Plasma is the fourth state of matter and consists of ionized gas containing positive ions and free electrons. Plasma makes up over 90% of the visible universe and can be generated by heating a gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field. Plasma has unique properties compared to solids, liquids, and gases such as being electrically conductive and interacting collectively. Plasma technology has various applications including surface cleaning and functionalization, welding, lighting, and plasma displays. Plasma treatment can improve properties like wettability and adhesion without using solvents.

1. PLASMA TECHNOLOGY

2. What is PLASMA?
♦ IRVING LANGMUIR first used the term plasma in
1926 to describe the inner region of an electrical
discharge.
♦ It is defined as a state of matter in which a significant
number of atom and/or molecules are electrically
charged or ionised.
♦ Plasma is any substance (usually a gas) whose
atoms have one or more electrons detached and
therefore become ionised remains in gas.
Thus,plasma is electrically neutral.

3. Plasma carries high energy and makes up over 90% of the entire universe.

4. COMPARISON
PLASMA & GAS PHASES
Property Gas Plasma
Electrical very low usually very
conductivity High
Independently one two or three
acting species
Velocity Maxwellian often non
distribution velocity Maxwellian
distribution
Interaction binary collective

5. ENERGY GRAPH
Plasma is a form of matter that higher energy
than the corresponding solid,liquid and
gases.In plasma the energy is also due
presence of ions & free electrons.Inspite of
high energy it is not very hot.

6. GENERATION OF PLASMA
A gas becomes plasma when the kinetic energy of
the gas particles rises to equal the ionisation energy
of the gas. When this level is reached, collisions of
the gas particles cause a rapid cascading ionisation,
resulting in plasma.
A gas can be converted into plasma by passing high-
energy electrons through the gas
Generation of Plasma can be created by applying an
electric field to a low-pressure gas, as in neon or
fluorescent tubes
Plasma can also be created by heating a neutral gas
to very high temperatures by external source .

7. VARIOUS PLASMA TECHNIQUE
♦ Glow discharge
2) It is produced at reduced pressure (low-
pressure plasma technique) and provides
the highest possible uniformity and flexibility
of any plasma treatment.
3) The plasma is formed by applying a DC, low
frequency (50 Hz) or radio frequency (40
kHz, 13.56 MHz) voltage over a pair or a
series of electrodes.

8. Corona discharge
♦ It is formed at atmospheric pressure by applying a
low frequency or pulsed high voltage over an
electrode pair.
♦ The corona consists of a series of small lightning-
type discharges; their in homogeneity and the high
local energy levels.
Dielectric Barrier Discharge
♦ Dielectric barrier discharge is formed by applying a
pulsed voltage over an electrode pair of which at
least one is covered by a dielectric material.
♦ Though also here lightning-type discharges are
created, a major advantage over corona discharges
is the improved textile treatment uniformity.

9. ♦ Atmospheric pressure plasma
technique
This technique provides the highest
possible plasma density at low gas
temperatures.
Thus treats fabric and other substrates
without damaging them.
The discharge uses a high-flow feed-gas
primarily an inert carrier gas, like He, and
small amount of additive to be activated,
such as O2, H2O or CF4.

10. FORMS OF PLASMA
Artificially produced plasma
2) Those found in plasma display.
3) Inside fluorescent lamp,neon signs,etc.
4) Fusion energy research.
5) Plasma used for surface modification of
textiles.
6) The electric arc in an arc lamp ,an arc
welder, or plasma torch.

11. Terrestrial plasma
1) Lighting.
2) Sprites,elves,jets.
3) The ionosphere.
Space & astrophysical plasma
6) The sun and the other stars.
7) The solar wind.
8) The interplanetary med

12. USES OF PLASMA
In cleaning surfaces
The beam of plasma is created from the air by a
pulsed current that excites the molecules. The
resulting ions and free electrons then remove static
electricity and dust, as well as vaporize
contaminants, including waxes and silicone residues.

13. In functionalizing surfaces
2) The surfaces of plastics are chemically unreactive
due to long polymer low energy chains and have no
functional groups.
3) A plasma beam can replace them with its functional
groups that are more reactive like –OH and –NH.

14. In making material wettable
Many liquids are self-loving, so they do not spread
out on a surface unless their energy is similarly
high.Plasma promotes wettability by first cleaning the
surface to remove contaminants, then it increases
surface energy by changing its structure.

15. In welding
When the surfaces to be welded are treated with
plasma, the contaminants are removed and the
resulting weld can be achieved more quickly and is
stronger.
The plasma nozzle can be mounted ahead of the
welding head, allowing the surfaces to be cleaned
and welded in a single pass.

16. PRODUCTS
Plasma acceleration
2) Plasma acceleration is a technique for
accelerating charged particles using an
electric field associated with an electron
plasma wave.
3) If an external electric field is applied, the
plasma will separate, with the particles
being attracted to the external field. A
particle injected into such a plasma would
be accelerated by the charge separation.

17. PROCESS:-

18. PLASMA DISPLAY
♦ The plasma video display was co-invented in 1964
at the by Donald Bitzer,H. Gene Slottow, and
graduate student Robert Willson for the
PLATO Computer System.
♦ A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat
panel display.Many tiny cells located between two
panels of glass hold an inert mixture of noble gases
(neon and xenon). The gas in the cells is
electrically turned into a plasma which then excites
phosphors to emit light.

20. APPLICATIONS
♦ Plastics
2) With plasma dissimilar materials can be combined
in a two-shot injection molding process.
♦ Metal-non metal combination
5) Plasma can treat metal/non-metal combinations,
removing organic and silicone contaminants as well
as activating the surfaces before printing, coating
and bonding.
Fabrics
8) Plasma makes textiles more hydrophilic or
absorptive .This improved wettability enables the
use of adhesives over clothes.

21. SIGNIFICANCE
Using plasma beam we can impart more efficient
painting and coating of metal surfaces.
This method use lower cost materials.
Eliminate environmentally problematic solvents.
Plasma can carry a lot of energy and is highly
reactive, but it is not necessarily hot.
Plasma treatments can be integrated into the
manufacturing process,reducing pollution and
energy consumption.there is no waste production.

22. REFRENCES
1) www.wikipedia.com
2) www.plasmatreat.com
3) www.indiantextilejournal.com

23. Manmath Agarwal