This document provides information about plant and animal cell structures and their functions. It begins by discussing the early discoveries of cells and the cell theory. It then describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The main organelles of eukaryotic cells are described, including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and ribosomes. The functions of these organelles are explained, such as the nucleus containing DNA, mitochondria producing energy, and chloroplasts performing photosynthesis. The document highlights that plant and animal cells share many similarities but plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Levels of organization life.
Atome-molecules-cells-tissues-organ-system-organism to the ecospehere.
With interactives exercises for the classroom lesson.
www. biodeluna.wordpress.com/
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
Levels of organization life.
Atome-molecules-cells-tissues-organ-system-organism to the ecospehere.
With interactives exercises for the classroom lesson.
www. biodeluna.wordpress.com/
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
3 ESO- Biology bilingual education.
IES Pedro de Luna.
Cell.
Microscope.
Types of cells: Eukaryotic and Procaryotic. Animal and Plant cells.
The organelles ofthe cell and their functions.
www.biodeluna.wordpress.com
In the realm of biology, understanding the cell is akin to unlocking the secrets of life itself. The Class 11 Biology curriculum introduces students to the fascinating world of cells, encapsulating the intricate processes that sustain living organisms. The chapter aptly titled "Cell: The Unit of Life" serves as a foundational cornerstone, laying the groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of biology and the complexity of life.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Robert Hooke discovered the
first cells. Cork Cells were
thought to have been these
cells.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek was
first to observe one celled living
things. Examples of these were
bacteria and parameciums.
3. The Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the smallest living things.
All organisms living today are descendents of an
ancestral cell.
Cells arise only by division of previously existing cells.
The cell theory (proposed independently in 1838
and 1839) is a cornerstone of biology.
Schleiden
Schwann
7. Cytosol
Cytoplasm refers to the jelly-like material with organelles in
it.
If the organelles were removed, the soluble part that would
be left is called the cytosol. It consists mainly of water with
dissolved substances such as amino acids in it.
8. Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Nucleolu
s
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
9. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
1. Nucleus
Nickname: “The Control Center”
Function: holds the DNA
Parts:
1. Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the
nucleus that helps make ribosomes
10. Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Nucleolus Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
11. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
2. Ribosomes
Function: makes proteins
Found in all cells, prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
12. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Nickname: “Roads”
Function: The internal delivery system of
the cell
13. Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
14. Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 Types:
1. Rough ER:
Rough appearance because it has
ribosomes
Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it
has ribosomes
1. Smooth ER:
NO ribosomes
Function: makes fats or lipids
15. Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Complex
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
16. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
4. Golgi Complex
Nickname: The shippers
Function: packages, modifies, and
transports materials to different location
inside/outside of the cell
Appearance: stack of pancakes
17. Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
18. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
5. Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than
ribosomes)
Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
Function: to break down food into
particles the rest of the cell can use and
to destroy old cells
19. Cell suicide (suicide is bad for
cells, but good for us!)
(The lysosome is not found
in plant cells)
21. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
6. Mitochondria
Nickname: “The Powerhouse”
Function: Energy formation
Breaks down food to make ATP
ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that
require energy
23. Now let’s talk about structures only
found in PLANT Cells!!
24. Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Plant Cell
Cell Membrane
Vacuol
e
25. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
7. Vacuole (central)
Function: stores water
This is what makes lettuce crisp
When there is no water, the plant wilts
The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure
27. Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Plant Cell
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
28. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
8. Chloroplasts
Function: traps energy from the sun to
produce food for the plant cell
Green in color because of chlorophyll,
which is a green pigment
30. Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Plant Cell
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell
Wall
31. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
9. Cell Wall
Function: provides support and
protection to the cell membrane
Found outside the cell membrane in plant
cells