Plasma Technology
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Plasma is the fourth state of matter and consists of ionized gas. Plasma technology has many applications including lighting, semiconductor manufacturing, and surface treatments. Plasma displays use small cells of ionized gas to generate visible light and produce images. Plasma converters use intense heat from plasma torches to break down waste through pyrolysis, producing synthetic gas, slag, and heat.
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(2) It describes how focusing a pulsed laser onto a small spot can create a localized plasma through nonresonant breakdown, leading to localized heating and gas ignition.
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Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission. Uranium atoms are split using neutrons in a nuclear reactor, producing heat that converts water to steam to spin turbines connected to generators. The steam is then cooled and recycled. Nuclear power provides a large amount of energy from a small amount of fuel but produces radioactive waste that must be carefully stored. Safety systems are built into plant design to prevent radiation release in emergencies.
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- There are different types of plasma including cold, hot, and ultracold plasma.
- Applications of plasma include lighting, semiconductor manufacturing, displays, welding, cleaning, and fusion power research.
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This document discusses laser cooling and laser fusion. It begins with an introduction to laser cooling, explaining that lasers can be used to cool atoms to very low temperatures through a process called Doppler cooling. It then discusses laser fusion, noting that lasers can be used to compress hydrogen fuel pellets to conditions required for nuclear fusion through either direct or indirect drive methods. The document covers key topics like the fusion reaction, laser energy requirements, mechanisms of laser cooling and compression methods in laser fusion.
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This document discusses atomic emission spectroscopy. It begins by explaining emission and emission spectra. It then defines atomic emission spectroscopy as a procedure that uses the intensity of light from an excitation source like a plasma or flame at a specific wavelength to determine the quantity of an element in a sample. It discusses various excitation sources like flames, plasmas, sparks, arcs, and lasers. It also covers instrumentation, sample atomization methods, considerations for quantitative analysis, factors affecting accuracy, precision, sensitivity and selectivity.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Atomic absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of light by ground state atoms. It works by vaporizing a sample using a flame or graphite furnace atomizer and measuring the absorption of light from a hollow cathode lamp at a specific wavelength corresponding to the element of interest. Key components of an atomic absorption spectrometer include the radiation source, atomizer, monochromator, detector, and recorder. It can analyze over 60 elements and provides a sensitive technique for detecting metals in samples. Potential interferences include physical effects that alter nebulization or chemical effects that influence atomization.
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer.pptx
Atomic absorption spectrometry is a technique used to determine the concentration of chemical elements in solution. It works by vaporizing the elements in a flame or graphite furnace and measuring how much light of a specific wavelength is absorbed, which indicates the concentration. Key components of an atomic absorption spectrometer include a light source, atomizer such as a flame or furnace, monochromator, detector, and display. Flame atomic absorption is used for higher concentrations while graphite furnace atomic absorption can detect trace levels. Potential interferences must also be considered and addressed.
Laparoscopic Imaging Systems
It is well-known that laparoscopy is the consequence of advances made in the field of medical engineering. Each surgical specialty has different requirement of instruments. Laparoscopy was initially criticized owing to the cost of specialized instruments and possible complications due to these sharp long instruments.
Flame and atomic abosrption spectrophometry
Flame spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrometry are analytical techniques used to determine the presence of elements. Flame spectrophotometry uses the emission spectra of atoms in a flame, while atomic absorption spectrometry uses atomic absorption of light to analyze elements. Both techniques involve aspirating a sample solution into a flame to vaporize, dissociate, and excite the atoms. The emitted or absorbed light is then measured with a spectrometer to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze elemental composition. These techniques are used in applications such as water analysis, food testing, and clinical analysis.
Solar thermal energy
Solar thermal energy harnesses solar energy to generate thermal or electrical energy. It uses solar collectors to capture sunlight and convert it to heat. Collectors are classified by temperature as low, medium, or high. Low collectors heat pools or air, medium heat water or air for homes/buildings, and high concentrate sunlight for industrial heat up to 300°C or electricity generation. Solar thermal was first used in 1910 in the Sahara but later abandoned until being revisited. It works by capturing sunlight through collectors using the greenhouse effect to heat a fluid for applications like water and space heating, or pools. Collectors have a glass cover and dark absorber plate that heats a fluid circulating through pipes.
PAM & LBM.pptx
Plasma arc machining uses ionized gas at extremely high temperatures (11,000 to 30,000°C) to remove material from a workpiece. A plasma torch generates the ionized gas plasma from gases like hydrogen, nitrogen, or argon. The high-velocity plasma jet melts and blows away the molten metal from the workpiece. Plasma arc machining can cut hard metals and leaves a narrow kerf but has high equipment and operating costs.
Atomic absorption-spectrometry
Atomic absorption spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of elements in a sample by converting them to gaseous atoms and measuring how much light of a specific wavelength they absorb. It works by vaporizing the sample using a flame or heating and passing light from a hollow cathode lamp of the element through it. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the element and is measured using a detector. It has various applications in fields like clinical analysis, environmental monitoring, pharmaceuticals, mining and more. The document provides details on how atomic absorption spectrometry works and the components involved like the light source, atomization methods, and calibration.
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- 1. PLASMA TECHNOLOGY BY ASHISH BABBAR UMANG JAIN SUMIT GUPTA
- 12. INSIDE THE PLASMA DISPLAY
- 14. WORKING OF PLASMA DISPLAY
- 25. Conveyor system
- 28. Furnace
- 39. Molten slag draining from a plasma furnace
- 41. Metal nodules can be separated from the sand
- 42. Water-cooled slag forms sand
- 43. Air-cooled slag forms rocks like this