Pipelining
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The document discusses pipelining in computer processors. It explains that pipelining allows for multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously by dividing the instruction process into stages. Each stage completes a part of the instruction in parallel. This allows for increased instruction throughput compared to non-pipelined processors. However, pipelining can introduce different types of hazards like data hazards, structural hazards, and instruction hazards if the dependencies between instructions are not addressed properly.
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Pipelining
Pipelining is a technique where the instruction execution process is divided into multiple stages that can operate in parallel. This allows subsequent instructions to begin processing before previous ones have finished. For example, with laundry, pipelining allows washing, drying, and folding different loads simultaneously to complete all the laundry faster. In processors, pipelining overlaps the stages of instruction fetch, decode, execute, and writeback to improve throughput. While pipelining improves performance, it can introduce hazards like structural, data, and control hazards that must be addressed.
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This document discusses various aspects of parallel computing including:
- Different levels of parallelism from instruction-level to job-level and their tradeoffs.
- Data and control dependence relationships that enable or prevent parallel execution.
- The mismatch between software and hardware parallelism and techniques to address it.
- The role of compilers in exploiting hardware parallelism and interacting with architecture design.
- Program partitioning, scheduling, grain size, and tradeoffs between computation and communication latency.
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This document provides an overview of hardware multithreading techniques including fine-grained, coarse-grained, and simultaneous multithreading. Fine-grained multithreading switches threads after every instruction to hide latency. Coarse-grained multithreading switches threads only after long stalls to avoid slowing individual threads. Simultaneous multithreading issues instructions from multiple threads each cycle to better utilize functional units.
pipelining
The document discusses parallel processing and pipelining. It defines parallel processing as performing concurrent data processing to achieve faster execution. This can be done by having multiple ALUs that can execute instructions simultaneously. The document then discusses Flynn's classification of computer architectures based on instruction and data streams. It describes single instruction single data (SISD), multiple instruction single data (MISD), and multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) architectures. The document then defines pipelining as decomposing processes into sub-operations that flow through pipeline stages. It provides examples of arithmetic and instruction pipelines, describing the stages in each.
I/O Organization
Requirements of I/O Module
I/O Buffering
Programmed I/O
Interrupt Driven I/O
DMA
Bus Arbitration
1.prallelism
The document discusses parallelism and techniques to improve computer performance through parallel execution. It describes instruction level parallelism (ILP) where multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously through techniques like pipelining and superscalar processing. It also discusses processor level parallelism using multiple processors or processor cores to concurrently execute different tasks or threads.
Data manipulation instructions
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide computational capabilities for computers. These instructions are divided into three basic types: arithmetic instructions, logical and bit manipulation instructions, and shift instructions. Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and incrementing and decrementing values. Logical and bit manipulation instructions operate on individual bits and include AND, OR, XOR, and clearing, complementing, and manipulating carry bits. Shift instructions shift the contents of an operand left or right in logical, arithmetic, or rotate operations.
Pipeline processing - Computer Architecture
This document discusses instruction pipelining in processors. It begins with an introduction that defines pipelining as breaking down operations into sequential stages that can overlap execution. An example is given of pipelining laundry tasks to complete work more efficiently. The document then explains how instruction execution in computers lends itself to pipelining by separating tasks like fetch, decode, and execute into distinct stages. A six-stage instruction pipeline and timing diagram are presented. Advantages of pipelining include more efficient use of resources and faster execution for large programs. However, pipeline hazards like structural, data, and control hazards can cause problems if not addressed properly.
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Pipelining
Pipelining is a technique where the instruction execution process is divided into multiple stages that can operate in parallel. This allows subsequent instructions to begin processing before previous ones have finished. For example, with laundry, pipelining allows washing, drying, and folding different loads simultaneously to complete all the laundry faster. In processors, pipelining overlaps the stages of instruction fetch, decode, execute, and writeback to improve throughput. While pipelining improves performance, it can introduce hazards like structural, data, and control hazards that must be addressed.
Lec 4 (program and network properties)
This document discusses various aspects of parallel computing including:
- Different levels of parallelism from instruction-level to job-level and their tradeoffs.
- Data and control dependence relationships that enable or prevent parallel execution.
- The mismatch between software and hardware parallelism and techniques to address it.
- The role of compilers in exploiting hardware parallelism and interacting with architecture design.
- Program partitioning, scheduling, grain size, and tradeoffs between computation and communication latency.
Unit 5 Advanced Computer Architecture
This document provides an overview of hardware multithreading techniques including fine-grained, coarse-grained, and simultaneous multithreading. Fine-grained multithreading switches threads after every instruction to hide latency. Coarse-grained multithreading switches threads only after long stalls to avoid slowing individual threads. Simultaneous multithreading issues instructions from multiple threads each cycle to better utilize functional units.
pipelining
The document discusses parallel processing and pipelining. It defines parallel processing as performing concurrent data processing to achieve faster execution. This can be done by having multiple ALUs that can execute instructions simultaneously. The document then discusses Flynn's classification of computer architectures based on instruction and data streams. It describes single instruction single data (SISD), multiple instruction single data (MISD), and multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) architectures. The document then defines pipelining as decomposing processes into sub-operations that flow through pipeline stages. It provides examples of arithmetic and instruction pipelines, describing the stages in each.
I/O Organization
Requirements of I/O Module
I/O Buffering
Programmed I/O
Interrupt Driven I/O
DMA
Bus Arbitration
1.prallelism
The document discusses parallelism and techniques to improve computer performance through parallel execution. It describes instruction level parallelism (ILP) where multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously through techniques like pipelining and superscalar processing. It also discusses processor level parallelism using multiple processors or processor cores to concurrently execute different tasks or threads.
Data manipulation instructions
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide computational capabilities for computers. These instructions are divided into three basic types: arithmetic instructions, logical and bit manipulation instructions, and shift instructions. Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and incrementing and decrementing values. Logical and bit manipulation instructions operate on individual bits and include AND, OR, XOR, and clearing, complementing, and manipulating carry bits. Shift instructions shift the contents of an operand left or right in logical, arithmetic, or rotate operations.
Pipeline processing - Computer Architecture
This document discusses instruction pipelining in processors. It begins with an introduction that defines pipelining as breaking down operations into sequential stages that can overlap execution. An example is given of pipelining laundry tasks to complete work more efficiently. The document then explains how instruction execution in computers lends itself to pipelining by separating tasks like fetch, decode, and execute into distinct stages. A six-stage instruction pipeline and timing diagram are presented. Advantages of pipelining include more efficient use of resources and faster execution for large programs. However, pipeline hazards like structural, data, and control hazards can cause problems if not addressed properly.
INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLALISM
This document discusses instruction-level parallelism (ILP), which refers to executing multiple instructions simultaneously in a program. It describes different types of parallel instructions that do not depend on each other, such as at the bit, instruction, loop, and thread levels. The document provides an example to illustrate ILP and explains that compilers and processors aim to maximize ILP. It outlines several ILP techniques used in microarchitecture, including instruction pipelining, superscalar, out-of-order execution, register renaming, speculative execution, and branch prediction. Pipelining and superscalar processing are explained in more detail.
Parallel Processing Concepts
This document discusses parallel processing concepts including:
1. Parallel computing involves simultaneously using multiple processing elements to solve problems faster than a single processor. Common parallel platforms include shared-memory and message-passing architectures.
2. Key considerations for parallel platforms include the control structure for specifying parallel tasks, communication models, and physical organization including interconnection networks.
3. Scalable design principles for parallel systems include avoiding single points of failure, pushing work away from the core, and designing for maintenance and automation. Common parallel architectures include N-wide superscalar, which can dispatch N instructions per cycle, and multi-core which places multiple cores on a single processor socket.
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Timing and control circuit
The control unit (CU) generates timing and control signals that coordinate operations in the computer. It controls data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals, and directs the system to carry out instructions. Timing is controlled by a master clock generator that applies signals to registers and flip-flops. The CU generates control signals that provide inputs to the multiplexer on the common bus and processor registers. There are two major types of control organization: hardwired control uses gates and digital circuits while microprogram control stores control information in a control memory that is initialized to produce a sequence of micro-operations and can be modified by updating the microprogram. A memory read/write cycle is initiated on the rising edge of a
Data transfer and manipulation
Computer instructions can be classified into three categories: data transfer instructions, data manipulation instructions, and program control instructions. Data transfer instructions move data between locations without changing it. Data manipulation instructions perform arithmetic, logical, and shift operations. Program control instructions provide decision-making and allow changing the flow of a program. Common data transfer instructions include load, store, move, exchange, input, and output. Arithmetic instructions perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical and bit manipulation instructions perform AND, OR, and XOR operations on bits. Shift instructions move bits left or right. Program control instructions include branch, jump, skip, call, and return.
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Pipelinig hazardous
Pipeline Hazards can be classified into three types: structural hazards caused by hardware resource conflicts, data hazards caused when an instruction depends on the results of a previous instruction, and control hazards from conditional branches. Structural hazards arise from limited hardware resources like register files and memory ports. Data hazards include RAW, WAW, and WAR and are resolved by stalling or forwarding. Forwarding minimizes stalls by directly connecting new values to the next stage.
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This presentation discusses the major functions of input/output (I/O) modules. An I/O module connects peripheral devices like keyboards and printers to a computer system, interfacing both with the system bus and tailored data links. The main functions of an I/O module are to provide control and timing for data transfer, facilitate communication between the processor and connected devices, buffer input and output data, and detect errors. I/O devices are necessary for a computer system to allow interaction and data transfer with external hardware used by humans and other systems.
Computer organization-and-architecture-questions-and-answers
The document discusses the basic functional units of a computer:
- The input unit accepts coded data from devices like keyboards.
- Memory stores programs and data, with primary storage operating at fast electronic speeds.
- The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) performs operations on data brought in from memory.
- The output unit sends processed results outside the computer to devices like printers.
- The control unit coordinates the other functional units and sequencing of operations.
Pipelining
Pipelining is widely used in modern processors.
Pipelining improves system performance in terms of throughput.
Register transfer and micro-operation
1) The document discusses different types of micro-operations including arithmetic, logic, shift, and register transfer micro-operations.
2) It provides examples of common arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement. It also describes logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, and complement.
3) Shift micro-operations include logical shifts, circular shifts, and arithmetic shifts which affect the serial input differently.
Instruction pipelining
The document discusses instruction pipelining in computers. It begins with an analogy of pipelining laundry tasks to increase throughput. It then explains the concept of dividing instruction execution into stages (fetch, decode, execute, write) and executing instructions in parallel by having different stages work on different instructions. This allows higher instruction throughput. However, hazards like data dependencies between instructions, branches, cache misses can cause the pipeline to stall, reducing performance. Various techniques are discussed to handle hazards and maximize the benefits of pipelining.
Ct213 processor design_pipelinehazard
The document summarizes different types of pipeline hazards that can occur in a processor pipeline: structural hazards which occur due to limited hardware resources and prevent certain combinations of instructions from executing simultaneously; data hazards which occur when instructions depend on results of previous instructions in a way exposed by pipelining; and control hazards which occur due to pipelining of branches whose target may not be known until later in the pipeline. It describes techniques for handling these hazards such as forwarding, stalling, and instruction scheduling to minimize performance impacts.
Computer organization basics
The document discusses various types of computers and their characteristics. It begins by classifying computers based on speed, cost, computational power, and application. It then describes different types of computers like desktop computers, notebook computers, workstations, mainframe systems, server systems, and supercomputers. It also defines basic computer terminology and concepts like hardware, software, memory, storage, inputs, outputs, and processing. The document further explains functional units of a computer like CPU, memory, and bus structure. It concludes with discussing instruction execution, instruction formats, and branching in computer programs.
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Instruction codes and computer registers
The document discusses instruction codes and computer registers. Instruction codes are made up of an opcode and address that tell the computer what operation to perform. Computer registers store important data and instructions, including the program counter, address register, instruction register, temporary register, data register, accumulator, input register, and output register. These registers perform functions like holding memory operands, instructions, temporary data, addresses, and input/output characters.
Transmission modes
This document discusses different modes of data transmission including parallel transmission, serial transmission, asynchronous transmission, and synchronous transmission. Parallel transmission transmits all bits simultaneously but requires multiple wires, while serial transmission transmits bits one after the other on a single wire. Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits but does not require synchronization, while synchronous transmission transmits data in a continuous stream under a common clock and provides higher speeds without start/stop bits.
Pipelining powerpoint presentation
Pipelining is a technique where multiple instructions are overlapped during execution by dividing the instruction cycle into stages connected in a pipeline structure. There are two main types of pipelines - instruction pipelines which overlap the fetch, decode, and execute phases of instructions to improve throughput, and arithmetic pipelines used for floating point and fixed point operations. Pipeline conflicts can occur due to timing variations, data hazards, branching, interrupts, or data dependency which reduce the pipeline's performance. The main advantages of pipelining are reduced cycle time, increased throughput, and improved reliability, while the main disadvantage is increased complexity, cost, and instruction latency.
Lecture2
This document discusses different types of parallelism in computing including data parallelism and task parallelism. It describes how vector instructions can perform the same operation on multiple data elements simultaneously, like adding two arrays element by element. Pipelining is described as overlapping the execution stages of instructions to improve performance similar to an assembly line. Limitations of pipelining include being limited by the slowest stage and penalties for mispredicted branches in deep pipelines. Super scalar execution and multiple pipelines can help alleviate these bottlenecks by issuing multiple instructions per cycle.
INCREASING THE THROUGHPUT USING EIGHT STAGE PIPELINING
Using re-programmable logic components along with HDL languages encompasses wider and wider areas of practical applications,becoming a standard of complex digital sys tem design. One of the basic tasks,which are to be carried out in the process of design,is obtaining the highest efficiency of the solution under design. Thereby designers are still looking for methods making it possible to speed up design processing time. Pipelining mechanism is one of these methods. It helps to speed up som e dedicated operations. In the early stage of design,a given unit described by high level language,is divided into some independent parts,which are synchronized with each other via intermediate registers and synchr onization signal (pipelining mechanism). 8- stage pipelining is the key implementation technique used to make f ast CPUs. It is an optimization technique used to speed up instruction execution. Throughput of an instruction pipelin e is increased while latency is decreased for each instruction execution. This new 8-stage pipel ining includes two instruction fetch,one instruction decode,two execution,two memory and one write back stag es. It describes advantages of both speed and suitability for synthesizable RISC design.
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INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLALISM
This document discusses instruction-level parallelism (ILP), which refers to executing multiple instructions simultaneously in a program. It describes different types of parallel instructions that do not depend on each other, such as at the bit, instruction, loop, and thread levels. The document provides an example to illustrate ILP and explains that compilers and processors aim to maximize ILP. It outlines several ILP techniques used in microarchitecture, including instruction pipelining, superscalar, out-of-order execution, register renaming, speculative execution, and branch prediction. Pipelining and superscalar processing are explained in more detail.
Parallel Processing Concepts
This document discusses parallel processing concepts including:
1. Parallel computing involves simultaneously using multiple processing elements to solve problems faster than a single processor. Common parallel platforms include shared-memory and message-passing architectures.
2. Key considerations for parallel platforms include the control structure for specifying parallel tasks, communication models, and physical organization including interconnection networks.
3. Scalable design principles for parallel systems include avoiding single points of failure, pushing work away from the core, and designing for maintenance and automation. Common parallel architectures include N-wide superscalar, which can dispatch N instructions per cycle, and multi-core which places multiple cores on a single processor socket.
Computer architecture pipelining
Computer Architecture Pipelining seminar
Mustansiriya University
Department of Education
Computer Science
Timing and control circuit
The control unit (CU) generates timing and control signals that coordinate operations in the computer. It controls data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals, and directs the system to carry out instructions. Timing is controlled by a master clock generator that applies signals to registers and flip-flops. The CU generates control signals that provide inputs to the multiplexer on the common bus and processor registers. There are two major types of control organization: hardwired control uses gates and digital circuits while microprogram control stores control information in a control memory that is initialized to produce a sequence of micro-operations and can be modified by updating the microprogram. A memory read/write cycle is initiated on the rising edge of a
Data transfer and manipulation
Computer instructions can be classified into three categories: data transfer instructions, data manipulation instructions, and program control instructions. Data transfer instructions move data between locations without changing it. Data manipulation instructions perform arithmetic, logical, and shift operations. Program control instructions provide decision-making and allow changing the flow of a program. Common data transfer instructions include load, store, move, exchange, input, and output. Arithmetic instructions perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical and bit manipulation instructions perform AND, OR, and XOR operations on bits. Shift instructions move bits left or right. Program control instructions include branch, jump, skip, call, and return.
ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND PARALLEL PROCESSING
This seminar contains topics as follows:
Shared memory architecture
CLASSIFICATION OF SHARED MEMORY SYSTEMS
BUS-BASED SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSORS
BASIC CACHE COHERENCY METHODS
Pipelining & All Hazards Solution
The document discusses pipeline hazards including structural, data, and control hazards. It provides details on how each hazard can occur in a 5-stage pipeline and techniques to resolve them, including forwarding, stalling, and compiler scheduling. Data hazards are classified as RAW, WAW, and WAR. Control hazards from branches are reduced by computing the branch target and outcome earlier in the ID phase to minimize stalls.
Pipelinig hazardous
Pipeline Hazards can be classified into three types: structural hazards caused by hardware resource conflicts, data hazards caused when an instruction depends on the results of a previous instruction, and control hazards from conditional branches. Structural hazards arise from limited hardware resources like register files and memory ports. Data hazards include RAW, WAW, and WAR and are resolved by stalling or forwarding. Forwarding minimizes stalls by directly connecting new values to the next stage.
Major Function of i/o module
This presentation discusses the major functions of input/output (I/O) modules. An I/O module connects peripheral devices like keyboards and printers to a computer system, interfacing both with the system bus and tailored data links. The main functions of an I/O module are to provide control and timing for data transfer, facilitate communication between the processor and connected devices, buffer input and output data, and detect errors. I/O devices are necessary for a computer system to allow interaction and data transfer with external hardware used by humans and other systems.
Computer organization-and-architecture-questions-and-answers
The document discusses the basic functional units of a computer:
- The input unit accepts coded data from devices like keyboards.
- Memory stores programs and data, with primary storage operating at fast electronic speeds.
- The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) performs operations on data brought in from memory.
- The output unit sends processed results outside the computer to devices like printers.
- The control unit coordinates the other functional units and sequencing of operations.
Pipelining
Pipelining is widely used in modern processors.
Pipelining improves system performance in terms of throughput.
Register transfer and micro-operation
1) The document discusses different types of micro-operations including arithmetic, logic, shift, and register transfer micro-operations.
2) It provides examples of common arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement. It also describes logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, and complement.
3) Shift micro-operations include logical shifts, circular shifts, and arithmetic shifts which affect the serial input differently.
Instruction pipelining
The document discusses instruction pipelining in computers. It begins with an analogy of pipelining laundry tasks to increase throughput. It then explains the concept of dividing instruction execution into stages (fetch, decode, execute, write) and executing instructions in parallel by having different stages work on different instructions. This allows higher instruction throughput. However, hazards like data dependencies between instructions, branches, cache misses can cause the pipeline to stall, reducing performance. Various techniques are discussed to handle hazards and maximize the benefits of pipelining.
Ct213 processor design_pipelinehazard
The document summarizes different types of pipeline hazards that can occur in a processor pipeline: structural hazards which occur due to limited hardware resources and prevent certain combinations of instructions from executing simultaneously; data hazards which occur when instructions depend on results of previous instructions in a way exposed by pipelining; and control hazards which occur due to pipelining of branches whose target may not be known until later in the pipeline. It describes techniques for handling these hazards such as forwarding, stalling, and instruction scheduling to minimize performance impacts.
Computer organization basics
The document discusses various types of computers and their characteristics. It begins by classifying computers based on speed, cost, computational power, and application. It then describes different types of computers like desktop computers, notebook computers, workstations, mainframe systems, server systems, and supercomputers. It also defines basic computer terminology and concepts like hardware, software, memory, storage, inputs, outputs, and processing. The document further explains functional units of a computer like CPU, memory, and bus structure. It concludes with discussing instruction execution, instruction formats, and branching in computer programs.
multiprocessors and multicomputers
Categories of Parallel Computers,Shared-Memory Multiprocessors, uma, numa , coma,Vector Processor Models,SIMD Supercomputers
Superscalar & superpipeline processor
This document discusses superscalar and super pipeline approaches to improving processor performance. Superscalar processors execute multiple independent instructions in parallel using multiple pipelines. Super pipelines break pipeline stages into smaller stages to reduce clock period and increase instruction throughput. While superscalar utilizes multiple parallel pipelines, super pipelines perform multiple stages per clock cycle in each pipeline. Super pipelines benefit from higher parallelism but also increase potential stalls from dependencies. Both approaches aim to maximize parallel instruction execution but face limitations from true data and other dependencies.
Instruction codes and computer registers
The document discusses instruction codes and computer registers. Instruction codes are made up of an opcode and address that tell the computer what operation to perform. Computer registers store important data and instructions, including the program counter, address register, instruction register, temporary register, data register, accumulator, input register, and output register. These registers perform functions like holding memory operands, instructions, temporary data, addresses, and input/output characters.
Transmission modes
This document discusses different modes of data transmission including parallel transmission, serial transmission, asynchronous transmission, and synchronous transmission. Parallel transmission transmits all bits simultaneously but requires multiple wires, while serial transmission transmits bits one after the other on a single wire. Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits but does not require synchronization, while synchronous transmission transmits data in a continuous stream under a common clock and provides higher speeds without start/stop bits.
Pipelining powerpoint presentation
Pipelining is a technique where multiple instructions are overlapped during execution by dividing the instruction cycle into stages connected in a pipeline structure. There are two main types of pipelines - instruction pipelines which overlap the fetch, decode, and execute phases of instructions to improve throughput, and arithmetic pipelines used for floating point and fixed point operations. Pipeline conflicts can occur due to timing variations, data hazards, branching, interrupts, or data dependency which reduce the pipeline's performance. The main advantages of pipelining are reduced cycle time, increased throughput, and improved reliability, while the main disadvantage is increased complexity, cost, and instruction latency.
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ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND PARALLEL PROCESSING
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Computer organization-and-architecture-questions-and-answers
Similar to Pipelining
Lecture2
This document discusses different types of parallelism in computing including data parallelism and task parallelism. It describes how vector instructions can perform the same operation on multiple data elements simultaneously, like adding two arrays element by element. Pipelining is described as overlapping the execution stages of instructions to improve performance similar to an assembly line. Limitations of pipelining include being limited by the slowest stage and penalties for mispredicted branches in deep pipelines. Super scalar execution and multiple pipelines can help alleviate these bottlenecks by issuing multiple instructions per cycle.
INCREASING THE THROUGHPUT USING EIGHT STAGE PIPELINING
Using re-programmable logic components along with HDL languages encompasses wider and wider areas of practical applications,becoming a standard of complex digital sys tem design. One of the basic tasks,which are to be carried out in the process of design,is obtaining the highest efficiency of the solution under design. Thereby designers are still looking for methods making it possible to speed up design processing time. Pipelining mechanism is one of these methods. It helps to speed up som e dedicated operations. In the early stage of design,a given unit described by high level language,is divided into some independent parts,which are synchronized with each other via intermediate registers and synchr onization signal (pipelining mechanism). 8- stage pipelining is the key implementation technique used to make f ast CPUs. It is an optimization technique used to speed up instruction execution. Throughput of an instruction pipelin e is increased while latency is decreased for each instruction execution. This new 8-stage pipel ining includes two instruction fetch,one instruction decode,two execution,two memory and one write back stag es. It describes advantages of both speed and suitability for synthesizable RISC design.
Pipelining In computer
Pipelining is an implementation technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution. The computer pipeline is divided in stages. Each stage completes a part of an instruction in parallel.
THE EFFECTIVE WAY OF PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT BY PROPER BRANCH HANDL...
The processor performance is highly dependent on the regular supply of correct instruction at
the right time. To reduce instruction cache misses, one of the proposed mechanism is the
instruction prefetching, which in turn will increase instructions supply to the processor. The
technology developments in these fields indicates that in future the gap between processing
speeds of processor and data transfer speed of memory is likely to be increased. Memory bandwidth can be increased significantly using the prefetching, but unsuccessful prefetches will pollute the primary cache. Prefetching can be done either with software or hardware. In software prefetching the compiler will insert a prefetch code in the program. In this case as actual memory capacity is not known to the compiler and it will lead to some harmful prefetches. In hardware prefetching instead of inserting prefetch code it will make use of extra hardware and which is utilized during the execution. The most significant source of lostperformance when the process waiting for the availability of the next instruction. All the prefetching methods are giving stress only to the fetching of the instruction for the execution, not to the overall performance of the processor. This paper is an attempt to study the branch handling in a uniprocessing environment, where, when ever branching is identified the proper cache memory management is enabled inside the memory management unit.
The effective way of processor performance enhancement by proper branch handling
The processor performance is highly dependent on the regular supply of correct instruction at
the right time. To reduce instruction cache misses, one of the proposed mechanism is the
instruction prefetching, which in turn will increase instructions supply to the processor. The
technology developments in these fields indicates that in future the gap between processing
speeds of processor and data transfer speed of memory is likely to be increased. Memory
bandwidth can be increased significantly using the prefetching, but unsuccessful prefetches will
pollute the primary cache. Prefetching can be done either with software or hardware. In
software prefetching the compiler will insert a prefetch code in the program. In this case as
actual memory capacity is not known to the compiler and it will lead to some harmful
prefetches. In hardware prefetching instead of inserting prefetch code it will make use of extra
hardware and which is utilized during the execution. The most significant source of lost
performance when the process waiting for the availability of the next instruction. All the
prefetching methods are giving stress only to the fetching of the instruction for the execution,
not to the overall performance of the processor. This paper is an attempt to study the branch
handling in a uniprocessing environment, where, when ever branching is identified the proper
cache memory management is enabled inside the memory management unit.
Pipeline Mechanism
The document discusses pipeline mechanisms in modern processors. It describes two types of interlock delays that can occur: data dependence delays related to instruction latency, and reservation delays when instructions need shared processor resources. It also summarizes two methods for describing processor pipelines in GCC: the older method and the preferred automaton-based method. Pipelining works by splitting instruction processing into stages to allow more parallel execution and higher throughput. Advantages include reduced cycle time and circuitry, while disadvantages include added complexity and potential pipeline stalls.
Computer Architecture
The document discusses sequential processing, parallel processing, and pipelining techniques to improve CPU performance.
Sequential processing executes instructions one at a time based on the von Neumann architecture. Pipelining breaks jobs into stages to keep processor resources busy and improve throughput. Parallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to potentially reduce execution time by dividing a program across processors. Different parallel processor architectures include multiple instruction/multiple data streams and symmetric multiprocessors. The document compares sequential, pipelined, and parallel systems and their advantages and disadvantages for efficient processing.
AN ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE THE PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE BY PROPER MEMORY MANAGEMENT F...
The performanceof the processor is highly dependent on the regular supply of correct instruction at the right time. Whenever a data miss is occurring in the cache memory the processor has to spend more cycles for the fetching operation. One of the methodsused to reduce instruction cache miss is the instruction prefetching,which in turn will increase instructions supply to the processor.The technology developments in these fields indicates that in future the gap between processing speeds of processor and data transfer speed of memory is likely to be increased. Branch Predictor play a critical role in achieving effective performance in many modernpipelined microprocessor architecture.
Prefetching canbe done either with software or hardware. In software prefetching the compiler will insert a prefetch code in the program. In this case as actual memory capacity is not known to the compiler and it will lead to some harmful prefetches. In hardware prefetching instead of inserting prefetch code it will make use of extra hardware and which is utilized during the execution. The most significant source of lost performance when the process waiting for the availability of the next instruction. Thetime that is wasted in case of branch misprediction is equal to the number of stages in the pipeline, starting from fetch stage to execute stage. All the prefetching methods are givenstress only to the fetching of the instruction for the execution, not to the overall performance of the processor. The most significant source of lost performance is,when the process is waiting for the availability of the next instruction. The time that is wasted in case of branch misprediction is equal to the number of stages in the pipeline, starting from fetch stage to execution stage.This paper we made an attempt to study the branch handling in a uniprocessing environment, whenever branching is identified instead of invoking the branch prediction the proper cache memory management is enabled inside the memory management unit.
Pipelining
It is beneficial for students studying Computer Architecture because it provides a proper knowledge about pipelines and its types.
Chapter 2 pc
This document provides an outline and overview of parallel computing platforms and trends in microprocessor architectures. It discusses limitations in memory system performance and dichotomy of parallel platforms. Implicit parallelism through techniques like pipelining and superscalar execution aim to improve processor performance by executing multiple instructions concurrently. However, dependencies and other factors limit efficiency. Alternative approaches like VLIW aim to simplify hardware by moving scheduling to compile time. Memory latency and bandwidth are also significant bottlenecks, as data access times are orders of magnitude slower than processor speeds. Overall parallelism seeks to address performance limitations in processors, memory, and communication.
Unit 3
Pipelining is a technique where the microprocessor can begin executing the next instruction before the first one has finished. It works by dividing instruction processing into stages, where each stage performs a discrete task and instructions can move through the stages simultaneously. This allows for more efficient processor usage and faster throughput. Potential disadvantages include added hardware complexity and issues caused by pipeline hazards that disrupt smooth execution.
Pipelining in Computer System Achitecture
Parallel processing involves performing multiple tasks simultaneously to increase computational speed. It can be achieved through pipelining, where instructions are overlapped in execution, or vector/array processors where the same operation is performed on multiple data elements at once. The main types are SIMD (single instruction multiple data) and MIMD (multiple instruction multiple data). Pipelining provides higher throughput by keeping the pipeline full but requires handling dependencies between instructions to avoid hazards slowing things down.
Pipeline & Nonpipeline Processor
This slide is about the micro processor & micro controller. The topic describe about the Pipeline & Nonpipeline Processor
pipelining
This document discusses pipelining in microprocessors. It describes how pipelining works by dividing instruction processing into stages - fetch, decode, execute, memory, and write back. This allows subsequent instructions to begin processing before previous instructions have finished, improving processor efficiency. The document provides estimated timing for each stage and notes advantages like quicker execution for large programs, while disadvantages include added hardware and potential pipeline hazards disrupting smooth execution. It then gives examples of how four instructions would progress through each stage in a pipelined versus linear fashion.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A 32-BIT PIPELINED MIPS RISC PROCESSOR
Pipelining is a technique that exploits parallelism, among the instructions in a sequential instruction stream
to get increased throughput, and it lessens the total time to complete the work. . The major objective of this
architecture is to design a low power high performance structure which fulfils all the requirements of the
design. The critical factors like power, frequency, area, propagation delay are analysed using Spartan 3E
XC3E 1600e device with Xilinx tool.
Design and Analysis of A 32-bit Pipelined MIPS Risc Processor
The document describes the design and analysis of a 32-bit pipelined MIPS RISC processor. A 6-stage pipeline is implemented, consisting of instruction fetch, instruction decode, register read, memory access, execute, and write back stages. Various low power and high speed techniques are used, including power gating and deeper pipelining. The processor is implemented on a Spartan 3E FPGA and analyzed using Xilinx tools. Simulation results show the pipeline consumes low power of 0.129W and achieves a high frequency of 285.583MHz.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A 32-BIT PIPELINED MIPS RISC PROCESSOR
The document describes the design and analysis of a 32-bit pipelined MIPS RISC processor. A 6-stage pipeline is implemented, consisting of instruction fetch, instruction decode, register read, memory access, execute, and write back stages. Various techniques are used to optimize critical performance factors like power, frequency, area, and propagation delay. Power gating is applied to minimize power consumption, and deeper pipelining is used to increase speed. Simulation results show the pipeline consumes very low power of 0.129W, has a path delay of 11.180ns, and achieves a high frequency of 285.583MHz.
Pipelining 16 computers Artitacher pdf
Pipelining is a technique where a microprocessor can begin executing the next instruction before finishing the previous one. It works by dividing instruction processing into discrete stages - fetch, decode, execute, memory, and write back. When an instruction enters one stage, the next instruction can enter the following stage so that multiple instructions are in different stages at the same time, improving efficiency. The pipeline allows for faster overall processing but hazards can occur if instructions depend on previous ones, disrupting the smooth flow.
Concept of Pipelining
This document discusses instruction pipelining as a technique to improve computer performance. It explains that pipelining allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously by splitting instruction execution into stages like fetch, decode, execute, and write. While pipelining does not reduce the time to complete individual instructions, it improves throughput by allowing new instructions to begin processing before previous instructions have finished. The document outlines some challenges to achieving peak performance from pipelining, such as pipeline stalls from hazards like data dependencies between instructions. It provides examples of how data hazards can occur if the results of one instruction are needed by a subsequent instruction before they are available.
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Pipelining
- 1. PIPELINING
- 2. North Western University, Khulna Department of Computer Science & Engineering Course Title: Parallel and Distributed Processing Course Code: CSE-4105 Submitted To: Sajib Chatterjee Lecturer Dept. of CSE North Western University, Khulna
- 3. Pipelining: It is an implementation technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution. The computer pipeline is divided in stages. Each stage completes a part of an instruction in parallel. Instead, it increases instruction throughput. PIPELINING
- 4. Each stage completes a part of an instruction in parallel. The stages are connected one to the next to form a pipe - instructions enter at one end, progress through the stages, and exit at the other end. Pipelining does not decrease the time for individual instruction execution. HOW PIPELINE WORKS?
- 5. PIPELINED VS NON-PIPELINED CASE
- 6. TIMING DIAGRAM FOR INSTRUCTION PIPELINE OPERATION
- 7. A cache memory is basically developed to increase the efficiency of the system and to maximize the utilization of the entire computational speed of the processor. ROLE OF CACHE MEMORY IN PIPELINING
- 8. PIPELINE HAZARD Hazard Instruction Hazard Structural Hazard Data Hazard
- 9. Data hazard: Any condition in which either the source or the destination operands of an instruction are not available at the time expected in the pipeline. DATA HAZARD
- 10. Structural hazard: The situation when two instructions require the use of a given hardware resource at the same time. STRUCTURAL HAZARD
- 11. Instruction (control) hazard: A delay in the availability of an instruction causes the pipeline to stall. INSTRUCTION HAZARD
- 12. Instruction throughput increases. Increase in the number of pipeline stages increases the number of instructions executed simultaneously. Faster ALU can be designed when pipelining is used. Pipelined CPU’s works at higher clock frequencies than the RAM. Pipelining increases the overall performance of the CPU. ADVANTAGES OF PIPELINING
- 13. Designing of the pipelined processor is complex. Instruction latency increases in pipelined processors. The throughput of a pipelined processor is difficult to predict. The longer the pipeline, worse the problem of hazard for branch instructions. DISADVANTAGES OF PIPELINING
- 14. Prepared by: Name: Jannatun Tuba Jyoti ID: 20173013010
- 15. Thank You!!