Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture technique and its commercial application on horticultural crops.It is the best technique used all over the world to produce the replica of the plant in high number especially used for highly demanding crops.
Plant tissue culture,its methods, advantages,disadvantages and applications.Komal Jalan
Plant tissue culture is the most widely used technique for growing very large number of plant using a very small part of the main plant(explant). Tissue culturing is very common for many popular and demanding crops.Few of them discussed here are Potato,Papaya,Pinepple,Banana,Gerbera,Sunflower,Orchids
PPT on Tissue Culture Class 10 CBSE Text Book NCERT.One Time Forever
This is a PPT Based on Class 10 Chapter How Do Organisms Reproduce, on a Small Topic of it That is Tissue Culture with easy and detailed explanation of each topic of tissue culture along with some pictures and some examples. Hopefully it Would Be Helpful To You. Thank You.
Callus cultures are initiated from a small part of an organ or tissue segment called the explants on a growth supporting solidified nutrient medium under sterile conditions. Any part of the plant organ or tissues may be used as the explants.Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation.Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants.Plant Tissue Culture products include Murashige and Skoog media, plant growth regulators, plant growth hormones, plant transformation systems,
Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
Definition of hairy root culture ,multiple shoot culture ,Production of hairy root and multiple shoot , advantages an disadvantages of hairy root and multiple shoot culture, Sterilization and sterilizing agents wit concentration and exposure time
INVITRO CULTURE: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIOSNS & ACHIEVEMENTS.
INVITRO TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY USE IN AGRICULTURE AND CROP IMPROVEMENT. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS. TISSUE CULTURE, MICROPROPAGATION, EMBRYO CULTURE, ANTHER CULTURE, POLLEN CULTURE, ENDOSPERM CULTURE, OVULE CULTURE, OVARY CULTURE, ETC.
Micropropagation (tissue culture or invitro culture) refers to the multiplication of plants, in an aseptic condition and in artificial growth medium from plant parts like meristem tip, callus, embryos anthers, axillary buds etc. It is a method by which a true to type and disease free entire plant can be regenerated from a miniature piece of plant in aseptic condition in artificial growing medium rapidly throughout the year.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applications
1. TISSUE CULTURE AS A PLANT
PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE FOR
HORTICULTURE CROPS
2. WHAT IS TISSUE CULTURE?
Tissue culture is the term used for “the process of growing
cells artificially in the laboratory.
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE-Technique of growing plant cells,
tissues, and organs in an artificially prepared nutrient
medium under aseptic condition.
REQUIREMENT OF TISSUE CULTURE:
• Appropriate tissue (explant)
• A suitable growth medium (Some of the common media
are MS, LS, Gamborg B5, White’s, Hellar for haploids etc)
• Growth regulators
• Aseptic (sterile) conditions
• Frequent subculturing :
Plant cells are totipotent.
Origin : Early
20th century with
the work of
Gottleib
Haberlandt
(plants).
4. PROCESS OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Selection of explant from
mother plant
Parent plant
Inoculation Light &warmth for shoot
initiation
Shoots are transferred to
rooting media(higher
auxin conc)
Shoot formation Callus induction
Plants are kept for
hardening in green
house ,sold to a
nursery and then
potted up.
5. Tissue culture plants sold to
a nursery & then potted up
The rooted shoots are
potted up (deflasked)
and ‘hardened off’
This is necessary as
many young tissue
culture plants have no
waxy cuticle to prevent
water loss.
6. FACTORS AFFECTING TISSUE CULTURE
• Growth Media
– Minerals, Growth factors, Carbon source, Hormones
• Environmental Factors
– Light, Temperature, Photoperiod, Sterility, Media
• Explant Source
– Usually, the younger, less differentiated explant, the better for tissue
culture
– Different species show differences in amenability to tissue culture
– In many cases, different genotypes within a species will have variable
responses to tissue culture; response to somatic embryogenesis has
been transferred between melon cultivars through sexual hybridization
8. MICRO-PROPAGATION
Large scale production of genetically identical clones in vitro is called
Micro-propagation.
ADVANTAGES:
•Millions of shoot tips from a small piece of plant tissue in a short
period of time and space.
•Maintain Genetically uniform progeny.
•Can produce exact copies of plants required that have desirable
traits.
•Supplies plant throughout the year irrespective of seasonal variation
COMMERCIAL APPLICATION:
•Micro propagation of Orchids demonstrated profit all over the
world.
•Many other crops like banana, papaya, potato, gerbera, carnation,
Anthurium, apple, pear,cherry etc have been grown through micro
propagation are commercially exploited.
•Development of disease resistant crops .Some valuable clones
recovered from virus are
Tobacco- TMV, Sugarcane-Mosaic virus etc.
•Among the innovative techniques of micro propagation, the
concept of somatic embryogenesis with synthetic seed
production or artificial seed technology is very promising,
9. GERMPLASM CONSERVATION
• Maintenance of germplasm of plants vulnerable to pathogen, insects and various climatic
hazards and plants with early embryo degeneration, are difficult to maintain
• Plant species which are endangered, rare threatened with extinction are needed to be
conserved by ex-citu method of germplasm conservation.
• Provides cost effective alternative to growing plants under field condition , nurseries or
green houses.
• Cryopreservation of germplasm is really effective in conservation biotechnology.
EMBRYO CULTURE
• Using embryo culture seed dormancy can be overcome.
• Embryo rescue which can circumvent post zygotic barriers.
• To raise the rare hybrids by rescuing embryo from incompatible crosses is the most popular
application. The production of embryos from somatic or “non-germ” cells.
• Usually involves a callus intermediate stage which can result in variation among seedlings
10. HAPLOID&DIHAPLOID PRODUCTION
• Anther or Ovary/ovule culture
• Production of pure homozygous line in leser time period.
• Androgenic haploids are used to produce different lines of aneuploids like monosomic,nullisomic,trisomic
etc.
• Induction of mutagenesis
• Recessive traits(e.g low glucosinolate in Brassica ) can be made expressed.
• Use in hybrid development and early release of varieties.
11. ARTIFICIAL SEED PRODUCTION
. Synthetic or Artificial Seeds (living seed-like structure) are any totipotent cells(somatic
embryos or meristem tips etc )which is artificially encapsulated by chemicals (Hydrogels)
which behave like true seeds if grown in soil and can be used as substitutes of true seeds and
possess the ability to convert into a plant ex vitro or invitro.
SOMATIC EMBRYO
ARTIFICIAL SEED
COAT
ARTIFICIAL
ENDOSPERM
GERMINATED SYNTHETIC SEEDS
12. PROTOPLAST FUSION
• Production of somatic hybrids.
• Production of CMS line.
• Somatic Hybrids with specific alien gene.
• Production of Unique Nuclear Cytoplasmic
Combination.
• Production of Autotetraploid or Allotetraploid.
• Production of Heterozygous line.
SOMACLONAL VARIATION
• Play an important role in
polyploidisation.
• Genetic variability can be raised which
include resistance to a particular disease,
herbicide resistance,stress tolerance etc
13. ADVANTAGES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
• A single explant can be multiplied into several thousand plants in less than a year - this allows fast
commercial propagation of new cultivars. Very useful solution for the prevention of starvation in third
world countries since the process is highly efficient i.e. by using only one plant it is possible to produce
more than one thousand copies of the same plant with higher productivity if its genome is changed.
• Taking an explant does not usually destroy the mother plant, so rare and endangered plants can
be cloned safely.
• Once established, a plant tissue culture line can give a continuous supply of young plants
throughout the year.
• The production of clones of plants that produce particularly good flowers, fruits, or have other desirable
traits.
• The production of multiples of plants in the absence of seeds or necessary pollinators to produce seeds.
• Allows production of plants from seeds that otherwise have very low chances of germinating and growing,
i.e.: orchids and Nepenthes.
• The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that have been genetically modified.
• Tissue culture clones are ‘true to type’ as compared with seedlings, which show greater variability.
• The production of plants in sterile containers reduces disease transmission. To clean particular plants of
viral and other infections and to quickly multiply these plants as 'cleaned stock' for horticulture and
agriculture.
• Plant ‘tissue banks’ can be frozen, then regenerated through tissue culture.
• Tissue culture allows fast selection for crop improvement - explants are chosen from superior
plants, then cloned.
14. DISADVANTAGES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
• Chromosomal abnormalities appear as cultures age: undesirable changes.
• Long term culture lose regenerative potential.
• Expensive,labour intensive especially if less than 1000 plants are needed.
• The procedure is quite variable and also it depends on the type of the species
so sometimes it needs trial-and-error type of experiments if there is no
available review about that species.
The procedure needs special attention and diligently done observation.
There may be error in the identity of the organisms after culture.
Infection may continue through generations easily if possible precautions are not
taken
Decrease genetic variability.
15. ADVANTAGES OF TISSUE CULTURE
CROP IMPROVEMENT
• Tissue culture has been exploited to create genetic variability from which
crop plants can be improved.
• to improve the state of health of the planted material and to increase the
number of desirable germplasms available to the plant breeder
• The culture of single cells and meristems can be effectively used to
eradicate pathogens from planting material and thereby dramatically
improve the yield of established cultivars.
• Large-scale micropropagation laboratories are providing millions of plants
for the commercial ornamental market and the agricultural, clonally-
propagated crop market. With selected laboratory material typically taking
one or two decades to reach the commercial market through plant
breeding, this technology can be expected to have an ever increasing
impact on crop improvement as we approach the new millenium.
16. Research on some horticulture crops
1.POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)
Tissue culture plants are when grown
In insect proof net houses produces
mini tubers.
Tissue culture of mini tubers give 20-
30% higher yield.
Protected against bacterial disease
aphids(bacterial disease-crop failure).
Uniform evenly shaped potatoes.
17. BANANA
• Disease & pest free
planting material.
• Little space needed for
multiplying large
number of plants
• Plantlets more
vigourous , uniform
shorter harvest period,
higher bunch weights.
• Allows for faster
distribution of superior
germplasm.
PLUMUlE SHOOT TIP
EMBRYO
GERMINATION
WELL DEVELOPED ROOT
& SHOOT
COMPLETE
PLANTLET
ACCLIMITIZA
-TION STATE
SECONDARY
HARDENING
EMBRYO CULTURE OF WILD Musa SP
SYNTHETIC SEED OF BANANA
EXPLANT-SUCKER
5CM PLUG PLANTS ARE GROWN IN
GREEN HOUSE
18. FRUITS
PINEAPPLE
• Resistance to mealy
bugs,nematodes,wilt
disease,heart and root rot.
• Uniform yield,uniform fruit
weighing.
• Faster growth and spineless
darker leaves
• Sweeter pulp
• Ripens evenly and naturally
PAPAYA
•Rapid and mass propagation of homogenous
and uniform plants for both commercial and
research purposes.
•As the sex of the plant is known,the required
nummber of male to female plant species can
be produced.
•To decrease mortality% and to increase
gaermination%.
•To increase yield.
•To avoid papaya viral disease.
•To obtain export quality food.
19. FLOWERS
SUNFLOWER
• IMMATURE EMBRYO CULTURE-For the shortening of the
entire lifecylce
• To overcome seed dormancy.
• In vitro tissue culture methods in sunflower accelerates
the breeding process.
• Gene from sunflower known as HAHB4, which helps the
plant endure water shortages. That gene is introduced
into wheat, soybean and maize.
GERBERA
Gerbera – hybrid seed
germination followed by axillary
bud proliferation and separation
20. ORCHIDS
• Seeds are exceedingly small with small
reserves,loose their viability very fast so they
need to be germinated in a nutrient medium.
• Higher seed germination % even in rare to
germinate species
• Exact clones are produced .
• Mass and rapid propagation.
• Diseased free plant
• Embryo rescue and culture in hybrid plant
production.
CAPSULE OF ORCHID MATURE CAPSULE BEARING SEEDS
CALLUS (OR PLB)OF ORCHID INVITRO GERMINATION BY SEEDS
(a) Clump formation at the base of leaf segments on
week three, (b) PLB initiation, (c) PLB development
into shoots and roots, (d) direct shoot formation (e)
shoot induced roots on week six and (f) 3-month-
old plantlets
21. Conclusion
• Plant tissue culture represents most promising areas of
application and giving an outlook into the future.
• While tissue-culture offers tremendous benefits, it
could be a bane if undertaken improperly. It could be
the fastest means of spreading disease in any crop. If
the source of the material to be tissue-cultured is
disease-infected, the resulting tissue-cultured plantlets
will carry the disease. Since tissue culture could
produce thousands if not millions of plantlets
tremendously fast, the disease could spread super fast.
Thus conducting tissue culture we must be sure that
the parent plant is free from infection or disease.
planted in a sterile medium, and placed in a greenhouse
Care must be taken during this transition to acclimatize the plant to their new environment
Weak, sterile plant
Usually want to double the chromosomes, creating a dihaploid plant with normal growth & fertility
Chromosomes can be doubled by
Colchicine treatment
Embryo rescue of interspecific crosses
Creation of alloploids (e.g. triticale)
Bulbosum method
Anther culture/Microspore culture
Culturing of Anthers or Pollen grains (microspores)
Derive a mature plant from a single microspore
Ovule culture
Culturing of unfertilized ovules (macrospores)
Sometimes “trick” ovule into thinking it has been
Spontaneous doubling
Tends to occur in all haploids at varying levels
Many systems rely on it, using visual observation to detect spontaneous dihaploids
Can be confirmed using flow cytometry
that can be used for sowing as a seed and that possess the ability to convert into a plant under in vitro or ex vitro conditions and that retain this potential also after storage. It is within an artificial medium that supplies nutrients and is encased in an artificial seed covering. which functionally mimic seeds and can develop into seedling under suitable conditions
The technology designed to combine the advantages of clonal propagation with those of seed propagation and storage. Also cab be used as channel for new plant lines produced through biotechnology advances.