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Taxonomy: Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista comprises unicellular eukaryotic organisms with distinct nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, serving as the ancestral lineage for fungi, plants, and animals. It includes diverse groups like animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like protists, each with unique characteristics, habitats, and methods of reproduction. Protists can also be pathogenic, with notable examples such as malaria caused by Plasmodium and African sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma.
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Taxonomy: Kingdom Protista
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- 2. Kingdom Protista • Theyhave distinct cell nuclei and membrane-bound organelles which allow for compartmentalization and dedication of specific areas of the cell for specific functions. • Plays a very important role in the phylogeny of all eukaryotes. • They serve as the stem group for the fungi, plants, and animals. • Major groups within this kingdom include the algae, euglenoids, ciliates, protozoans and flagellates. Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.
- 3. Kingdom Protista • Unicellular •One of the first groups of living things on Earth. (1.5 billion years ago.) • Microscopic • Can cause disease • Can be parasites • Has a nucleus. • Live in watery environment. • Generally live as individual cells. • Protists vary greatly in appearance and function. Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.
- 4. 3 Categories I. Animal-likeProtists. II. Plant-like Protists. III. Fungus-like Protists.
- 5. I. Animal-like Protists •Protozoan means “First Animal”. • Cells contain a nucleus. • Cells lack a cell wall. • They are heterotrophs. • Most can move on their own.
- 6. 4 Groups ofAnimal-like Protists 1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz) 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts) 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts) 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)
- 7. Sarcodines • Have pseudopods(Greek: “false foot”) • Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. • Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture food.. Amoeba • Most familiar Sarcodine. • Pseudopods: • Blob shaped. • Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside • Food Vacuole: where food is digested.
- 8. Ciliates • Have ciliaon the outside of their cells. • Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers. Paramecium • Pellicle: tough outer wall. • Slipper shaped • Gullet: holds food. • Food Vacuole: digests food. • Anal Pore: removes wastes • 2 Contractile Vacuoles • 2 Nuclei • Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation.
- 9. Flagellates (Zooflagellates) • Havea Flagellum: a long whip-like structure used for movement. • Many live in animals • Flagellates are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip- like projections called flagella poking out of their cells. • Flagellates use their flagella to move.
- 10. Sporozoans • All Sporozansare parasites. • They feed on cells and body fluids. • Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells). • Pass from one host to another. • Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.
- 11. II. Plant-like Protists •Unicellular and Multicellular • Colonies (groups of unicellular protists) • Can move on their own • Autotrophs: make their own food from simple materials using light energy (photosynthesis). • Pigments: chemicals that produce color
- 12. 6 Groups ofPlant-like Protist • Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz) • Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz) • Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh- layts) • Rhodophyta (Red Algae) • Chlorophyta (Green Algae) • Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
- 13. Euglenoids • Green • Unicellular •Live in fresh water • Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions. • Flagella • Eyespot: sensitive to light. • Chloroplasts • Pellicle
- 14. Diatoms • Unicellular • 10,000living species. • Aquatic • Glass like cell wall • Diatomaceous earth: course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.
- 15. Dinoflagellates • Unicellular • Cellwalls are like plates of armor. • Two flagella • Spins when it moves. • Colorful (pigments) • Can glow in the dark. • Causes Red Tide
- 16. Red Algae • Multicellularseaweeds • Live in deep ocean waters • Used for ice cream and hair conditioner • Used as food in Asia
- 17. Green Algae • Mostare unicellular • Some form colonies • Few are multicellular • Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places. • Very closely related to green plants.
- 18. A Volvox isa hollow boll composed of hundreds of flagellated cells in a single layer.
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- 20. Brown Algae • Commonlycalled seaweed • Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments. • Attach to rocks • Have air bladders • Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long! • Used as food thickeners
- 21. III. Fungus-like Protists •Heterotrophs • Have cell walls. • Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives. • Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds • Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)
- 22. Water and DownyMolds • Live in water or moist places. • Tiny threads that look like fuzz. • Attack food crops • Caused the Irish Potato Famine. Type: Slime Molds • Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies: • The Fruiting Bodies contain Spores. • At first they look like ameba, then later they look like mold. • Live on moist shady places. • Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.
- 23. Parasitic Protists • Parasite- an organism that lives on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism • Vector - an organism that can carry a parasite, and is responsible for infecting other organisms (host) with that parasite. Vectors themselves are not harmful, but in the battle against human disease, controlling the vector can control the transmission of parasites.
- 24. Malaria • Protist: Plasmodium Vector:Anopholes Mosquito • Statistics: • According to the World Health Organization, 300-500 million cases of malaria occur each year • Malaria results in 1.5-2.7 million deaths per year (much more than AIDS) • Most cases occur in Africa and South America • Symptoms include fever, headache, vomitting and other flu-like symptoms • The protist lives inside the bloodstrea, eventually clogging capillaries and destroying blood cells, which will lead to death if not treated
- 25. Anopheles moquisto takinga blood meal, this is how a human becomes infected with plasmodium and contracts Malaria The arrow points to the purplish colored protist (Plasmodium), the pinkish spheres are blood cells
- 26. African Sleeping Sickness(or Trypanosomiasis) Protist: Trypanosoma Vector: Tse Tse Fly Statistics: Occurs mostly in sub-saharan africa Symptoms include fever, headaches, pain in joints -followed by a phase when the parasite infects the central nervous system, causing confusion, lack of coordination, and uncontrolled sleepiness. Without treatment, the host will die This s lide shows a blood smear of a person infected with trypanosoma. The protist is the purplish colored string-like things. They appear string-like due to a flagella. The reddish circles are blood cells.
- 27. Giardiasis Protist: Giardia Transmission: Drinkingcontaminated water (usually outdoor streams and other untreated water) Symptoms: Severe diarrhea and vomitting, the protist takes up residence in the digestive tract. B = Protist, Giardia A = flagella
- 28. • Other ProtistParasites • Cryptsporidium - this protist was responsible for a major health crisis in detroit when the city's drinking water became contaminated • Amebic Dysentery - also known as Montezuma's Revenge, travellers often contract this in other countries (causes diarrhea)
Editor's Notes
- #2 Protists attract less attention than other organisms. Here’s some possible reasons They are not big and easily visible to the naked eye (though there are some exceptions), unlike the “macrobes” – animals, plants, and fungi. When people talk about “microbes”, they usually refer only to the bacteria and archaea (collectively known as prokaryotes). The eukaryotic microbes are usually ignored. But they are still important, and here’s why: They’re part of the microbial food chain and make up a significant fraction of its biomass. Many graze on bacteria, and are eaten up in turn by other protists and small animals. Photosynthetic protists, the algae, are responsible for 40% of primary production on the Earth. Certain algal species, especially diatoms and dinoflagellates, are responsible for toxic algal blooms in rivers and oceans, such as the deadly red tide. These cause both environmental and economic problems. Several deadly diseases are caused by protist pathogens, such as malaria (Plasmodium), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma), and amoebic dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica). They can teach us about the origins of complex multicellular organisms like the plants and animals. Many protists, such as the cellular slime moulds and the green algae, display coloniality or simpler forms of multicellularity that illustrate how complex multicellularity may have evolved. Some species are important symbiotic partners with other organisms. Certain corals are able to photosynthesize because they have zooxanthellae, which are actually dinoflagellates which have entered into a mutualistic relationship with the coral animals.