Data manipulation instructions
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Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide computational capabilities for computers. These instructions are divided into three basic types: arithmetic instructions, logical and bit manipulation instructions, and shift instructions. Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and incrementing and decrementing values. Logical and bit manipulation instructions operate on individual bits and include AND, OR, XOR, and clearing, complementing, and manipulating carry bits. Shift instructions shift the contents of an operand left or right in logical, arithmetic, or rotate operations.
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- Applications involve e-commerce, education, entertainment, and more.
- Advantages are efficient website creation and communication facilitation.
- Limitations include needing updates and potential for low quality or amateurish content.
Plant layout
Plant layout refers to the physical arrangement of equipment, machines, tools, and furniture in a manufacturing facility. The goal is to optimize material flow from raw materials to finished goods with the lowest costs and least amount of handling. There are four main types of layouts: product layout arranges machines in a straight line based on production steps; process layout groups similar machines together; combined layout uses aspects of both; and fixed position layout keeps products stationary while workers and machines move between positions. The optimal layout depends on factors like production volume and product standardization.
application layers
The document discusses various protocols used in data communication including peer-to-peer protocols, ARQ protocols, and sliding window protocols. Peer-to-peer protocols can operate between two communicating entities across a single hop or end-to-end across a network. ARQ protocols like stop-and-wait ARQ and go-back-N ARQ use acknowledgements and retransmissions to provide reliable data transmission. Sliding window protocols use sequence numbers and sender/receiver windows to implement flow control and allow multiple unacknowledged frames to be transmitted.
Multiplexing
The document discusses multiplexing techniques for transmitting multiple signals across a single data link. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM) which is an analog technique that separates channels by assigning different frequency bands. It also describes time division multiplexing (TDM) which is a digital technique that divides the transmission path into sequential time slots to allocate to different signals in a round-robin fashion. Both multiplexing and demultiplexing processes are discussed.
Ch08 1
The document discusses multiplexing techniques for transmitting multiple signals across a single data link. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM) which is an analog technique that separates channels by assigning different frequency bands. It also describes time division multiplexing (TDM) which is a digital technique that divides the transmission path into sequential time slots to allocate to different signals in a round-robin fashion. Both multiplexing and demultiplexing processes are discussed.
Lect21 09-11
The document discusses various protocols used in data communication including peer-to-peer protocols, ARQ protocols, and sliding window protocols. Peer-to-peer protocols can operate between two communicating entities across a single hop or end-to-end across a network. ARQ protocols like stop-and-wait ARQ and go-back-N ARQ use acknowledgements and retransmissions to provide reliable data transmission. Sliding window protocols use sequence numbers and sender/receiver windows to implement flow control and allow multiple frames to be transmitted before receiving an acknowledgement.
work measurement
This document discusses time and motion study, which is a technique used to investigate and reduce ineffective time in work. It involves focusing on ineffective time, setting performance standards, determining the method of work, wages, and suitable working conditions. Key aspects include a compatible environment, efficient team, suitable work measurement technique, employee participation, and reliable standard times.
production management
Production management refers to planning and controlling various production activities with the objectives of reducing costs, improving quantity and quality of products, ensuring optimal inventory levels and timely supply of goods and resources. An ideal plant location is where manufacturing and distribution costs are minimum, with easy access to raw materials, cheap labor, low transportation costs, proximity to markets, and banking services. Factors affecting plant location include proximity to markets and raw materials, transport facilities, infrastructure, labor, climate, economic zones, politics, and personal preferences.
Fom (pm)
Production management refers to planning and controlling various production activities with the objectives of reducing costs, improving quantity and quality of products, ensuring optimal inventory levels and timely supply of goods and resources. An ideal plant location is where manufacturing and distribution costs are minimum, with easy access to raw materials, cheap labor, low transportation costs, proximity to markets, and banking services. Factors affecting plant location include proximity to markets and raw materials, transport facilities, infrastructure, labor, climate, economic zones, politics, and personal preferences.
Errror Detection and Correction
This document discusses error detection and correction in digital communication. It covers the types of errors like single-bit and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques like parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) that work by adding redundant bits. Finally, it discusses Hamming codes that can not only detect errors but also correct single-bit errors through the strategic placement of redundant bits.
Data Communication
The document discusses different types of network topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, mesh, star/tree, ring, and bus topologies. It provides details on the characteristics of each topology such as how the devices are connected, advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and examples of applications where different topologies may be used.
Lecture 5
This document discusses error detection and correction in digital communication. It covers the types of errors like single-bit and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques like parity checks, longitudinal redundancy checks, and cyclic redundancy checks which work by adding redundant bits. Finally, it discusses Hamming codes, which can not only detect errors but also correct single-bit errors through the strategic placement of redundant bits.
International marketing
International marketing involves marketing activities across national borders. It focuses on foreign markets and involves the cultures of two countries. There are several ways for companies to enter international markets, including contract manufacturing, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, and direct ownership. Contract manufacturing involves a company producing and marketing products for another company in exchange for fees but with less control. Licensing and franchising provide rights to use another company's brand or business model in exchange for royalties or fees. Joint ventures allow companies to share investment, risks, and profits internationally. Direct ownership gives full control but requires more financial resources and market knowledge.
Ch01
The document discusses different types of network topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, mesh, star/tree, ring, and bus topologies. It provides details on the characteristics of each topology such as how the devices are connected, advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are also defined based on the size of the geographic area they cover.
OSI models
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network architecture. The OSI model divides network communication into 7 layers, with each layer building on the services of the layer below. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with lower layers handling physical transmission and higher layers focusing on services for applications and users.
1.prallelism
Unit-4 discusses parallelism and techniques to exploit concurrency in computers. The goals of parallelism are to increase computational speed and throughput. There are different types of parallelism like instruction level parallelism, processor level parallelism using multiple processors, and pipelining to overlap instruction execution. Amdahl's law predicts the maximum speedup from parallel processing based on the sequential fraction of a program.
As department
The document provides information about the Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology (PIET). It was established in 2006 and is located 21 km from Panipat, India. It has a beautiful 15-acre campus with qualified faculty and well-equipped laboratories. The Applied Sciences department provides foundational skills in subjects like physics, chemistry, mathematics, biotechnology, and English. It organizes various extracurricular activities and has seen good academic performance and results over the last two semesters.
2.computer org.
The document summarizes key aspects of computer organization including instruction codes, stored program organization, computer registers, instruction formats, and the instruction cycle. It describes how instruction codes specify operations, operands, and sequencing to control the computer's processing. A basic computer uses a stored program organization with opcode and address parts in instructions. It has registers like the accumulator, address register, and program counter. The instruction cycle involves fetching, decoding, and executing instructions by issuing micro-operations from the control unit's microprogram.
1.prallelism
The document discusses parallelism and techniques to improve computer performance through parallel execution. It describes instruction level parallelism (ILP) where multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously through techniques like pipelining and superscalar processing. It also discusses processor level parallelism using multiple processors or processor cores to concurrently execute different tasks or threads.