To analyze the performance of the PID controller in a buck type converter implemented in real time. We begin by designing a continuous controller using the analytical method for calculating PIDs. Pulse width modulation is then used and bifurcation diagrams analyzed to reveal some problems of switching and sampling time. The model converter is then implemented with a PID controller in dSPACE. The experimental results provide detailed requirements of sampling frequency and switching speed, and show the performance of the PID controller. Converters are used in power generation solar systems and conmuted power sources for feed telecommunication devices, smart grids, and other applications.
This document describes a digitized feedback loop for a DC-DC buck converter operating at 400kHz. A digital signal controller (dsPIC) is used to monitor the output voltage and provide PID control of the converter by modifying the pulse width of the digital PWM signal. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink matched well with experimental results. The dsPIC implementation provided an efficient yet low-cost solution compared to using a DSP for digital control of the converter.
This paper presents a nonlinear Integral backstepping control approach based on field oriented control technique, applied to a Double Star Induction Machine ‘DSIM’ feed by two power voltage sources. We present this technique of integral backstepping by using reduced and complete Model of DSIM. The objective is to improve the robustness of machine under internal parameter variation with nonlinear Integral backstepping control. The robustness test results obtained by simulation prove the effectiveness of control with using complete model of DSIM.
Fault modeling and parametric fault detection in analog VLSI circuits using d...IJECEIAES
In this article we describe new model for determination of fault in circuit and also we provide detailed analysis of tolerance of circuit, which is considered one of the important parameter while designing the circuit. We have done mathematical analysis to provide strong base for our model and also done simulation for the same. This article describes detailed analysis of parametric fault in analog VLSI circuit. The model is tested for different frequencies for compactness and its flexibility. The tolerance analysis is also done for this purpose. All the simulation are done in MATLAB software.
SCAN CHAINS TESTING FOR LATCHES TO REDUCE AREA AND THE POWER CONSUMPTIONcscpconf
During the test mode of flip flop in a chip, a set of input vectors are sent through the flip-flop, it
consumes more power consumption than in the normal functional mode. In this paper, we
propose a latch with bi -stable element which reduces area as well as the power consumed. The
latch proposed consists of simple basic gates involving two inverters back to back which acts as
a bi-stable element and a transmission gate with the clock signal used to enable and disable the
rest of the circuit with impact on running the latch on Static Timing Analysis. The input test
vectors are either given by Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) or many other methods.
We model this using T-Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (T-SPICE) and see the power consumed.
Open switch fault diagnosis in three phase inverter using diagnostic variable...eSAT Journals
The reliability of power electronics system such as three phase inverter is important in various applications. Different types of faults occur in it, which may influence the operation of system. Such faults require unexpected maintenance, which increases the cost of manufacturing. Therefore fault diagnosis of such devices plays vital role in industry. One possible fault that occurs in inverter is an open switch fault. This paper provides a new technique based on diagnostic variable which detects single as well as multiple open switch fault in three phase inverter. In this method, diagnostic variables are used to detect faulty phase. Along with these diagnostic variables, an average current of three phase inverter is used for the detection of single as well as multiple faulty switches. Key Words: Power electronics, open switch fault, diagnostic variables.
Power Quality Compensation in Distribution System based on Instantaneous Powe...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power quality compensation system for distribution systems using a D-STATCOM. The system extracts reference signals for compensation of current harmonics and reactive power using instantaneous power theory. A recursive fuzzy PI controller is used to control the compensator current and improve tracking of reference signals. Simulation results show the system reduces current harmonics to within IEEE standards and regulates DC bus voltage. Compared to a conventional PI controller, the fuzzy PI controller provides faster dynamic response and tracking of reference signals through adaptive adjustment of control parameters based on phase rules.
Calculating Voltage Instability Using Index Analysis in Radial Distribution ...IJMER
This paper presents analysis of voltage stability index by a simple and efficient load flow
method to find out the magnitude of voltage at each node in radial distribution system in that network. It
shows the value of voltage stability index at each node in radial distribution network and predicts which
node is more sensitive to voltage collapse. This paper also presents the effect on voltage stability index
with variation in active power, reactive power, active and reactive power both. The voltage and VSI and
effect of load variation on VSI for 33-node system & 28-node system are calculated in this paper with
results shown
This document describes a digitized feedback loop for a DC-DC buck converter operating at 400kHz. A digital signal controller (dsPIC) is used to monitor the output voltage and provide PID control of the converter by modifying the pulse width of the digital PWM signal. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink matched well with experimental results. The dsPIC implementation provided an efficient yet low-cost solution compared to using a DSP for digital control of the converter.
This paper presents a nonlinear Integral backstepping control approach based on field oriented control technique, applied to a Double Star Induction Machine ‘DSIM’ feed by two power voltage sources. We present this technique of integral backstepping by using reduced and complete Model of DSIM. The objective is to improve the robustness of machine under internal parameter variation with nonlinear Integral backstepping control. The robustness test results obtained by simulation prove the effectiveness of control with using complete model of DSIM.
Fault modeling and parametric fault detection in analog VLSI circuits using d...IJECEIAES
In this article we describe new model for determination of fault in circuit and also we provide detailed analysis of tolerance of circuit, which is considered one of the important parameter while designing the circuit. We have done mathematical analysis to provide strong base for our model and also done simulation for the same. This article describes detailed analysis of parametric fault in analog VLSI circuit. The model is tested for different frequencies for compactness and its flexibility. The tolerance analysis is also done for this purpose. All the simulation are done in MATLAB software.
SCAN CHAINS TESTING FOR LATCHES TO REDUCE AREA AND THE POWER CONSUMPTIONcscpconf
During the test mode of flip flop in a chip, a set of input vectors are sent through the flip-flop, it
consumes more power consumption than in the normal functional mode. In this paper, we
propose a latch with bi -stable element which reduces area as well as the power consumed. The
latch proposed consists of simple basic gates involving two inverters back to back which acts as
a bi-stable element and a transmission gate with the clock signal used to enable and disable the
rest of the circuit with impact on running the latch on Static Timing Analysis. The input test
vectors are either given by Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) or many other methods.
We model this using T-Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (T-SPICE) and see the power consumed.
Open switch fault diagnosis in three phase inverter using diagnostic variable...eSAT Journals
The reliability of power electronics system such as three phase inverter is important in various applications. Different types of faults occur in it, which may influence the operation of system. Such faults require unexpected maintenance, which increases the cost of manufacturing. Therefore fault diagnosis of such devices plays vital role in industry. One possible fault that occurs in inverter is an open switch fault. This paper provides a new technique based on diagnostic variable which detects single as well as multiple open switch fault in three phase inverter. In this method, diagnostic variables are used to detect faulty phase. Along with these diagnostic variables, an average current of three phase inverter is used for the detection of single as well as multiple faulty switches. Key Words: Power electronics, open switch fault, diagnostic variables.
Power Quality Compensation in Distribution System based on Instantaneous Powe...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power quality compensation system for distribution systems using a D-STATCOM. The system extracts reference signals for compensation of current harmonics and reactive power using instantaneous power theory. A recursive fuzzy PI controller is used to control the compensator current and improve tracking of reference signals. Simulation results show the system reduces current harmonics to within IEEE standards and regulates DC bus voltage. Compared to a conventional PI controller, the fuzzy PI controller provides faster dynamic response and tracking of reference signals through adaptive adjustment of control parameters based on phase rules.
Calculating Voltage Instability Using Index Analysis in Radial Distribution ...IJMER
This paper presents analysis of voltage stability index by a simple and efficient load flow
method to find out the magnitude of voltage at each node in radial distribution system in that network. It
shows the value of voltage stability index at each node in radial distribution network and predicts which
node is more sensitive to voltage collapse. This paper also presents the effect on voltage stability index
with variation in active power, reactive power, active and reactive power both. The voltage and VSI and
effect of load variation on VSI for 33-node system & 28-node system are calculated in this paper with
results shown
This document summarizes a method for calculating the sensitivity matrix that defines the linear relationship between circuit parameters and poles/response of an RLC network. The sensitivity matrix enables efficient statistical analysis and yield predictions. It is obtained by taking derivatives of the poles and transfer function, which are calculated from the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the network's state equation. An example RLC circuit demonstrates calculating the sensitivity matrix and using it to predict yield based on Monte Carlo simulations.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Mechanically actuated capacitor microphone control using mpc and narma l2 con...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper, a capacitor microphone system is presented to improve the conversion of mechanical energy
to electrical energy using a nonlinear auto regressive moving average-L2 (NARMA-L2) and model predictive
control (MPC) controllers for the analysis of the open loop and closed loop system. The open loop system response
shows that the output voltage signal need to be improved. The comparison of the closed loop system with the
proposed controllers have been analyzed and a promising result have been obtained using Matlab/Simulink.
Comparative analysis of improved high performance direct power control of thr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Direct Power Control with switching table control produces irregular ripples and variable switching frequency. In the improved DPC of PWM rectifiers using fractional control period of the active voltage vector and the rest period for the null vector not only makes it line side inductance independent of the circuit and is very simple to implement due to the duty cycle concept. By simulation it is identified that the level of distortion as well as regulation of the DC link voltage with control of power factor improves the overall performance of the drive. The improved Direct Power Control (DPC) PWM methodology is comprehensively analyzed and studied for three phase rectifiers and compared with the classical DPC with PLL. The MATLAB simulations shows the effectiveness in obtaining unity power factor and constant dc link voltage control. The power ripples are considerably reduced and input sinusoidal grid currents are obtained.
Keywords— Direct power control, instantaneous active and reactive power, pulse width modulation, duty cycle, dc link control, unity power factor
Model Order Reduction of an ISLANDED MICROGRID using Single Perturbation, Dir...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using model order reduction techniques to simplify the model of an islanded microgrid system from 6th order to lower order approximations. It evaluates three methods: single perturbation, direct truncation, and particle swarm optimization. Single perturbation and direct truncation are used to reduce the model to 4th order, while particle swarm optimization further reduces it to 2nd order. The responses of the reduced models are compared to the original 6th order model, showing that even the 2nd order model reduced using particle swarm optimization provides an improved response.
THD Minimisation for Phase Voltage of Multilevel Inverters Using Genetic Algo...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Modelling and Passivity-based Control of a Non Isolated DC-DC Converter in a...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the model of a fuel cell and the design and simulation of a cascade of two DC-DC converters. First, a detailed mathematical model of fuel cell is presented and simulated. Then, a nonlinear model of the whole controlled system is developed and a robust nonlinear controller of currents is synthesized using a passivity-based control. A formal analysis based on Lyapunov stability and average theory is developed to describe the control currents loops performances. A classical PI controller is used for the voltages loops. The simulation models have been developed and tested in the MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulated results are displayed to validate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
This document provides a review of power system state estimation techniques. It discusses both static and dynamic state estimation algorithms. For static state estimation, it covers weighted least squares, decoupled, and robust estimation methods. Weighted least squares is commonly used but can have numerical instability issues. Decoupled state estimation approximates the gain matrix for faster computation. Robust estimation uses M-estimators and other techniques to handle outliers and bad data. Dynamic state estimation applies Kalman filtering, leapfrog algorithms, and other methods to continuously monitor system states over time.
A low-power 2-bit/step operation technique is proposed which uses dynamic threshold configuring comparator instead of multiple digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Power and area overhead is minimized by successively activated comparators. The comparator threshold is configured by simple Vcm biased current source, which keep the ADC free from power supply variations over 10%. To implement power efficient and high performance analog-to-digital converters the designers are urged to design an optimized dual tail comparator. In this paper, It is shown that in the proposed dual tail comparator both the power and delay time is significantly reduced.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modified Synchronous Reference Frame based Harmonic Extraction for Shunt Acti...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the modified synchronous reference frame based Shunt
Active Filter (SAF) for the instantaneous compensation of harmonic current
present at the Point of Common Coupling. The harmonics generated by the
non linear load are extracted using the positive frame and negative frame of
the input signal using the modified synchronous reference frame theory with
extended Multiple Reference Frame based PLL (EMRFPLL). Based on the
harmonics extracted, pulse width modulation signals are generated using
Artificial Neural Network based Space Vector Pulse width Modulation
technique (ANNSVPWM). Using this switching technique the losses can be
reduced and compensation can be done more accurately The concept was
verified using MATLAB / Simulink Simulation and the results confirm the
THD at point of common coupling is below the required standards.
Modelling design and control of an electromechanical mass lifting system usin...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper, an electromechanical mass lifter system is designed, analyzed and compare using optimal
and robust control theories. LQR and μ -synthesis controllers are used to improve the lift displacement by
comparison method for tracking the desired step and sinusoidal wave signals input. Finally, the comparison
simulation result prove the effectiveness of the electromechanical mass lifter system with μ -synthesis controller for
improving the rise time, percentage overshoot, settling time and peak value of tracking the desired step displacement
signal and improving the peak value for tracking the desired sinusoidal displacement signal with a good
performance.
The document discusses load flow studies in power systems. Load flow analysis is important for planning future expansion and determining optimal operation of existing power systems. It provides key information like voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus and real and reactive power flows. Bus classification depends on which quantities are specified - P,Q buses specify real and reactive power, P,V buses specify real power and voltage magnitude, and the slack bus specifies voltage magnitude and phase angle. Nodal admittance matrix formulation and numerical load flow examples are also presented.
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
State Estimation of Power System with Interline Power Flow ControllerIDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on state estimation of power systems with Interline Power Flow Controllers (IPFCs). The key points are:
1) A new state estimation method is proposed that incorporates an IPFC power injection model into the conventional state estimation algorithm.
2) The IPFC is modeled as injecting both real and reactive power at the buses it connects. This power injection model represents the effect of the IPFC on power flows.
3) The proposed method is tested on the Anderson and Fouad 9-bus system and results are presented. The method allows state estimation of power systems that include FACTS devices like the IPFC.
Accurate Symbolic Steady State Modeling of Buck ConverterIJECEIAES
Steady state analysis is fundamental to any electric and electronic circuit design. Buck converter is one of most popular power electronics circuit and has been analyzed in various situations. Although the behavior of buck converters can be understood approximately by the well-known state space averaging method, little is known in the sense of detailed behavior or exact solution to equations. In this paper a steady state analysis of buck converter is proposed which allows the exact calculation of steady state response. Our exact solution is expressed as a Fourier series. Our result is compared with numerical calculation to be verified. Our method copes with more complicated problems such as describing average power and root-mean-square power that are most critical issues in power electronics circuit.
Modelling design and control of an electromechanical mass lifting system usin...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper, an electromechanical mass lifter system is designed, analyzed and compare using
optimal and robust control theories. LQR and μ -synthesis controllers are used to improve the lift
displacement by comparison method for tracking the desired step and sinusoidal wave signals
input. Finally, the comparison simulation result prove the effectiveness of the electromechanical
mass lifter system with μ -synthesis controller for improving the rise time, percentage overshoot,
settling time and peak value of tracking the desired step displacement signal and improving the
peak value for tracking the desired sinusoidal displacement signal with a good performance.
Vector control of wind driven self excited induction generator connected to g...Alexander Decker
The document describes a system for controlling a wind-driven self-excited induction generator connected to the grid using a 24-pulse AC-DC converter with pulse doubling technique. The system aims to improve power quality indices. A model of the system is developed in MATLAB/Simulink using a 3.5kW induction generator, 24-pulse diode bridge rectifier, and grid connection. Stator flux orientation control is used to regulate the generator voltage and frequency. Simulation results are presented to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed AC-DC converter under varying load conditions on the induction generator.
11.vector control of wind driven self excited induction generator connected t...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a 24-pulse AC-DC converter system for a vector-controlled self-excited induction generator connected to the power grid. The system aims to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion. It uses an autotransformer-based rectifier with reduced rating magnetics and a pulse doubling technique. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the system is able to eliminate harmonics up to the 21st order and achieve near unity power factor over a wide operating range, with minimal effects observed from load variations. Transient responses during startup, load application, and short circuit events demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed AC-DC converter design.
Simulation, bifurcation, and stability analysis of a SEPIC converter control...IJECEIAES
This article presents some results of SEPIC converter dynamics when controlled by a center pulse width modulator controller (CPWM). The duty cycle is calculated using the ZAD (Zero Average Dynamics) technique. Results obtained using this technique show a great variety of non-linear phenomena such as bifurcations and chaos, as parameters associated with the switching surface. These phenomena have been studied in the present paper in numerical form. Simulations were done in MATLAB.
Integral Backstepping Control for Maximum Power Point Tracking and Unity Powe...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a robust control strategy for a grid connected photovoltaic system with a boost converter by using an integral Backstepping method based on a nonlinear state model, which guarantees the Lyapunov stability of the global system. The system has tracked precisely the maximum power point, with a very fast response and the unit power factor has been observed under different atmospheric conditions. Moreover, the best advantage of the controller is that it’s a good corrector of the grid perturbation and system parameter disturbance. The simulation result has demonstrated the performance of this strategy.
This document summarizes a method for calculating the sensitivity matrix that defines the linear relationship between circuit parameters and poles/response of an RLC network. The sensitivity matrix enables efficient statistical analysis and yield predictions. It is obtained by taking derivatives of the poles and transfer function, which are calculated from the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the network's state equation. An example RLC circuit demonstrates calculating the sensitivity matrix and using it to predict yield based on Monte Carlo simulations.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Mechanically actuated capacitor microphone control using mpc and narma l2 con...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper, a capacitor microphone system is presented to improve the conversion of mechanical energy
to electrical energy using a nonlinear auto regressive moving average-L2 (NARMA-L2) and model predictive
control (MPC) controllers for the analysis of the open loop and closed loop system. The open loop system response
shows that the output voltage signal need to be improved. The comparison of the closed loop system with the
proposed controllers have been analyzed and a promising result have been obtained using Matlab/Simulink.
Comparative analysis of improved high performance direct power control of thr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Direct Power Control with switching table control produces irregular ripples and variable switching frequency. In the improved DPC of PWM rectifiers using fractional control period of the active voltage vector and the rest period for the null vector not only makes it line side inductance independent of the circuit and is very simple to implement due to the duty cycle concept. By simulation it is identified that the level of distortion as well as regulation of the DC link voltage with control of power factor improves the overall performance of the drive. The improved Direct Power Control (DPC) PWM methodology is comprehensively analyzed and studied for three phase rectifiers and compared with the classical DPC with PLL. The MATLAB simulations shows the effectiveness in obtaining unity power factor and constant dc link voltage control. The power ripples are considerably reduced and input sinusoidal grid currents are obtained.
Keywords— Direct power control, instantaneous active and reactive power, pulse width modulation, duty cycle, dc link control, unity power factor
Model Order Reduction of an ISLANDED MICROGRID using Single Perturbation, Dir...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using model order reduction techniques to simplify the model of an islanded microgrid system from 6th order to lower order approximations. It evaluates three methods: single perturbation, direct truncation, and particle swarm optimization. Single perturbation and direct truncation are used to reduce the model to 4th order, while particle swarm optimization further reduces it to 2nd order. The responses of the reduced models are compared to the original 6th order model, showing that even the 2nd order model reduced using particle swarm optimization provides an improved response.
THD Minimisation for Phase Voltage of Multilevel Inverters Using Genetic Algo...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Modelling and Passivity-based Control of a Non Isolated DC-DC Converter in a...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the model of a fuel cell and the design and simulation of a cascade of two DC-DC converters. First, a detailed mathematical model of fuel cell is presented and simulated. Then, a nonlinear model of the whole controlled system is developed and a robust nonlinear controller of currents is synthesized using a passivity-based control. A formal analysis based on Lyapunov stability and average theory is developed to describe the control currents loops performances. A classical PI controller is used for the voltages loops. The simulation models have been developed and tested in the MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulated results are displayed to validate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
This document provides a review of power system state estimation techniques. It discusses both static and dynamic state estimation algorithms. For static state estimation, it covers weighted least squares, decoupled, and robust estimation methods. Weighted least squares is commonly used but can have numerical instability issues. Decoupled state estimation approximates the gain matrix for faster computation. Robust estimation uses M-estimators and other techniques to handle outliers and bad data. Dynamic state estimation applies Kalman filtering, leapfrog algorithms, and other methods to continuously monitor system states over time.
A low-power 2-bit/step operation technique is proposed which uses dynamic threshold configuring comparator instead of multiple digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Power and area overhead is minimized by successively activated comparators. The comparator threshold is configured by simple Vcm biased current source, which keep the ADC free from power supply variations over 10%. To implement power efficient and high performance analog-to-digital converters the designers are urged to design an optimized dual tail comparator. In this paper, It is shown that in the proposed dual tail comparator both the power and delay time is significantly reduced.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modified Synchronous Reference Frame based Harmonic Extraction for Shunt Acti...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the modified synchronous reference frame based Shunt
Active Filter (SAF) for the instantaneous compensation of harmonic current
present at the Point of Common Coupling. The harmonics generated by the
non linear load are extracted using the positive frame and negative frame of
the input signal using the modified synchronous reference frame theory with
extended Multiple Reference Frame based PLL (EMRFPLL). Based on the
harmonics extracted, pulse width modulation signals are generated using
Artificial Neural Network based Space Vector Pulse width Modulation
technique (ANNSVPWM). Using this switching technique the losses can be
reduced and compensation can be done more accurately The concept was
verified using MATLAB / Simulink Simulation and the results confirm the
THD at point of common coupling is below the required standards.
Modelling design and control of an electromechanical mass lifting system usin...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper, an electromechanical mass lifter system is designed, analyzed and compare using optimal
and robust control theories. LQR and μ -synthesis controllers are used to improve the lift displacement by
comparison method for tracking the desired step and sinusoidal wave signals input. Finally, the comparison
simulation result prove the effectiveness of the electromechanical mass lifter system with μ -synthesis controller for
improving the rise time, percentage overshoot, settling time and peak value of tracking the desired step displacement
signal and improving the peak value for tracking the desired sinusoidal displacement signal with a good
performance.
The document discusses load flow studies in power systems. Load flow analysis is important for planning future expansion and determining optimal operation of existing power systems. It provides key information like voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus and real and reactive power flows. Bus classification depends on which quantities are specified - P,Q buses specify real and reactive power, P,V buses specify real power and voltage magnitude, and the slack bus specifies voltage magnitude and phase angle. Nodal admittance matrix formulation and numerical load flow examples are also presented.
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
State Estimation of Power System with Interline Power Flow ControllerIDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on state estimation of power systems with Interline Power Flow Controllers (IPFCs). The key points are:
1) A new state estimation method is proposed that incorporates an IPFC power injection model into the conventional state estimation algorithm.
2) The IPFC is modeled as injecting both real and reactive power at the buses it connects. This power injection model represents the effect of the IPFC on power flows.
3) The proposed method is tested on the Anderson and Fouad 9-bus system and results are presented. The method allows state estimation of power systems that include FACTS devices like the IPFC.
Accurate Symbolic Steady State Modeling of Buck ConverterIJECEIAES
Steady state analysis is fundamental to any electric and electronic circuit design. Buck converter is one of most popular power electronics circuit and has been analyzed in various situations. Although the behavior of buck converters can be understood approximately by the well-known state space averaging method, little is known in the sense of detailed behavior or exact solution to equations. In this paper a steady state analysis of buck converter is proposed which allows the exact calculation of steady state response. Our exact solution is expressed as a Fourier series. Our result is compared with numerical calculation to be verified. Our method copes with more complicated problems such as describing average power and root-mean-square power that are most critical issues in power electronics circuit.
Modelling design and control of an electromechanical mass lifting system usin...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper, an electromechanical mass lifter system is designed, analyzed and compare using
optimal and robust control theories. LQR and μ -synthesis controllers are used to improve the lift
displacement by comparison method for tracking the desired step and sinusoidal wave signals
input. Finally, the comparison simulation result prove the effectiveness of the electromechanical
mass lifter system with μ -synthesis controller for improving the rise time, percentage overshoot,
settling time and peak value of tracking the desired step displacement signal and improving the
peak value for tracking the desired sinusoidal displacement signal with a good performance.
Vector control of wind driven self excited induction generator connected to g...Alexander Decker
The document describes a system for controlling a wind-driven self-excited induction generator connected to the grid using a 24-pulse AC-DC converter with pulse doubling technique. The system aims to improve power quality indices. A model of the system is developed in MATLAB/Simulink using a 3.5kW induction generator, 24-pulse diode bridge rectifier, and grid connection. Stator flux orientation control is used to regulate the generator voltage and frequency. Simulation results are presented to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed AC-DC converter under varying load conditions on the induction generator.
11.vector control of wind driven self excited induction generator connected t...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a 24-pulse AC-DC converter system for a vector-controlled self-excited induction generator connected to the power grid. The system aims to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion. It uses an autotransformer-based rectifier with reduced rating magnetics and a pulse doubling technique. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the system is able to eliminate harmonics up to the 21st order and achieve near unity power factor over a wide operating range, with minimal effects observed from load variations. Transient responses during startup, load application, and short circuit events demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed AC-DC converter design.
Simulation, bifurcation, and stability analysis of a SEPIC converter control...IJECEIAES
This article presents some results of SEPIC converter dynamics when controlled by a center pulse width modulator controller (CPWM). The duty cycle is calculated using the ZAD (Zero Average Dynamics) technique. Results obtained using this technique show a great variety of non-linear phenomena such as bifurcations and chaos, as parameters associated with the switching surface. These phenomena have been studied in the present paper in numerical form. Simulations were done in MATLAB.
Integral Backstepping Control for Maximum Power Point Tracking and Unity Powe...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a robust control strategy for a grid connected photovoltaic system with a boost converter by using an integral Backstepping method based on a nonlinear state model, which guarantees the Lyapunov stability of the global system. The system has tracked precisely the maximum power point, with a very fast response and the unit power factor has been observed under different atmospheric conditions. Moreover, the best advantage of the controller is that it’s a good corrector of the grid perturbation and system parameter disturbance. The simulation result has demonstrated the performance of this strategy.
On the dynamic behavior of the current in the condenser of a boost converter ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, an analytical and numerical study is conducted on the dynamics of the current in the condenser of a boost converter controlled with ZAD, using a pulse PWM to the symmetric center. A stability analysis of periodic 1T-orbits was made by the analytical calculation of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix of the dynamic system, where the presence of flip and Neimar–Sacker-type bifurcations was determined. The presence of chaos, which is controlled by ZAD and FPIC techniques, is shown from the analysis of Lyapunov exponents.
Development of Digital Controller for DC-DC Buck ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a design & implementation of 3P3Z (3-pole 3-zero)
digital controller based on DSC (Digital Signal Controller) for low voltage
synchronous Buck Converter. The proposed control involves one voltage
control loop. Analog Type-3 controller is designed for Buck Converter using
standard frequency response techniques.Type-3 analog controller transforms
to 3P3Z controller in discrete domain.Matlab/Simulink model of the Buck
Converter with digital controller is developed. Simualtion results for steady
Keyword: state response and load transient response is tested using the model.
DESIGN OF FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE, LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH ENHANCED STEADY...ijcsitcejournal
Design and implementation of control systems for power supplies require the use of efficient techniques that
provide simple and practical solutions in order to fulfill the performance requirements at an acceptable cost.
Application of manual methods of system identification in determining optimal values of controller settings is
quite time-consuming, expensive and, sometimes, may be impossible to practically carry out. This paper
describes an analytical method for the design of a control system for a fast transient response, low dropout
(LDO) linear regulated power supply on the basis of PID compensation. The controller parameters are
obtained from analytical model of the regulator circuit. Test results showed good dynamic characteristics
with adequate margin of stability. This study shows that PID parameter values sufficiently close to optimum
can easily be obtained from analytical study of the regulator system. The applied method of determining
controller settings greatly reduces design time and cost.
This document describes testing of a boost rectifier for a back-to-back converter used in a doubly fed induction generator wind energy system. The design of the back-to-back converter components is explained, including selection of IGBT switches, DC link capacitor, and driver circuits. A 1 kW prototype was fabricated in the laboratory. Testing was performed on the rectifier sections and showed the boosting was obtained as required. A microcontroller was used to generate PWM pulses to control the IGBTs in the boost rectifier. Experimental results demonstrated boosting of the rectified voltages for various input voltages and pulse widths.
This document summarizes an adaptive fuzzy logic power filter for nonlinear systems. It proposes using a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to control a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) to compensate for harmonic distortion and power quality issues caused by nonlinear loads. The FLC generates reference compensation currents and maintains the SAPF DC capacitor voltage. It is compared to a conventional PI controller, with the FLC showing better robustness to load and system parameter changes. The document describes the instantaneous reactive power theory used to estimate compensation currents, the design of the Takagi-Sugeno FLC, and an adaptive hysteresis current control method to generate switching signals for the SAPF
In grid connected system, unity power factor current injection into the grid is vital. This can be achieved by choosing the right inverter topology, passive filter components, current controllers, and PWM switching scheme. This paper compares the output current harmonics profile between when using the conventional proportional resonant (PR) current controller and when using the modified PR current controller. By applying the latter technique, via experimental validation using TMS320F2812, the THD of the injected grid current in a parallel connected inverters system is improved.
Selection and Validation of Mathematical Models of Power Converters using Rap...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a methodology based on two interrelated rapid prototyping pro- cesses in order to find the best correspondence between theoretical, simulated, and experimental results of a power converter controlled by a digital PWM. The method supplements rapid control prototyping (RCP) with effective math tools to quickly select and validate models of a controlled system. We show stability analysis of the classical and two modified buck converter models controlled by zero average dynamics (ZAD) and fixed-point induction control (FPIC). The methodology consists of obtaining the mathematical representation of power converters with the controllers and the Lyapunov Exponents (LEs). Besides, the theoretical results are compared with the simulated and experimental results by means of one- and two-parameter bifurcation diagrams. The responses of the three models are compared by changing the parameter (K ) of the ZAD and the parameter (N) of the FPIC. The results show that the stability zones, periodic orbits, periodic bands, and chaos are obtained for the three models, finding more similarities between theoretical, simulated, and experimental tests with the third model of the buck converter with ZAD and FPIC as it considers more parameters related to the losses in different elements of the system. Additionally, the intervals of the chaos are obtained by using the LEs and validated by numerical and experimental tests. s
Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic control for Photovolt...IJERA Editor
This work presents an intelligent approach to the improvement and optimization of control performance of a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking based on fuzzy logic control. This control was compared with the conventional control based on Perturb &Observe algorithm. The results obtained in Matlab/Simulink under different conditions show a marked improvement in the performance of fuzzy control MPPT of the PV system.
DESIGN OF FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE, LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH ENHANCED STEADY...rinzindorjej
Design and implementation of control systems for power supplies require the use of efficient techniques that
provide simple and practical solutions in order to fulfill the performance requirements at an acceptable cost.
Application of manual methods of system identification in determining optimal values of controller settings is
quite time-consuming, expensive and, sometimes, may be impossible to practically carry out. This paper
describes an analytical method for the design of a control system for a fast transient response, low dropout
(LDO) linear regulated power supply on the basis of PID compensation. The controller parameters are
obtained from analytical model of the regulator circuit. Test results showed good dynamic characteristics
with adequate margin of stability. This study shows that PID parameter values sufficiently close to optimum
can easily be obtained from analytical study of the regulator system. The applied method of determining controller settings greatly reduces design time and cost
Non-integer IMC Based PID Design for Load Frequency Control of Power System t...IJECEIAES
This paper deals with non-integer internal model control (FIMC) based proportional- integral-derivative(PID) design for load frequency control (LFC) of single area nonreheated thermal power system under parameter divergence and random load disturbance. Firstly, a fractional second order plus dead time(SOPDT) reduced system model is obtained using genetic algorithm through step error minimization. Secondly, a FIMC based PID controller is designed for single area power system based on reduced system model. Proposed controller is equipped with single area non-reheated thermal power system. The resulting controller is tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK under various conditions. The simulation results show that the controller can accommodate system parameter uncertainty and load disturbance. Further, simulation shows that it maintains robust performance as well as minimizes the effect of load fluctuations on frequency deviation. Finally, the proposed method applied to two area power system to show the effectiveness.
This document summarizes the system identification and control of a two-cart spring system. Various identification techniques were used, including theoretical modeling, non-parametric methods like impulse response and sine sweeps, and parametric ARX modeling with chirp and square wave inputs. An ARX model with 3 poles was selected based on the identification results. An LQR/LQG controller was then designed and tuned, achieving reasonable closed-loop performance for controlling the position of the second cart.
This document describes using active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) for controlling a single-stage photovoltaic system connected to the electrical grid. It compares ADRC to the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) control method. ADRC combined with incremental conductance (ADRC-IC) is used for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. ADRC is also used to control the inverter to regulate the DC bus voltage and ensure unity power factor injection into the grid. The system aims to maximize power extraction from the PV array and regulate power injection into the grid with low harmonics.
Comparison of backstepping, sliding mode and PID regulators for a voltage inv...IJECEIAES
In the present paper, an efficient and performant nonlinear regulator is designed for the control of the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage inverter that can be used in a standalone photovoltaic microgrid. The main objective of our control is to produce a sinusoidal voltage output signal with amplitude and frequency that are fixed by the reference signal for different loads including linear or nonlinear types. A comparative performance study of controllers based on linear and non-linear techniques such as backstepping, sliding mode, and proportional integral derivative (PID) is developed to ensure the best choice among these three types of controllers. The performance of the system is investigated and compared under various operating conditions by simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control methods. Our investigation shows that the backstepping controller can give better performance than the sliding mode and PID controllers. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed backstepping controller are verified experimentally in terms of tracking objectives.
05 9236 it landsman converter based particle edit putriIAESIJEECS
This document proposes using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to control a Landsman converter in order to reduce output voltage ripple. The PSO algorithm optimizes the controller parameters and is compared to a conventional PID controller. Simulation results show that the PSO controller achieves a reduction in output voltage ripple in the millivolt range along with a reduced settling time compared to the PID controller. In addition, the PSO technique determines the converter gains more accurately and in a shorter time period than the PID technique.
Performance and High Robustness DPC for PWM Rectifier under Unstable VDC BusIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a strategy de controlling a static AC / DC converter
based on direct power control (DPC). The instantaneous active and reactive
power is controlled in such a way to ensure the PWM rectifier with a
sinusoidal current absorption. This control has proven effective in terms of
reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) of current absorbed. Offers a
good control of active and reactive power with an operation at unitary power
factor. The test of robustness carried out and the results have proven DPC
good performance with strong possibility of de integrate it into the field of
high voltage and high power as electric traction.
This article presents nonlinear control of wind conversion chain connected to the grid based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control objectives are threefold; i) forcing the generator speed to track a varying reference signal in order to extract the maximum power at different wind speed (MPPT); ii) regulating the rectifier output capacitor voltage; iii) reducing the harmonic and reactive currents injected in the grid. This means that the inverter output current must be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC supply voltage (PFC). To this end, a nonlinear state-feedback control is developed, based on the average nonlinear model of the whole controlled system. This control strategy involves backstepping approach, Lyapunov stability and other tools from theory of linear systems. The proposed state-feedback control strategy is tested by numerical simulation which shows that the developed controller reaches its objectives.
This document presents a digital implementation of a fractional order PID controller for a boost DC-DC converter. It begins with an introduction to DC-DC converters and why fractional order PID controllers could improve performance over existing controllers. It then describes the mathematical model of a boost converter and proposes a fractional order PID control law. Tuning algorithms are presented to optimize the fractional orders μ and λ. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in providing less overshoot and faster recovery than conventional controllers under load and voltage variations.
This document describes an experiment to build an analog PID controller circuit using op-amps. It includes:
1. An introduction to the basic concepts of proportional, integral and derivative control and how they are implemented using op-amps.
2. Analysis of the circuit diagrams for differential input, derivative, and integrator op-amps used to build the PID controller.
3. Procedures to assemble the circuit, test it using a function generator and oscilloscope, and calculate gains.
4. Results showing the input-output signal relationships for each component, along with calculated gains and pole locations. Square and sine wave responses are shown for the complete PID controller.
5. A conclusion that the
Similar to PID controller using rapid control prototyping techniques (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
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#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
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- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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comes to the controller through the 12-bit ADC input with a sampling rate set for the experiment at 10 kHz
and then 30 kHz. The controller parameters are set through variable gain blocks because they were tuned in
real time. At each sampling period, the controller calculates the duty cycle in real time and its equivalent in the
PWM control switch.
Figure 1. Schematic of buck converter model Figure 2. Block diagram of the proposed system
This article is intended for the digital PWM approach, which presents rich nonlinear dynamics and
has the following advantages: immunity to analog component variations; faster process design; low sensitivity
to changes in parameters; programmability; allows reduction or elimination of passive external components;
allows calibration of protection algorithms; and supports digital system interfaces for implementing nonlinear
control techniques [11]–[16]. However, the DPWM also has disadvantages as it is affected by two limitations:
quantization effects [12], [13] and delays in the control loop [17], [18].
2. BUCK CONVERTER MODEL
Where 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 is the internal resistance of the MOSFET (𝑟 𝑀
) plus the resistance source (𝑟𝑠) and the resistance coil
(𝑟𝐿) plus the shunt resistor’s resistance used for the current measure (𝑟 𝑀𝑒𝑑
) as shown in Figure 1.
By summation of currents in the capacitor’s node we obtain
Solving and simplifying gives
Converting to matrix form gives
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Converting to state variables and making 𝑎 =
𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑟 𝐿
𝐿
, 𝑏 =
1
𝐿
, 𝑐 =
1
𝐶
, 𝑑 =
1
𝑅𝐶
, and maintaining signs gives
(1)
If the switch stays OFF (u=0), then the equation becomes X ̇=AX because it does not take into account
the diode’s voltage.
In the case where the switch is closed, we find the transfer function using
which yields
(2)
In (2), the following values will be replaced to find the system’s response:
𝐸 = 40 𝑉, 𝐶 = 46.27 µ𝐹
𝑅 = 39.3 Ω, 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.688 Ω
𝐿 = 2.47 𝑚𝐻, 𝑟𝐿 = 1.345 Ω
(3)
The poles for (3) are
The root locus is shown Figure 3. Therefore, the system is stable with the values used for constants
and it is underdamped. The response to stepped E volts can be seen in Figure 4, which shows an overshoot that
must be reduced and a steady-state error of about 2 volts, indicating the system is underdamped. In low-power
buck converters, such as computer sources, it is usual to find a zener diode and transistor-based regulation of
the converter output. This technique has the advantage of avoiding the use of control; however, it has the
disadvantage of increasing the probability of failure on points where it handles the power output. To obtain the
desired voltage with proper MOSFET handling and without adding elements that may fail in the converter
output is the goal of implementing a controller.
Figure 3. Root locus Figure 4. Step response
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3. CONTINUOUS PID CONTROLLER
The method used is known as the “analytical method.” We start from the desired behavior as
determined by the second-order canonical equation, which should match the characteristic equation of the
closed-loop system with PID, to find the constants Kp, Kd, and Ki.
3.1. Desired response
𝑡𝑠 = 2.5 𝑚𝑠, 𝑀𝑝 = 10% = 0.1
Second-order canonical equation (desired behavior):
Poles on:
3.2. Closed loop with unknown PID constants
Replacing the parameters in the transfer function and making a change of variables 𝑚 = 8739229,
𝑛 = 1372, and 𝑝 = 9191377, we must close the loop with unknown PID. Block diagram as shown in
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Block diagram
This gives the transfer function with the unknown constants of PID:
However, before matching the characteristic equations, we must first increase the degree of the second-order
characteristic equation. This is achieved by adding a remnant pole to the characteristic equation so as to not
affect the desired behavior; in this case, that is five times away from the dominant poles. This modification
usually affects the amplitude, but the behavior of the canonical system is preserved:
Thus, it is now possible to match the coefficients:
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Replacing these constants in the closed-loop transfer function, the simulation is then performed with a step
value of E volts.
Figure 6 shows that the controlled system does not reach the desired overshoot; however, it is normal
to do some tuning, preferably when the controller is already modulated by the PWM so as to avoid double
tuning. The settling time and the steady-state error are the desired outcomes.
Figure 6. Comparison of step response in open-and closed-loop systems with PID
4. DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM
For a continuous time, system, the general solution is given by
Therefore, the solution in discrete time form is given by
(4)
The solution of Equation (4) is obtained as
Making 𝐴𝑑 = 𝑒 𝐴𝑇
y 𝐵𝑑 = (𝑒 𝐴𝑇
− 𝐼)𝐴−1
𝐵, the solution can be presented as
(5)
Then, the solution of 𝑒 𝐴𝑇
is
(6)
From (6) and applying Laplace’s anti-transformation, we obtain the matrix 𝑒 𝐴𝑇
:
(7)
where
𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚1 =
𝑒−𝜁𝜔 𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜔 𝑑 𝑡)
𝜔 𝑑
, 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚2 = −
𝑒−𝜁𝜔 𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜔 𝑑 𝑡)−𝜙
√1−𝜁2
,
and
𝜔 𝑑 = 𝜔 𝑛√1 − 𝜁2 ; 𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √1−𝜁2
𝜁
.
At this point, we probe that 𝑒 𝐴𝑇
evaluated at 𝑡 = 0 is equal to the identity matrix.
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Knowing 𝑒 𝐴𝑇
, an algorithm was implemented in MATLAB® to produce the discrete equivalent
shown in Figure 7. The continuous time system has 𝑇𝑠 = 5.9 ms, so we can choose a sampling rate
𝑇 = 50 μseg. Initializing the necessary variables, we obtain the output shown in Figure 7. Thus, we can see
how the discrete equivalent is very close to the real equivalent.
Figure 7. Discrete time equivalent
5. PID MODULATED BY PWM
The found constants will be used in this controller. Initializing variables and respective vectors to zero
the output (𝑉𝐶) (load voltage) shown in Figure 8. We observe that the overshoot appears even higher than
previously estimated; to reduce the overshoot, we follow Table 1 taken from [13], showing an online tuning
form of PID, depending on the output characteristics required by the user. This table is valid as long as the
constants to tune are calculated with a known method. Therefore, from the values that we have calculated, we
reduce 𝐾𝑖 = 2400 to obtain an overshoot close to zero as shown in Figure 9, which is very convenient for
such converters.
Figure 8. PID with PWM Figure 9. Tuned output (𝑉𝐶) using Table 1
Table 1. Effects of Independent P, I, and D Tuning
PID Rise Time Overshoot Settling Time Steady Stage Error Stability
⇑Kp Decrease Increase Small increase Decrease Degrade
⇑Ki Small decrease Increase Increase Large decrease Degrade
⇑Kd Small decrease Decrease Decrease Minor change Improve
6. BIFURCATION DIAGRAMS
Bifurcation diagrams are defined as qualitative and quantitative variations of the system’s dynamics
in front of the variation of parameters that can influence the stability of the system and characteristics of the
output, among other issues.
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The bifurcation diagram is a tool to analyze the dynamic system and provides information on it limits
of stable operation. For this system, only the constant Kp has to be varied as this affects the others.
This requires the industrial form of PID:
6.1. Vcand D bifurcation diagrams with Kp variations
Figures 10 and 11 show that the operating range of Kp has an upper limit of 19 units apx before the
system becomes chaotic.
Figure 10. 𝑉𝐶’s bifurcations Figure 11. D’s bifurcations
6.2. 𝑽 𝑪 and 𝑫 bifurcation diagrams with varying T
Figure 12 shows that for small values of T (sampling period), the system has a one periodic wave for
high frequencies; however, by increasing the sampling period equal to the switching period (around 110 μseg),
the systems begins to turn chaotic.
Figure 12. 𝑉𝐶’s bifurcation diagram with varying T Figure 13. D’s bifurcation diagram with varying T
7. MATLAB/SIMULINK® SIMULATION
The next simulation performed in simulink moves us closer to real-time implementation performed in
dSPACE. Figures 14 and 15, respectively, show the circuit diagrams and elements used. Figure 16 displays the
output in open- and closed–loop systems with PID. Reducing the sampling rate to half causes the signal to lose
symmetry because it receives fewer sampling points and, therefore, the integration process struggles as it adds
more than needed or rests more than needed, for the same reason. This explains the strong oscillations seen in
Figure 17. This effect is accentuated in the implementation.
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Figure 14. PID and PWM schema Figure 15. Buck converter
Figure 16. 𝑉𝐶 output in open- and closed-loop Figure 17. 𝑉𝐶 output with a minor sample
frequency systems with PID
8. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
For real-time implementation, the control and development card dSPACE was used. The converter’s
PID controller was implemented in simulink as diagrammed in Figure 18, where it controls the controller
implemented on hardware through the PWM generation block.
Figure 18: Rapid control prototyping to control the buck converter
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The results presented in this section were obtained with the experimental prototype and the parameters
defined in Table 2. By changing the reference voltage to 10 V, 20 V, and 30 V, and varying the sampling and
switching frequency, we show that the real system is much more sensitive to a low sampling rate. Figure 19
corresponds to a sampling frequency of 10 kHz. Increasing the sampling frequency three times (30 kHz) in
Figure 20 results in a little improvement in the regulated signal 𝑉𝐶 and, especially, a reduction in the sound
produced by the inductor due to the switching frequency growth of the transistor.
By increasing significantly the value of the capacitor to 376 μF as shown in Figure 21, we improve
the converter’s filtering and find a better answer with a lower steady-state error, even for the design parameters
shown in Table 2. The reason is that more capacity filters higher frequencies and, therefore, the regulation is
better, thus reducing considerably the system’s chaos. It can be seen in Figures 22 and 23 that if we make
instant load changes going from 14.59 Ω to 39.3 Ω with a capacitor of 376 μF and switching to 10 kHz, then
the system regulates too well with errors less than 2%; hence, not only the good performance of the PID
controller must be considered.
Table 2. Experimental Prototype Data
Parameter Value
𝑅: Load resistance 39.3 Ω
𝐶: Capacitance 46.27 and 376 𝜇𝐹
𝐿: Inductance 2.473 𝑚𝐻
𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡: Internal resistance of the source 0.688 Ω
𝑟 𝐿
: Internal resistance of the inductor 1.345 Ω
𝐸: Input voltage 40.086 𝑉
𝐹𝑐: Switching frequency 10 kHz and 30 kHz
𝐹𝑠: Sampling frequency 10 kHz and 30 kHz
Kp: Proportional gain 2.7162
Kd: Derivative gain 0.0011245
Ki: Integral gain 2400
Figure 19. 𝑉 𝐶 output with 𝐶 = 46 µF, Vc at 10 kHz Figure 20. 𝑉 𝐶 output with 𝐶 = 46 µF, Vc at 30 kHz
Figure 21. 𝑉𝐶 output with 𝐶 = 376 µF at 10 kHz Figure 22. 𝑉𝐶 output with load changes 𝑅 with 𝐶 = 376 µF
Figure 23. I load 𝑖 𝑅 with load changes 𝑅 with 𝐶= 376 µF
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9. CONCLUSIONS
Because the increased value of the capacitor produced a substantial improvement in the system, it is
necessary to propose a detailed study of the buck converters currently on the market in order to determine and
compare which and what values of their elements are most appropriate to apply with different control
techniques. It is likely that the implemented converter does not have the best features to adequately respond to
PID control. The PID controller in the continuous case shows good performance in terms of regulating output
voltage (𝑉𝐶). In some systems, a continuous PID control can react in a way and when is modulated by PWM
change substantially; therefore, we should not assume that what is found in continuous time can be applied
without restrictions in discrete time. The switching and sampling frequencies affect a major proportion of the
integral because it needs to add the highest possible amount of points to successfully complete the integration
process. Having hardware that supports high sampling and switching frequencies is a very important factor
when implementing a system. For the implemented converter, the PID controller did not respond in the best
way. It is necessary to filter or remove the derivative and select appropriate sampling and switching
frequencies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín under the projects
HERMES-34671 and HERMES-36911. The authors thank the School of Physics for their valuable support to
conduct this research. This research paper corresponds to “programa reconstrucción del tejido social en zonas
de pos-conflicto en Colombia del proyecto Modelo ecosistémico de mejoramiento rural y construcción de paz:
instalación de capacidades locales,” financed by the “Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la Ciencia, la
Tecnología y la Innovación, Fondo Francisco José de Caldas con contrato No 213-2018 con Código 58960.”
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Odair A. Trujillo: received a B.S. in electrical engineering and M.S. in automatics from Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Manizales in 2008 and 2013, respectively. His research interests include
nonlinear control, nonlinear dynamics of nonsmooth systems, and power electronic converters. He is
a member of the reasearch group in power resources GIRE.
Nicolás Toro: received a B.S. in electrical engineering and Ph.D. in automatics from Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Manizales in 1983 and 2012, respectively, as well as an M.S. in production
automatic systems from Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia in 2000. He is currently an
Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Computer Science,
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de Manizales. His research interests include nonlinear
control, nonlinear dynamics of nonsmooth systems, and power electronic converters. He is a member
of the reasearch group in power resources GIRE (Código colombiano de registro: COL0144229), at
Universidad Nacional de Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8317-4126
Fredy E. Hoyos: electrical engineer, MEng Industrial Automation, Ph.D in Automation; Assistant
Professor, Science Faculty, School of Physics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín,
Colombia; E-mail: fehoyosve@unal.edu.co. His research interests include nonlinear control, nonlinear
dynamics of nonsmooth systems, and power electronic applications. He is an Associate Researcher in
Colciencias and a member of the reasearch group in Digital Signal Processing for Real-Time Systems
at Universidad Nacional de Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-5192