23.7%) 1. USA (22.1%)
2. Saudi Arabia (13.7%) 2. Switzerland (15.1%)
3. South Korea (12.2%) 3. China (13.8%)
4. Switzerland (7.1%) 4. Turkey (11.4%)
5. Japan (6.2%) 5. Japan (5.7%)
2004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
bn€
Plastics manufacturing extra EU-28 Plastics processing extra EU-28
2014 extra EU-28
top trade partners
in value
6.24
7.79
8.38 8.15 8.32
10.57 11.02
12.73
11.67
12.21
3.28 3.47
4.05
4.42
4.12
3.61
4.28
4.70
5.32 5.55 5.43
Source: Eurostat
EU-28 plastics industry: trade balance
with non-EU member countries (extra EU-28)
8.94
11. Cyprus / Malta
Belgium & Lux.
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Norway
Switzerland
European plastics demand by country (m t/year)
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / myCeppi
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Two thirds of plastics* demand in Europe is concentrated in five countries
2013 20122014
m t
Austria
Estonia
Plastics* demand
in Europe
GERMANY
ITALY
24.9%
UK
FRANCE
7.7%
SPAIN
7.4%
9.6%
14.3%
47.8m t
*Includes plastics materials (thermoplastics
and polyurethanes) and other plastics
(thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants).
Does not include the following fibers: PET-, PA-,
PP- and polyacryl-fibers.
12. Plastics meet the needs
of a wide variety of markets
Electrical &
electronic
AutomotiveAgriculture Building &
construction
Packaging Others*
5.7%3.4%
8.6%
22.7%20.1%
39.5%
* Others: include sectors such as consumer
and household appliances, furniture, sport,
health and safetySource: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / myCeppi
EU-28+NO/CH
Distribution of European plastics
demand by segment in 2014
13. A variety of plastics for different needs
PET
7%
PS, PS-E
7%
PUR
7.5 %
10.3%
PE-HD, PE-MD
12.1%
PE-LD, PE-LLD
17.2%
PP
19.2%
OTHERS
19.7%
Bottles, etc. Spectacle frames and
plastic cups (PS),
packaging (PS-E), etc.
Mattresses and
insulation panels, etc.
Films for food packaging (PE-LLD),
reusable bags (PE-LD), etc.
Folders, food packaging hinged caps,
car bumper, etc.
Teflon coated pans (PTFE ), hub caps (ABS),
roofing sheets (PC ), etc.
Window frames,
flooring and pipes, etc.
Toys (PE-HD, PE-MD),
milk bottles and pipes (PE-HD), etc.
%
European plastics demand* by polymer type 2014
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / myCeppi
* EU-28+NO/CH
PVC
PTFE ABS PC etc.
14. Evolution of European plastics demand* by polymer type
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / myCeppi
* EU-28+NO/CH
PE-LD, PE-LLD
PE-HD, PE-MD
PS
PS-E
PVC
ABS, SAN
PMMA
PA
PC
Other ETP
PUR
Other plastics
PET
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 95 10
m t
2014 20122013
PP
European
plastics
demand
47.8m t
European plastics* demand by polymer type 2014
*Includes plastics
materials (thermoplastics
and polyurethanes) and
other plastics (thermosets,
adhesives, coatings and
sealants). Does not include
the following fibers:
PET-, PA-, PP- and
polyacryl-fibers.
15. 39.5%
20.1%
8.6%
5.7%
26.1%
European plastics demand* by segment and polymer type 2014
Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Consultic / myCeppi
* EU-28+NO/CH
Packaging, building & construction and
automotive are the top three markets for plastics
PE-LD,PE-LLDPE-HD,PS-M
D
PP
PS
PS-E
PVC
ABS,SAN
PM
M
A
PA
PET
OtherETP
PUR
Other
plastics
PC
Electrical &
Electronic
Others
Automotive
Packaging
Building &
Construction
17. Treatment for post-consumer plastics waste in the EU28 + Norway and Switzerland
Source: Consultic
In 2014 plastics recycling and energy recovery reached 69.2%
In 2014, 25.8 million tonnes of post-consumer plastics waste ended up in the waste upstream.
69.2% was recovered through recycling and energy recovery processes while 30.8% still went to landfill.
25.8 m t
of post-consumer
plastics waste
30.8%
29.7%
Landfill
Recycling Energy
recovery
39.5%
18. Total plastics waste recycling and energy recovery from 2006 to 2014
Source: Consultic
m t
year
15
10
5
0
2006
Landfill
Energy recovery
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Since 2006 recycling and energy recovery have increased
The annual average of post-consumer plastics waste generation from 2006 to 2014 is 25 million tonnes
-38%
+46%
Recycling
+64%
8.0
10.2
7.7
4.7
7.0
12.9
19. Plastics waste going to landfill (2014)
Date of future landfill ban
Landfilling is still the
1st
option in many EU countries
More than 50% of
plastics waste is landfilled
Between 10 and 50% of
plastics waste is landfilled
Less than 10% of plastics waste
is landfilled. i.e. landfill bans
1999 +
2006
1997
1996
2005
2009 2005
2006
2004
2016
Date of landfill ban in force
20162016
2006
Source: Consultic
2016
20. Zero plastics to landfill makes economic and environmental sense
Almost 8 m t of plastics waste were landfilled in Europe in 2014
of plastics prevented
from being landfilled
Eiffel towers
=
8 800m t
barrels of oil
needed to produce
these plastics
Making use
of the
That way we
could save
large oil tankers=
10 50million
billion
euros
the EU budget
for tackling youth
employment
=8 1.3x
million tonnes
of plastics waste
8
21. Treatment of post-consumer plastics waste 2014
(EU-28 + CH/NO)
Source: Consultic
Switzerland
Austria
Netherlands
Germany
Sweden
Luxembourg
Denmark
Belgium
Norway
Ireland
Finland
Estonia
Slovenia
France
Portugal
Italy
UK
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Lithuania
Spain
Poland
Hungary
Romania
Latvia
Croatia
Bulgaria
Greece
Cyprus
Malta
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 100%80% 90%
Energy recovery rate
Landfill rate
Recycling rate
In general, countries with landfill ban achieve higher recycling rates
Countrieswithlandfillban
22. Plastics waste is a key resource in the move towards circular economy
energy
recovery
recycling
is the preferred
option for plastics
waste
is the alternative for
plastics which cannot
be sustainably recycled
Recycling is the preferred option for plastics waste. However, when recycling is no longer the most sustainable option,
energy recovery is the alternative. Both options complement each other and help realise the full potential of plastics waste.
23. Source: Consultic
* For Bulgaria & Romania: comparison 2014 vs. 2007
** No comparison available for Croatia
Estonia
Finland
Ireland
Slovenia
Lithuania
UK
Portugal
Poland
Romania*
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Hungary
Norway
Spain
Italy
Luxembourg
Germany
Netherlands
Bulgaria*
Greece
Cyprus
Latvia
France
Belgium
Austria
Malta
Sweden
Denmark
Switzerland
Croatia**
-10%-20% 0% 10% 30%20% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Recycling rateEnergy
recovery rate
Comparison of rates
2014 vs. 2006
Recycling and energy recovery complement each other
to increase resource efficiency
Changes in recycling and energy recovery rates by country
Referred to post-consumer plastics waste
24. Packaging recycling and energy recovery rate by country 2014
(Referred to post-consumer plastics waste)
Source: Consultic
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 100%80% 90%
Austria
Luxembourg
Germany
Switzerland
Netherlands
Sweden
Denmark
Belgium
Norway
Finland
Ireland
Estonia
Italy
Slovenia
Czech Republic
France
Poland
Slovakia
Portugal
Lithuania
Romania
Hungary
UK
Spain
Latvia
Bulgaria
Croatia
Greece
Cyprus
Malta
Plastics PACKAGING has the highest recycling and energy recovery rates
Energy recovery rate
Landfill rate
Recycling rate
25. Plastics have several lives
Recycled plastics
are used to
manufacture
a wide variety
of new products
Clothes and
footwear
Bags and
complements
Packaging
Building and
constructionbestproduct.epro-plasticsrecycling.org
Automotive
Discover awarded recycled plastics products at:
Furniture
and design
Outdoor
elements
27. Plastics industry production in EU-28
Source: Eurostat
60
50
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Plastics manufacturing Plastics machinery Plastics processing
Production index (2010=100, trend cycle & seasonally adjusted data)
year
In 2015 plastics production is still below pre-crisis level
Index
28. ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene resin
ASA Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate resin
bn billion
bn€ billion euros
CH Switzerland
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
Consultic Consultic Marketing & Industrieberatung GmbH
EU European Union
EPRO European Association of Plastics Recycling
and Recovery Organisations
ETP Engineering Thermoplastics
GDP Gross domestic product
myCeppi Eastern and Central European
Business Development
m t Million tonnes
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
(Canada, USA, Mexico)
NO Norway
Other Thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants
plastics
Other ETP Other engineering thermoplastics
PA Polyamide
PC Polycarbonate
PE Polyethylene
PE-HD Polyethylene, high density
PE-LD Polyethylene, low density
PE-LLD Polyethylene, linear low density
PE-MD Polyethylene, medium density
PEMRG PlasticsEurope Market Research Group
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
Plastics Plastic materials + other plastics
Plastics Thermoplastics + Polyurethanes (PUR)
Materials
PUR Polyurethane
PMMA Polymethyl Methacrylate
PP Polypropylene
PS Polystyrene
PS-E Polystyrene, expandable
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile
SMEs Small and medium entreprises
Thermo- Standard plastics (PE, PP, PVC, PS, EPS, PET
(bottle grade)) + Engineering plastics (ABS,
SAN, PA, PC, PBT, POM, PMMA, blends and
others including High Performance Polymers)
Thermosets Urea-formaldehyde foam, melamine resins,
polyester resins, epoxy resins, etc
UK United Kingdom
Glossary of terms
plastics
29. 30
3
PlasticsEurope
PlasticsEurope is one of the leading European trade associations with centres in Brussels, Frankfurt, London, Madrid, Milan
and Paris. We are networking with European and national plastics associations and have more than 100 member companies,
producing over 90% of all polymers across the EU28 member states plus Norway, Switzerland and Turkey. The European
plastics industry makes a significant contribution to the welfare in Europe by enabling innovation, creating quality of life
to citizens and facilitating resource efficiency and climate protection. More than 1.45 million people are working in more
than 60,000 companies (mainly small and medium sized companies in the converting sector) to create a turnover around
350 bn EUR per year.
www.plasticseurope.org
EPRO (European Association of Plastics Recycling and Recovery Organisations)
EPRO is a pan-European partnership of specialist organisations that are able to develop and deliver efficient solutions for
the sustainable management of plastics waste, now and for the future. EPRO members are working to optimise national
effectiveness through international co-operation: by studying successful approaches, evaluating different solutions and
examining obstacles to progress. By working together EPRO members can achieve synergies that will increase efficient plastics
recycling and recovery. Currently 19 organisations in 14 European countries, South Africa and Canada are represented in EPRO.
www.epro-plasticsrecycling.org