piezoelectric effect, which was discovered for the first time by the brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie, combines electrical with mechanical quantities and vice versa. If piezoelectric materials (e.g. quartz, turmaline) are subjected to electrical signals along certain crystal orientations, deformations along well-defined crystal orientations appear. Contrary, a mechanical deformation results in a generation of polarization charges. Even if there exist numerous publications on this so-called direct and reciprocal piezoelectric effect, the aim of this paper is to convey a clear and easy understanding of this essential solid body effect in particular for the non-specialist, since a large number of publications is rather superficial and unfortunately sometimes incorrect. A variety of ionic crystals show the direct and reciprocal piezoelectric effect. In this paper, an illustrative representation of both effects is given by the molecular structure of alpha-quartz, a stable modification of the silicon dioxide, the second most common mineral of the earth's crust. Both effects always involve an important physical quantity, the so-called electrical polarization, which represents an Euclidean vector being defined as the quotient of the total dipole moment resulting from the deformation of the hexagonal unit cell of alpha-quartz and the volume of the unit cell. Based on the physical explanation of the dipole moment, it is shown how the directions of the electrical polarization can be calculated in a simple manner. This finally enables the physical understanding of both effects that are nowadays used in numerous technical applications in the broad field of sensor and actuator technologies.

1. ABSTRACT
The piezoelectric effect, which was discovered for
the first time by the brothers Pierre and Jacques
Curie, combines electrical with mechanical
quantities and vice versa. If piezoelectric materials
(e.g. quartz, turmaline) are subjected to electrical
signals along certain crystal orientations,
deformations along well-defined crystal
orientations appear. Contrary, a mechanical
deformation results in a generation of polarization
charges. Even if there exist numerous publications
on this so-called direct and reciprocal piezoelectric
effect, the aim of this paper is to convey a clear and
easy understanding of this essential solid body
effect in particular for the non-specialist, since a
large number of publications is rather superficial
and unfortunately sometimes incorrect. A variety
of ionic crystals show the direct and reciprocal
piezoelectric effect. In this paper, an illustrative
representation of both effects is given by the
molecular structure of alpha-quartz, a stable
modification of the silicon dioxide, the second
most common mineral of the earth's crust. Both
effects always involve an important physical
quantity, the so-called electrical polarization,
which represents an Euclidean vector being defined
as the quotient of the total dipole moment resulting
from the deformation of the hexagonal unit cell of
alpha-quartz and the volume of the unit cell. Based
on the physical explanation of the dipole moment,
it is shown how the directions of the electrical
polarization can be calculated in a simple manner.
This finally enables the physical understanding of
both effects that are nowadays used in numerous
technical applications in the broad field of sensor
and actuator technologies.
INTRODUCTION
Piezoelectric materials are substances capable of
generating an electric charge in response to
mechanical stress or, conversely, undergoing
mechanical deformation when subjected to an
electric field.The piezoelectric effect was first
discovered by brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie
in the late 19th century, who observed that certain
crystals generated an electric charge when
mechanically stressed. This groundbreaking
revelation laid the foundation for the
development of piezoelectric materials and their
applications in various fields. This unique
property stems from their crystal structure, where
asymmetry allows for the separation of positive
and negative charges. Widely used in various
applications, from sensors to actuators,
piezoelectric materials play a crucial role in
converting energy between mechanical and
electrical forms, contributing to advancements in
technology and diverse fields. Piezoelectric
materials, such as quartz crystals, exhibit a
unique property known as the piezoelectric
effect. In these materials, mechanical stress leads
to the generation of electrical charges, and
conversely, an applied electric field induces
mechanical deformation. Quartz, a crystalline
form of silicon dioxide, is a prominent example
of a piezoelectric material widely utilized in
various applications, including sensors,
oscillators, and frequency filters due to its
exceptional stability and reliability. The precise
arrangement of atoms in the quartz crystal lattice
contributes to its piezoelectric behavior, making
it a fundamental component in electronic
devices and resonators.
ENERGY GENERATION BY USING
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
R.Madhan kumar M.Sanjay kumar R.Shiva
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and
Technology,Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India.

2. MEANING
The meaning of the word “piezoelectric” implies
“pressure electricity”- the generation of electric
field by applying pressure.Piezoelectricity is
observed if a stress is applied to a solid, like by
bending ,twisting or squeezing it.The material
exhibiting the direct piezoelectric also exhibit the
reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation
of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied
electric field).
MATERIALS USED
NATURAL SYNTHETIC
Quartz Lead Zinconate
Titanate(PZT)
Rochelle Salt Zinc oxide(ZnO)
Topaz Barium
Titanate(BaTiO3)
Silk Lead
Titanate(PbTiO3)
Dentin Langasite
(La3Ga5SiO14)
DNA Sodium tungstate
(Na2WO3)
Tendon Potassium
Niobate(KNbO3)
Quartz is the second most abundant
material in the earth’s continental crust, after
feldspar.
HOW PIEZOELETRICITY WORKS
Normally, the charges in a piezoelectric crystal are
exactly balanced, even if they’re not symmetrically
arranged .The effects of the charges exactly cancel
out, leaving no net charge on the crystal faces.(More
specifically, the electric dipole moment is zero).
Now the effect of the charges (their dipole moments)
no longer cancel one another out and net positive
and negative charges appears on the crystal faces. By
squeezing the crystal, you have produced a voltage
across it’s opposite faces– and that’s
PIEZOELECTRICITY.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
AS AN ALTERNATIVE
 Electricity is the basic
need of everyone.
 But it reaches only 65%
of entire population and
35% still live in
darkness in INDIA.
 To satisfy all the needs
we need to produce
81,08,76,150 Kw- h/Yr

3.  Whereas, the production is only
60,06,49,000 Kw-h/Yr.
 So we need 21,02,21,150 Kw-h/Yr., to
reach the demand.
 We need to think the alternative to solve
this crisis.
 Presently there are many alternative like
solar, wind, etc.
 All these years we have ignored a better
alternative which in right under our feet our
fingers the piezoelectric material energy
harvesting.
APPLICATIONS
GYMS AND WORK PLACES
1. Vibration caused from machine in the GYM.
2. At workplaces piezoelectric crystals are laid
in the chairs for storing energy.
MOBILE KEYPAD
1. Crystal laid down under the keys of
mobile and keyboards.
2. For every key pressed vibrations are
created.
3. These can be used for charging purposes.
4. The material used for this application is PZT
with lateral stress operating at 15 Hz.
FLOOR MATS
1. Series of crystals can be laid below the
mats, tiles, carpets.
2. One foot step can only provide enough
electrical current to light two 60 watts
bulbs for one second.
SMART HIGHWAYS
1. Present time we are using asphalt roads(tar
roads) on which thousand of vehicles runs.
2. When a vehicle passes road deflects
vertically (vibrates)
3. These vibrations are released as thermal
energy which is being wasted.
SPECIICATION
1. Generator size :- 1 square fit.
2. 1 generator = 2000 Rs
3. No . Of generator needed = (3280 for 1 km
of road)
4. Cost estimation – 70 Lakhs for 1 km of road.
PIEZOELECTRIC CAR
By using piezoelectric generators in
car’s tyres, below chairs etc. we can generate and
store charge and can use in various car applications.
CONCLUSION
⚫ Piezoelectricity is a revolutionary source for
“ GREEN ENERGY”
⚫ Convert the ambient vibration energy
surrounding them into the “ELECTRICAL
ENERGY”
⚫ This is an excellent alternative to reach the
“ INCRISING DEMAND OF
ELECTRICITY”
⚫ This technology is tested in
“CALIFORNIA” and “ISRAEL” and
approved successfully.
⚫ We concluded that it should be implemented
in “INDIA” also to accelerate the
development.
REFERENCE
[1] C. Steinem, A. Janshoff, in Encyclopedia of
Analytical Science (Second Edition), 2005

4. [2] F. Wudy, ... H.J. Gores, in Encyclopedia of
Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009
[3] Sheng Xu, ... Zhong Lin Wang, in Semiconductor
Nanomaterials for Flexible Technologies, 2010
[4] Kenji Uchino Advanced ,Piezoelectric
Materials(2017)
[5] James Morwood, John Taylor. Pocket Oxford
Classical Greek Dictionary. (2002)
[6] Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation
Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman.
[7] Holler, F. James; Skoog, Douglas A. & Crouch,
Stanley R. (2007). Principles of Instrumental
Analysis (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 9.
[8] Harper, Douglas. "piezoelectric". Online
Etymology Dictionary.
[9] Curie, Jacques; Curie, Pierre (1881).
[10] Jaffe, B.; Cook, W. R.; Jaffe, H. (1971).
Piezoelectric Ceramics. New York: Academic.