This paper presents a methodology based on two interrelated rapid prototyping pro- cesses in order to find the best correspondence between theoretical, simulated, and experimental results of a power converter controlled by a digital PWM. The method supplements rapid control prototyping (RCP) with effective math tools to quickly select and validate models of a controlled system. We show stability analysis of the classical and two modified buck converter models controlled by zero average dynamics (ZAD) and fixed-point induction control (FPIC). The methodology consists of obtaining the mathematical representation of power converters with the controllers and the Lyapunov Exponents (LEs). Besides, the theoretical results are compared with the simulated and experimental results by means of one- and two-parameter bifurcation diagrams. The responses of the three models are compared by changing the parameter (K ) of the ZAD and the parameter (N) of the FPIC. The results show that the stability zones, periodic orbits, periodic bands, and chaos are obtained for the three models, finding more similarities between theoretical, simulated, and experimental tests with the third model of the buck converter with ZAD and FPIC as it considers more parameters related to the losses in different elements of the system. Additionally, the intervals of the chaos are obtained by using the LEs and validated by numerical and experimental tests. s
Using Z-Transform for Electric Loads Modeling in the Presence of HarmonicsIJERA Editor
- The document presents an approach to model single-phase electric loads in the presence of harmonics using Z-transform.
- The impedance or admittance of the load is expressed as an autoregressive model with exogenous inputs (ARX). The parameters are identified using least error squares estimation based on voltage and current samples.
- With the identified ARX parameters, the admittance can be determined in the time and frequency domains. The approach can model loads and distribution networks for load flow and harmonic analysis.
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensationidescitation
This document compares five control strategies for a DSTATCOM system used for load compensation: instantaneous p-q theory, synchronous reference frame (SRF) method, modified SRF method, instantaneous symmetrical component theory, and average unit power factor theory. The performance of each control strategy is evaluated through simulations considering the source current total harmonic distortion under different operating conditions. The results show that the modified SRF method has improved system performance compared to the other strategies, especially under deteriorated operating conditions with unbalanced loads or voltage distortions.
MODIFIED DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL FOR BLDC MOTOR DRIVESijctcm
In this paper, a new adaptive reference based approach to direct torque control (DTC) method has been
proposed for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. Conventional DTC method uses two main
reference parameters as: flux and torque. A main difference from the conventional method of it was that
only one reference parameter (speed) was used to control the BLDC motor and the second control
parameter (flux) was obtained from speed error through the proposed control algorithm. Thus, the DTC
performance has been especially improved on systems which need variable speed and torque during
operation, like electric vehicles. The dynamic models of the BLDC and the DTC method have been created
on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method has been confirmed and verified by the dynamic simulations on
different working conditions. The simulation studies showed that the proposed method reduced remarkably
the speed and the torque ripples when compared the conventional DTC method. Moreover, the proposed
method has also very simple structure to apply the conventional DTC and its extra computational load to
the controller is almost zero.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. This document presents a comparative assessment of three control strategies (PI, PI-type Fuzzy Logic, and LQR) for controlling the speed of a DC motor driven by a buck converter.
2. The dynamic system of the buck converter and DC motor is modeled using state-space and transfer function representations.
3. Each of the three control techniques (PI, PI-type Fuzzy Logic, LQR) is designed and analyzed in simulations to examine their performance in tracking input speed commands and regulating duty cycle and current.
Finite State Predictive Current and Common Mode Voltage Control of a Seven-ph...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper illustrates finite set predictive current control (FSPC) along with
common mode voltage control of a seven-phase voltage source inverter
(VSI). The current and common mode voltage (CMV) controls are done
considering a finite set of control actions. The space vector model of a sevenphase
voltage source inverter produces 27 = 128 space voltage vectors, with
126 active and two zero vectors. Out of 126 space vectors 112 are distinct
and 14 are redundant vectors. To control the current and the common mode
voltage, specific set of space vectors are chosen that minimizes the
magnitude of the CMV and makes it a dc signal and simultaneously track the
reference current. Hence no common mode current can flow. Three sets of
space vectors are used for switching actuation, in one case only 15 vectors
are used (14 active and one zero), in second case 14 vectors are used,
followed by use of 8 space vectors (7 large and one zero) and finally 7 large
vectors are employed. Optimal algorithm is employed to find the vector
which minimizes the chosen cost function. The effect of selecting the cost
function, the number of space vectors on current tracking and common mode
voltage is investigated and reported. The developed technique is tested for
RL load using simulation and experimental approaches.
Enhanced Performance of Matrix Converter using Adaptive Computing TechniquesIJERA Editor
This document discusses improving the performance of a matrix converter for supplying power to linear loads under different grid conditions. It describes the operating principle and Venturini modulation method of a matrix converter. Various controllers - PI, fuzzy logic, adaptive fuzzy, and ANFIS - are implemented in simulations to minimize harmonic distortion in the linear load current. The results show that the ANFIS controller provides the best performance with the lowest total harmonic distortion, indicating it is most effective at optimizing the quality of power supplied by the matrix converter under both balanced and distorted grid conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Using Z-Transform for Electric Loads Modeling in the Presence of HarmonicsIJERA Editor
- The document presents an approach to model single-phase electric loads in the presence of harmonics using Z-transform.
- The impedance or admittance of the load is expressed as an autoregressive model with exogenous inputs (ARX). The parameters are identified using least error squares estimation based on voltage and current samples.
- With the identified ARX parameters, the admittance can be determined in the time and frequency domains. The approach can model loads and distribution networks for load flow and harmonic analysis.
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensationidescitation
This document compares five control strategies for a DSTATCOM system used for load compensation: instantaneous p-q theory, synchronous reference frame (SRF) method, modified SRF method, instantaneous symmetrical component theory, and average unit power factor theory. The performance of each control strategy is evaluated through simulations considering the source current total harmonic distortion under different operating conditions. The results show that the modified SRF method has improved system performance compared to the other strategies, especially under deteriorated operating conditions with unbalanced loads or voltage distortions.
MODIFIED DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL FOR BLDC MOTOR DRIVESijctcm
In this paper, a new adaptive reference based approach to direct torque control (DTC) method has been
proposed for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. Conventional DTC method uses two main
reference parameters as: flux and torque. A main difference from the conventional method of it was that
only one reference parameter (speed) was used to control the BLDC motor and the second control
parameter (flux) was obtained from speed error through the proposed control algorithm. Thus, the DTC
performance has been especially improved on systems which need variable speed and torque during
operation, like electric vehicles. The dynamic models of the BLDC and the DTC method have been created
on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method has been confirmed and verified by the dynamic simulations on
different working conditions. The simulation studies showed that the proposed method reduced remarkably
the speed and the torque ripples when compared the conventional DTC method. Moreover, the proposed
method has also very simple structure to apply the conventional DTC and its extra computational load to
the controller is almost zero.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. This document presents a comparative assessment of three control strategies (PI, PI-type Fuzzy Logic, and LQR) for controlling the speed of a DC motor driven by a buck converter.
2. The dynamic system of the buck converter and DC motor is modeled using state-space and transfer function representations.
3. Each of the three control techniques (PI, PI-type Fuzzy Logic, LQR) is designed and analyzed in simulations to examine their performance in tracking input speed commands and regulating duty cycle and current.
Finite State Predictive Current and Common Mode Voltage Control of a Seven-ph...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper illustrates finite set predictive current control (FSPC) along with
common mode voltage control of a seven-phase voltage source inverter
(VSI). The current and common mode voltage (CMV) controls are done
considering a finite set of control actions. The space vector model of a sevenphase
voltage source inverter produces 27 = 128 space voltage vectors, with
126 active and two zero vectors. Out of 126 space vectors 112 are distinct
and 14 are redundant vectors. To control the current and the common mode
voltage, specific set of space vectors are chosen that minimizes the
magnitude of the CMV and makes it a dc signal and simultaneously track the
reference current. Hence no common mode current can flow. Three sets of
space vectors are used for switching actuation, in one case only 15 vectors
are used (14 active and one zero), in second case 14 vectors are used,
followed by use of 8 space vectors (7 large and one zero) and finally 7 large
vectors are employed. Optimal algorithm is employed to find the vector
which minimizes the chosen cost function. The effect of selecting the cost
function, the number of space vectors on current tracking and common mode
voltage is investigated and reported. The developed technique is tested for
RL load using simulation and experimental approaches.
Enhanced Performance of Matrix Converter using Adaptive Computing TechniquesIJERA Editor
This document discusses improving the performance of a matrix converter for supplying power to linear loads under different grid conditions. It describes the operating principle and Venturini modulation method of a matrix converter. Various controllers - PI, fuzzy logic, adaptive fuzzy, and ANFIS - are implemented in simulations to minimize harmonic distortion in the linear load current. The results show that the ANFIS controller provides the best performance with the lowest total harmonic distortion, indicating it is most effective at optimizing the quality of power supplied by the matrix converter under both balanced and distorted grid conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents a single phase to three phase matrix converter topology for electric traction drives. The matrix converter replaces the conventional AC-DC-AC conversion stages with a single direct AC-AC conversion stage, removing the need for an intermediate DC link. The operation and control of the matrix converter is analyzed using a separation and link approach, treating it as two equivalent circuits during the positive and negative periods of the source voltage. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation control is used to generate switching signals to control the bi-directional switches and regulate the output voltage and frequency delivered to the three phase traction motor. Simulation results indicate this matrix converter is a feasible replacement for existing traction drive systems.
Model Predictive Current Control of a Seven-phase Voltage Source Inverteridescitation
The paper elaborate finite set model based predictive
current control of a seven-phase voltage source inverter. The
current control is carried out considering a finite set of control
actions. The space vector model of a seven-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI) yields 27 = 128 space voltage vectors, with 126
active and two zero vectors. The control method described in
this paper discard some switching states from the whole set
and employs reduced number of switching states to track the
commanded current. Three sets of space vectors are used for
switching actuation, in one case only 15 vectors are used (14
active and one zero), in second case 29 vectors are used (28
active and one zero) and finally 43 vectors (42 active and one
zero) are employed. Optimal algorithm is employed to find
the vector which minimizes the chosen cost function. The
effect of selecting the cost function, the number of space
vectors and the sampling time is investigated and reported.
The developed technique is tested for RL load using simulation
and experimental approaches.
This document presents a simplified model predictive control methodology for a three-phase four-leg voltage source inverter (VSI). Compared to traditional three-leg VSIs, four-leg VSIs increase possible switch states from 8 to 16. The proposed method uses a three-dimensional space vector pulse width modulation technique to preselect 5 out of the 16 possible voltage vectors. A discrete-time model of the future reference voltage vector is used to predict future load current movements. The position of this vector is then used to select the 5 preselected vectors at each sampling period. This reduces computational load compared to evaluating all 16 vectors, while maintaining performance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed predictive control methodology.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Based on Switching Schemes wit...IJAAS Team
This paper presents a simplified control strategy of SVPWM with a three segment switching sequence and 7 segment switch frequency for high power multilevel inverter. In the proposed method, the inverter switching sequences are optimized for minimization of device switching sequence frequency and improvement of harmonic spectrum by using the three most derived switching states and one suitable redundant state for each space vector. The proposed 3-segment sequence is compared with conventional 7-segment sequence similar for five level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with various values of switching frequencies including very low frequency. The output spectrum of the proposed sequence design shows the reduction of device switching frequency and states current and line voltage. THD this minimizing the filter size requirement of the inverter, employed in industrial applications. Where sinusoidal output voltage is required.
Power Quality Improvement in Microgrids using STATCOM under Unbalanced Voltag...mohammad hossein mousavi
The document describes a method for improving power quality in microgrids using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) under unbalanced voltage conditions. A double synchronous reference frame (DDSRF) control scheme is proposed for the STATCOM to independently control the positive and negative sequence components of voltage. This helps compensate for unbalanced voltage at the point of common coupling and reduces oscillating interactions between the positive and negative sequences. Simulation results show the proposed DDSRF control strategy effectively balances voltage and improves power quality under unbalanced conditions compared to conventional control methods.
Efficiency, reliability, high power quality and continuous operation are important aspects in electric vehicle attraction system. Therefore, quick fault detection, isolation and enhanced fault-tolerant control for open-switches faults in inverter driving systems become more and more required in this filed. However, fault detection and localization algorithms have been known to have many performance limitations due to speed variations such as wrong decision making of fault occurrence. Those weaknesses are investigated and solved in this paper using currents magnitudes fault indices, current direct component fault indices and a decision system. A simulation model and experimental setup are utilized to validate the proposed concept. Many simulation and experimental results are carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed fault detection approach.
A Comparison Between Two Average Modelling Techniques of AC-AC Power ConvertersIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a comparative evaluation of two modelling tools for switching AC-AC power converters is presented. Both of them are based on average modelling techniques. The first approach is based on the circuit averaging technique and consists in the topological manipulations, applied to a converter states. The second approach makes use of a state-space averaged model of the converter and is based on analytical manipulations using the different state representations of a converter. The two modelling techniques are applied to a same AC-AC called matrix-reactance frequency converter based on buck-boost topology. These techniques are compared on the basis of their rapidity, quantity of calculations and transformations and its limitations.
A Modified Novel Approach to Control of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor...IOSR Journals
1) The document presents a modified control system for a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) based on instantaneous power (PQ) theory. Using instantaneous current and voltage measurements, the control system can instantaneously calculate the active and reactive power flow to control the TCSC thyristor firing angle.
2) Simulations show the control system using instantaneous power values responds faster and more accurately to disturbances compared to a control system using RMS power values. The instantaneous power control stabilized the power flow within 0.4 seconds after a disturbance, while the RMS control took 0.46 seconds.
3) The control system was able to accurately control the power flow through a transmission line
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
HARMONIC MITIGATION USING D STATCOM THROUGH A CURRENT CONTROL TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
The harmonic mitigation using shunt active filters are most widely used in industrial and commercial applications. In this paper a Multi-Level Inverter is considered as DSTATCOM to compensate harmonics. The mathematical modeling of the system and design of the controller using synchronous reference frame theory is also presented. The nonlinear load generally known as diode rectifier load and an unbalanced load is simulated with the system using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Design and Implementation of Model Reference Adaptive Controller using Coeffi...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and implementation of a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) using the coefficient diagram method (CDM) for a nonlinear process. It begins by introducing MRAC for single-input single-output plants, developing the MRAC design and control law. It then provides basics of the CDM design approach. The document applies the CDM-MRAC to a spherical tank level process in simulation, comparing its performance to a linear PI controller. Simulation results show the CDM-MRAC has faster rise time and settling time than the PI controller.
The document describes two improved direct torque control (DTC) methods for a three-level inverter-fed induction motor drive. Method I selects voltage vectors based on torque and flux demands while inserting intermediate vectors to ensure neutral point balance and smooth switching. Method II uses discrete space vector modulation to synthesize vectors, decoupling vector selection from circuit limitations and solving neutral point and switching issues. Both methods were validated through MATLAB simulation and experiments to enhance DTC performance for three-level inverters while considering their unique challenges.
This document presents a single phase to three phase matrix converter topology for electric traction drives. The matrix converter replaces the multiple conversion stages of a conventional AC-DC-AC converter with a single stage direct AC-AC conversion. The converter analysis is presented using a separation and link approach, which treats the converter as two equivalent circuits during the positive and negative periods of the AC source voltage. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation control is used to control the bi-directional switches in the converter in order to obtain the desired three phase output voltage and frequency for driving an induction traction motor. Simulation results indicate this matrix converter is a feasible replacement for the conversion stages in existing AC traction drive systems.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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TORQUE RIPPLE MINIMIZATION OF MATRIX CONVERTER-FED PMSM DRIVES USING ADVANCED...ijscmcj
An advanced direct torque control (DTC) technique using Model predictive control (MPC) is proposed for matrix converter (MC)-based permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, which reduces the torque ripples, does not need the duty cycle calculation, and ensures the fixed switching frequency. Analytical expressions of change rates of torque and flux of PMSM as a function of MC - dqo components are derived. The predictive model of PMSM and MC is realized by means of State model. Then, the advanced MC-fed DTC algorithm is implemented based on Cost function evaluation. The simulation results exhibit remarkable torque ripple reduction with the help of MPC. As a result, the proposed strategy is proved to be effective in minimizing the torque ripples for MC-based PMSM drives.
[9_CV] FCS-Model Predictive Control of Induction Motors feed by MultilLevel C...Nam Thanh
Ha Thanh Vo, Nam Thanh Hoang, Phuong Hoang Vu, Minh Trong Tran, Dich Quang Nguyen, “FCS-Model Predictive Control of Induction Motors feed by MultilLevel Casaded H-Bridge Inverter”, RCEEE-2018.
A Novel Optimal PI Parameter Tuning Strategy to Improve Constant Switching Pe...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a novel method of optimal Propotional-Intergral (PI)
controller’s parameter tuning strategy in-order to improve the constant
switching performance of 3-phase direct torque control (DTC) shceme. The
DTC sheme is acknowledged to provide fast decoupled control over the
torque output and stator flux via a simple control structure. However, DTC
sheme has two major downsides, which are the inconsistent inverter
switching frequency and high torque output ripple. The main reason that
contributes to these tribulations is the usage of hysteresis comparators in
order to control the output torque. The realization of PI based controller
method as replacement of hyterisis controller in DTC system able to provide
significant solutions to over come the fall back while retaining the simple
control structure of conventional DTC. The combination usage of higher
sampling controller DS1004 and also 3-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel
inverters (CHMI) in this system can further minimize the output torque ripple
by providing higher resolution with lower digital error and greater number of
vectors. This paper presents detail explanation and calculation of optimal PI
parameter tuning strategy consecutively to enhance the performance of 3-
level DTC system. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method
experimentation, the proposed method is compared with convention DTC
system via simulation and experiment results.
Power Quality Compensation in Distribution System based on Instantaneous Powe...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power quality compensation system for distribution systems using a D-STATCOM. The system extracts reference signals for compensation of current harmonics and reactive power using instantaneous power theory. A recursive fuzzy PI controller is used to control the compensator current and improve tracking of reference signals. Simulation results show the system reduces current harmonics to within IEEE standards and regulates DC bus voltage. Compared to a conventional PI controller, the fuzzy PI controller provides faster dynamic response and tracking of reference signals through adaptive adjustment of control parameters based on phase rules.
Multi-Machine Stability Using Dynamic Inversion Technique IJECEIAES
Stability studies of multi machine system are a major concern to power system engineers due to the increasing complexity involved. This paper deals with the application of a nonlinear technique called Dynamic Inversion, to TCSC for the improvement of stability of multi-machine system. The transient stability studies for various cases: without any controller, with 75% line compensation and with Dynamic Inversion technique, are compared. The critical clearing time as well as the maximum loading ability is also discussed. The result for the nonlinear controller is found to be better than all the other cases.
In this paper, a detail design and description of a predictive current control scheme are adopted for three-phase grid-connected two-level inverter and its application in wind energy conversion systems. Despite its advantages, the predictive current controller is very sensitive to parameter variations which could eventually affected on system stability. To solve this problem, an estimation technique proposed to identify the value of harmonic filter parameter based on Model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Lyapunov stability theory is selected to guarantee a robust adaptation and stable response over large system parameter variation. The simulation results shows the efficiency of the proposed techniques to improve the current tracking performance.
PID controller using rapid control prototyping techniquesIJECEIAES
To analyze the performance of the PID controller in a buck type converter implemented in real time. We begin by designing a continuous controller using the analytical method for calculating PIDs. Pulse width modulation is then used and bifurcation diagrams analyzed to reveal some problems of switching and sampling time. The model converter is then implemented with a PID controller in dSPACE. The experimental results provide detailed requirements of sampling frequency and switching speed, and show the performance of the PID controller. Converters are used in power generation solar systems and conmuted power sources for feed telecommunication devices, smart grids, and other applications.
This document presents a single phase to three phase matrix converter topology for electric traction drives. The matrix converter replaces the conventional AC-DC-AC conversion stages with a single direct AC-AC conversion stage, removing the need for an intermediate DC link. The operation and control of the matrix converter is analyzed using a separation and link approach, treating it as two equivalent circuits during the positive and negative periods of the source voltage. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation control is used to generate switching signals to control the bi-directional switches and regulate the output voltage and frequency delivered to the three phase traction motor. Simulation results indicate this matrix converter is a feasible replacement for existing traction drive systems.
Model Predictive Current Control of a Seven-phase Voltage Source Inverteridescitation
The paper elaborate finite set model based predictive
current control of a seven-phase voltage source inverter. The
current control is carried out considering a finite set of control
actions. The space vector model of a seven-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI) yields 27 = 128 space voltage vectors, with 126
active and two zero vectors. The control method described in
this paper discard some switching states from the whole set
and employs reduced number of switching states to track the
commanded current. Three sets of space vectors are used for
switching actuation, in one case only 15 vectors are used (14
active and one zero), in second case 29 vectors are used (28
active and one zero) and finally 43 vectors (42 active and one
zero) are employed. Optimal algorithm is employed to find
the vector which minimizes the chosen cost function. The
effect of selecting the cost function, the number of space
vectors and the sampling time is investigated and reported.
The developed technique is tested for RL load using simulation
and experimental approaches.
This document presents a simplified model predictive control methodology for a three-phase four-leg voltage source inverter (VSI). Compared to traditional three-leg VSIs, four-leg VSIs increase possible switch states from 8 to 16. The proposed method uses a three-dimensional space vector pulse width modulation technique to preselect 5 out of the 16 possible voltage vectors. A discrete-time model of the future reference voltage vector is used to predict future load current movements. The position of this vector is then used to select the 5 preselected vectors at each sampling period. This reduces computational load compared to evaluating all 16 vectors, while maintaining performance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed predictive control methodology.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Based on Switching Schemes wit...IJAAS Team
This paper presents a simplified control strategy of SVPWM with a three segment switching sequence and 7 segment switch frequency for high power multilevel inverter. In the proposed method, the inverter switching sequences are optimized for minimization of device switching sequence frequency and improvement of harmonic spectrum by using the three most derived switching states and one suitable redundant state for each space vector. The proposed 3-segment sequence is compared with conventional 7-segment sequence similar for five level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with various values of switching frequencies including very low frequency. The output spectrum of the proposed sequence design shows the reduction of device switching frequency and states current and line voltage. THD this minimizing the filter size requirement of the inverter, employed in industrial applications. Where sinusoidal output voltage is required.
Power Quality Improvement in Microgrids using STATCOM under Unbalanced Voltag...mohammad hossein mousavi
The document describes a method for improving power quality in microgrids using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) under unbalanced voltage conditions. A double synchronous reference frame (DDSRF) control scheme is proposed for the STATCOM to independently control the positive and negative sequence components of voltage. This helps compensate for unbalanced voltage at the point of common coupling and reduces oscillating interactions between the positive and negative sequences. Simulation results show the proposed DDSRF control strategy effectively balances voltage and improves power quality under unbalanced conditions compared to conventional control methods.
Efficiency, reliability, high power quality and continuous operation are important aspects in electric vehicle attraction system. Therefore, quick fault detection, isolation and enhanced fault-tolerant control for open-switches faults in inverter driving systems become more and more required in this filed. However, fault detection and localization algorithms have been known to have many performance limitations due to speed variations such as wrong decision making of fault occurrence. Those weaknesses are investigated and solved in this paper using currents magnitudes fault indices, current direct component fault indices and a decision system. A simulation model and experimental setup are utilized to validate the proposed concept. Many simulation and experimental results are carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed fault detection approach.
A Comparison Between Two Average Modelling Techniques of AC-AC Power ConvertersIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a comparative evaluation of two modelling tools for switching AC-AC power converters is presented. Both of them are based on average modelling techniques. The first approach is based on the circuit averaging technique and consists in the topological manipulations, applied to a converter states. The second approach makes use of a state-space averaged model of the converter and is based on analytical manipulations using the different state representations of a converter. The two modelling techniques are applied to a same AC-AC called matrix-reactance frequency converter based on buck-boost topology. These techniques are compared on the basis of their rapidity, quantity of calculations and transformations and its limitations.
A Modified Novel Approach to Control of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor...IOSR Journals
1) The document presents a modified control system for a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) based on instantaneous power (PQ) theory. Using instantaneous current and voltage measurements, the control system can instantaneously calculate the active and reactive power flow to control the TCSC thyristor firing angle.
2) Simulations show the control system using instantaneous power values responds faster and more accurately to disturbances compared to a control system using RMS power values. The instantaneous power control stabilized the power flow within 0.4 seconds after a disturbance, while the RMS control took 0.46 seconds.
3) The control system was able to accurately control the power flow through a transmission line
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
HARMONIC MITIGATION USING D STATCOM THROUGH A CURRENT CONTROL TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
The harmonic mitigation using shunt active filters are most widely used in industrial and commercial applications. In this paper a Multi-Level Inverter is considered as DSTATCOM to compensate harmonics. The mathematical modeling of the system and design of the controller using synchronous reference frame theory is also presented. The nonlinear load generally known as diode rectifier load and an unbalanced load is simulated with the system using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Design and Implementation of Model Reference Adaptive Controller using Coeffi...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and implementation of a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) using the coefficient diagram method (CDM) for a nonlinear process. It begins by introducing MRAC for single-input single-output plants, developing the MRAC design and control law. It then provides basics of the CDM design approach. The document applies the CDM-MRAC to a spherical tank level process in simulation, comparing its performance to a linear PI controller. Simulation results show the CDM-MRAC has faster rise time and settling time than the PI controller.
The document describes two improved direct torque control (DTC) methods for a three-level inverter-fed induction motor drive. Method I selects voltage vectors based on torque and flux demands while inserting intermediate vectors to ensure neutral point balance and smooth switching. Method II uses discrete space vector modulation to synthesize vectors, decoupling vector selection from circuit limitations and solving neutral point and switching issues. Both methods were validated through MATLAB simulation and experiments to enhance DTC performance for three-level inverters while considering their unique challenges.
This document presents a single phase to three phase matrix converter topology for electric traction drives. The matrix converter replaces the multiple conversion stages of a conventional AC-DC-AC converter with a single stage direct AC-AC conversion. The converter analysis is presented using a separation and link approach, which treats the converter as two equivalent circuits during the positive and negative periods of the AC source voltage. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation control is used to control the bi-directional switches in the converter in order to obtain the desired three phase output voltage and frequency for driving an induction traction motor. Simulation results indicate this matrix converter is a feasible replacement for the conversion stages in existing AC traction drive systems.
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TORQUE RIPPLE MINIMIZATION OF MATRIX CONVERTER-FED PMSM DRIVES USING ADVANCED...ijscmcj
An advanced direct torque control (DTC) technique using Model predictive control (MPC) is proposed for matrix converter (MC)-based permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, which reduces the torque ripples, does not need the duty cycle calculation, and ensures the fixed switching frequency. Analytical expressions of change rates of torque and flux of PMSM as a function of MC - dqo components are derived. The predictive model of PMSM and MC is realized by means of State model. Then, the advanced MC-fed DTC algorithm is implemented based on Cost function evaluation. The simulation results exhibit remarkable torque ripple reduction with the help of MPC. As a result, the proposed strategy is proved to be effective in minimizing the torque ripples for MC-based PMSM drives.
[9_CV] FCS-Model Predictive Control of Induction Motors feed by MultilLevel C...Nam Thanh
Ha Thanh Vo, Nam Thanh Hoang, Phuong Hoang Vu, Minh Trong Tran, Dich Quang Nguyen, “FCS-Model Predictive Control of Induction Motors feed by MultilLevel Casaded H-Bridge Inverter”, RCEEE-2018.
A Novel Optimal PI Parameter Tuning Strategy to Improve Constant Switching Pe...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a novel method of optimal Propotional-Intergral (PI)
controller’s parameter tuning strategy in-order to improve the constant
switching performance of 3-phase direct torque control (DTC) shceme. The
DTC sheme is acknowledged to provide fast decoupled control over the
torque output and stator flux via a simple control structure. However, DTC
sheme has two major downsides, which are the inconsistent inverter
switching frequency and high torque output ripple. The main reason that
contributes to these tribulations is the usage of hysteresis comparators in
order to control the output torque. The realization of PI based controller
method as replacement of hyterisis controller in DTC system able to provide
significant solutions to over come the fall back while retaining the simple
control structure of conventional DTC. The combination usage of higher
sampling controller DS1004 and also 3-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel
inverters (CHMI) in this system can further minimize the output torque ripple
by providing higher resolution with lower digital error and greater number of
vectors. This paper presents detail explanation and calculation of optimal PI
parameter tuning strategy consecutively to enhance the performance of 3-
level DTC system. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method
experimentation, the proposed method is compared with convention DTC
system via simulation and experiment results.
Power Quality Compensation in Distribution System based on Instantaneous Powe...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power quality compensation system for distribution systems using a D-STATCOM. The system extracts reference signals for compensation of current harmonics and reactive power using instantaneous power theory. A recursive fuzzy PI controller is used to control the compensator current and improve tracking of reference signals. Simulation results show the system reduces current harmonics to within IEEE standards and regulates DC bus voltage. Compared to a conventional PI controller, the fuzzy PI controller provides faster dynamic response and tracking of reference signals through adaptive adjustment of control parameters based on phase rules.
Multi-Machine Stability Using Dynamic Inversion Technique IJECEIAES
Stability studies of multi machine system are a major concern to power system engineers due to the increasing complexity involved. This paper deals with the application of a nonlinear technique called Dynamic Inversion, to TCSC for the improvement of stability of multi-machine system. The transient stability studies for various cases: without any controller, with 75% line compensation and with Dynamic Inversion technique, are compared. The critical clearing time as well as the maximum loading ability is also discussed. The result for the nonlinear controller is found to be better than all the other cases.
In this paper, a detail design and description of a predictive current control scheme are adopted for three-phase grid-connected two-level inverter and its application in wind energy conversion systems. Despite its advantages, the predictive current controller is very sensitive to parameter variations which could eventually affected on system stability. To solve this problem, an estimation technique proposed to identify the value of harmonic filter parameter based on Model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Lyapunov stability theory is selected to guarantee a robust adaptation and stable response over large system parameter variation. The simulation results shows the efficiency of the proposed techniques to improve the current tracking performance.
PID controller using rapid control prototyping techniquesIJECEIAES
To analyze the performance of the PID controller in a buck type converter implemented in real time. We begin by designing a continuous controller using the analytical method for calculating PIDs. Pulse width modulation is then used and bifurcation diagrams analyzed to reveal some problems of switching and sampling time. The model converter is then implemented with a PID controller in dSPACE. The experimental results provide detailed requirements of sampling frequency and switching speed, and show the performance of the PID controller. Converters are used in power generation solar systems and conmuted power sources for feed telecommunication devices, smart grids, and other applications.
Buck converter controlled with ZAD and FPIC for DC-DC signal regulationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that combines two control techniques, zero average dynamics (ZAD) and fixed-point induction control (FPIC), to regulate the output voltage of a buck converter. The control system is modeled mathematically and simulated in MATLAB. Experimental tests are also conducted using a digital signal processor to validate the simulation results. The control system is able to regulate the output voltage with errors lower than 1% by calculating the duty cycle based on the ZAD and FPIC techniques at each switching period.
In this paper, a three-phase load connected to a NPC three-level inverter is presented. To generate gate signals for the multilevel inverter, two commands are developed and compared: the phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) and the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). DC supply is provided by photovoltaic cells. Boost converter controls the power transfer from photovoltaic generator. Due to nonlinear I-V characteristics of photovoltaic cells, a maximum power point tracking algorithm is adopted to maximize the output power, the nonlinear controller (sliding mode) is developed and simulated. To verify the effectivnesse of the introdueced controller, it is compared with the fuzzy logic controller. Matlab-simulink is used for simulation, analysis and interpretation the results of these controllers.
Accurate Symbolic Steady State Modeling of Buck ConverterIJECEIAES
Steady state analysis is fundamental to any electric and electronic circuit design. Buck converter is one of most popular power electronics circuit and has been analyzed in various situations. Although the behavior of buck converters can be understood approximately by the well-known state space averaging method, little is known in the sense of detailed behavior or exact solution to equations. In this paper a steady state analysis of buck converter is proposed which allows the exact calculation of steady state response. Our exact solution is expressed as a Fourier series. Our result is compared with numerical calculation to be verified. Our method copes with more complicated problems such as describing average power and root-mean-square power that are most critical issues in power electronics circuit.
The traction inverter is a crucial power device in the electric vehicle’s powertrain, and its failure is intolerable as it would considerably compromise the system’s safety. For more reliable driving, installing a traction inverter that is sufficiently resistant to electrical failure is inherent. Due to its compact size and the small number of switches incorporated in three-phase four-switch inverter, this modular topology was used to compensate for the open switch’s failure. However, it is known to have manifold weaknesses mainly distinguished in the low-frequency region. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant indirect control that handles the IGBT’s failure constituting the traction inverter. The fault compensator is designed first based on the Proportional Integral regulator combined with the notch filter to mitigate the current imbalance and restore the DC voltage equilibrium.Furthermore, to conceive a comprehensive fault-tolerant control, there must therefore contain an accurate fault detector. In this regard, an uncomplicated fault diagnosis method based on the current spectral analysis has been performed. The effectiveness of the submitted controller was validated by simulation using Matlab.
State-space averaged modeling and transfer function derivation of DC-DC boost...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents dynamic analysis of a boost type DC-DC converter for high-brightness LED (HBLED) driving applications. The steady state operation in presence of all system parasitics has been discussed for continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging, energy conservation principle and standard linearization are used to derive ac small signal control to inductor current open-loop transfer function of the converter. The derived transfer function can be further used in designing a robust feed-back control network for the system. In the end frequency and transient responses of the derived transfer function are obtained for a given set of component values, hence to provide a useful guide for control design engineers.
This article presents nonlinear control of wind conversion chain connected to the grid based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control objectives are threefold; i) forcing the generator speed to track a varying reference signal in order to extract the maximum power at different wind speed (MPPT); ii) regulating the rectifier output capacitor voltage; iii) reducing the harmonic and reactive currents injected in the grid. This means that the inverter output current must be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC supply voltage (PFC). To this end, a nonlinear state-feedback control is developed, based on the average nonlinear model of the whole controlled system. This control strategy involves backstepping approach, Lyapunov stability and other tools from theory of linear systems. The proposed state-feedback control strategy is tested by numerical simulation which shows that the developed controller reaches its objectives.
Temporary voltage swells and sags appear with high frequency in electric power systems, and they significantly affect sensitive loads such as industrial manufacturing or communication devices. This paper presents a strategy to design proportional-resonant controllers for three full-bridge voltage-source converters with a common DC-link in dynamic voltage restorer systems. The proposed controllers allow the system to quickly overcome temporary unbalanced voltage sags. Simulation results carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results implemented in a Typhoon HIL402 device demonstrate the ability of the proposed design method. The results show that the system with the proposed controllers can ride-through single-phase or double-phase voltage sags up to 55% and three-phase voltage sags up to 70% in a duration less than one grid-voltage cycle.
Performance comparison of different control strategies for the regulation of ...IJECEIAES
This document compares three control strategies - voltage mode control (VMC), current mode control (CMC), and sliding mode control (SMC) - for regulating the output voltage of a negative output super-lift Luo converter (NOSLC). Simulation results show that SMC provides the best performance with fast response, low ripple, and ability to maintain a constant output voltage under changing load conditions. SMC also outperforms VMC and CMC in terms of tracking the reference voltage, settling time, rise time, and overshoot. The document concludes that SMC is the most effective control method for the NOSLC.
This document proposes a digital state feedback control method for current control of parallel DC-DC converters. It derives the digital state feedback controller structures for both continuous and discrete time domains using a pole placement technique. This allows precise current sharing among converter modules while meeting performance specifications. It provides examples applying this control scheme to a bidirectional converter for a 42V/14V automotive system in continuous time and a parallel buck converter in discrete time. Both examples are implemented on a DSP to verify the proposed control method.
This paper presents an analysis of virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique for the three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) ac-dc converter. The proposed VFDPC is developed by assuming the grid voltage and converter line filters quantities are related to a virtual three-phase ac motor. The controller works with less number of sensors by eliminating the voltage sensors used for measuring the three-phase grid voltage. The grid virtual flux which is proportional to the grid voltage will be estimated from the information of converter switching states, line current, and dc-link output voltage. Several analyses are performed in order to study the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations. The proportional integral (PI) controller at the outer voltage control loop of VFDPC is tuned properly and the entire PWM ac-dc converter system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to ensure the dc output voltage follow the desired output voltage under steady state and dynamic conditions. Ac-dc converter utilizing the proposed VFDPC is able to generate three-phase input current waveforms that are almost sinusoidal with low harmonics contents which is less than 5% and near unity power factor (pf) operation.
The paper proposes a complete modeling and control technique of variable speed wind turbine system (WTS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Two levels back-to-back converter is used to ensure the energy transfer between the DFIG rotor and the grid. The wind turbine to operate efficiently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented. Then, direct power control (DPC) strategy has been combined with the MPPT technique in order to guarantee the selection of the appropriate rotor voltage vectors and to minimize the active and reactive power errors. Finally, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB/simulink platform basing on 7.5KW DFIG wind generation system, and the results prove the effectiveness of our proposed control technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
Metamodel-based Optimization of a PID Controller Parameters for a Coupled-tan...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Liquid flow and level control are essential requirements in various industries, such as paper
manufacturing, petrochemical industries, waste management, and others. Controlling the liquids flow and
levels in such industries is challenging due to the existence of nonlinearity and modeling uncertainties of
the plants. This paper presents a method to control the liquid level in a second tank of a coupled-tank plant
through variable manipulation of a water pump in the first tank. The optimum controller parameters of this
plant are calculated using radial basis function neural network metamodel. A time-varying nonlinear
dynamic model is developed and the corresponding linearized perturbation models are derived from the
nonlinear model. The performance of the developed optimized controller using metamodeling is compared
with the original large space design. In addition, linearized perturbation models are derived from the
nonlinear dynamic model with time-varying parameters.
An Improved Repetitive Control for Circulating Current Restraining in MMC-MTDCTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is widely used in many important application fields such
as high voltage DC transmission system. And the multi-terminal architecture of it attracts many attentions.
However, the circulating current of MMC is an inherent problem which is mainly caused by the voltage
mismatch between arms and DC bus. In this paper, an advanced repetitive control method is proposed.
This method is based on the even-harmonic characteristic of the circulating current and the potential
feature of repetitive control that it has an internal integration part. The pole diagram of the closed loop
transform function of the proposed control system proves the stability of the proposed method. And
according to the simulation results of a three-terminal MMC-MTDC model in PSCAD/EMTDC, the
improved repetitive control presents better circulation repression ability and superior anti-interference
capability by comparing with traditional PI control method. Additionally, the simulation results also indicate
that the proposed repetitive controller can restrain the fluctuation of SM voltage more effectively than PI
control.
Simulation, bifurcation, and stability analysis of a SEPIC converter control...IJECEIAES
This article presents some results of SEPIC converter dynamics when controlled by a center pulse width modulator controller (CPWM). The duty cycle is calculated using the ZAD (Zero Average Dynamics) technique. Results obtained using this technique show a great variety of non-linear phenomena such as bifurcations and chaos, as parameters associated with the switching surface. These phenomena have been studied in the present paper in numerical form. Simulations were done in MATLAB.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
Similar to Selection and Validation of Mathematical Models of Power Converters using Rapid Modeling and Control Prototyping Methods (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
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Selection and Validation of Mathematical Models of Power Converters using Rapid Modeling and Control Prototyping Methods
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 8, No. 3, June 2018, pp. 1551 – 1568
ISSN: 2088-8708 1551
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
Selection and Validation of Mathematical Models of Power
Converters using Rapid Modeling and Control Prototyping
Methods
Fredy E. Hoyos1
, John E. Candelo2
, and John A. Taborda3
1
Scientific and Industrial Instrumentation Research Group School of Physics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede
Medell´ın, Email: fehoyosve@unal.edu.co
2
Department of Electrical Energy and Automation, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede
Medell´ın. Email: jecandelob@unal.edu.co
3
Faculty of Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia.
Email: jtaborda@unimagdalena.edu.co
Article Info
Article history:
Received: Oct 7, 2017
Revised: Mar 9, 2018
Accepted: Apr 1, 2018
Keyword:
DC-DC buck converter
rapid control prototyping
digital PWM
Lyapunov exponents
stability analysis
bifurcation diagrams
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a methodology based on two interrelated rapid prototyping pro-
cesses in order to find the best correspondence between theoretical, simulated, and
experimental results of a power converter controlled by a digital PWM. The method
supplements rapid control prototyping (RCP) with effective math tools to quickly se-
lect and validate models of a controlled system. We show stability analysis of the
classical and two modified buck converter models controlled by zero average dynam-
ics (ZAD) and fixed-point induction control (FPIC). The methodology consists of ob-
taining the mathematical representation of power converters with the controllers and
the Lyapunov Exponents (LEs). Besides, the theoretical results are compared with the
simulated and experimental results by means of one- and two-parameter bifurcation
diagrams. The responses of the three models are compared by changing the parameter
(Ks) of the ZAD and the parameter (N) of the FPIC. The results show that the stabil-
ity zones, periodic orbits, periodic bands, and chaos are obtained for the three models,
finding more similarities between theoretical, simulated, and experimental tests with
the third model of the buck converter with ZAD and FPIC as it considers more pa-
rameters related to the losses in different elements of the system. Additionally, the
intervals of the chaos are obtained by using the LEs and validated by numerical and
experimental tests.
Copyright c 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Fredy Edimer Hoyos
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medell´ın
Calle 59A No. 63-20, Medell´ın, Colombia.
Telephone: (574) 4309327
Email: fehoyosve@unal.edu.co
1. INTRODUCTION
A good mathematical model derives from an appropriate balance between simplicity and accuracy.
An approach that combines theoretical, simulated, and experimental tests is pertinent to find the best balance.
Advances in electronics have allowed the development of rapid control prototyping (RCP) platforms [1], where
real-world systems can be automatically connected with mathematical models [2]. The integration of theo-
retical, simulated, and experimental methods can be achieved in order to find the best model and validate the
control strategy at the same time. In this paper, we illustrate this possibility by means of the analysis of a buck
converter.
Journal Homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1551-1568
2. 1552 ISSN: 2088-8708
Digital pulse–wide modulation (DPWM) is now widely used to control power converters because of
many advantages such as non-linear control implementation, advanced control algorithms, low power con-
sumption, reduction of external passive components, lower sensitivity to parameter variations, applications for
high frequency digital controllers, and others as described in [3, 4, 5, 6].
However, the quantization effects in the state variables and in the duty cycle can cause undesirable
limit-cycle oscillations or chaos [7, 8, 9, 10] and delays in the controller produce instability [11]. For these
reasons, the dynamic response of digitally controlled DC-DC converters was studied in [3] by the non-uniform
quantization. In [7], steady-state limit cycles in DPWM-controlled converters were evaluated and to avoid os-
cillations some conditions are imposed on the control law and the quantization resolution. The FPIC control
technique allows the stabilization of unstable orbits as presented in [12]. Furthermore, the parameter estima-
tion techniques allowed estimating unknown varying parameters of converters [13, 14]. In [4], the minimum
requirements for digital controller parameters, namely, sampling time and quantization resolution dimensions
are determined. All these techniques demonstrate how to control some unstable events with controllers and
have shown some advantages of using the adjustment parameters, but a low number of them have estimated the
parameters for the ZAD controllers [5]. Therefore, more research is needed to validate the effects with different
parameters and techniques to visualize the stability behaviors.
A better visualization approach has been applied in [15], where the output voltage of a buck power
converter is controlled by means of a quasi-sliding scheme. They introduce the load estimator by means of Least
Mean Squares (LMS) to make ZAD and FPIC control feasible in load variation conditions and to compare the
results for controlled buck converter with SMC, PID and ZAD–FPIC control techniques. However, this work
lacks of a complete representation of the stability events and analysis, and a comparison of the different effects
that create the control parameters with LEs and bifurcation diagrams. Furthermore, a comparison between
numerical and experimental tests is needed to identify the similarities in stability zones, the periodic orbits, the
periodic bands, and the chaos.
Therefore, this work presents a stability analysis of three models of buck converters controlled by ZAD
and FPIC, with the aim of selecting the best model that represents similar behaviors between the theoretical,
simulated, and experimental tests. For this purpose, Section 2 presents the mathematical models of buck
converter, Section 3 shows the mathematical model of the ZAD control strategy, and Section 4 illustrates the
mathematical model of the FPIC technique. Sections 5, 6, and 7 present the mathematical model for the first,
second, and third model of the buck converters, respectively. Section 8 presents the results and analysis, where
the comparison of the three models with the theoretical, simulation, and experimental tests are performed.
Finally, Section 9 shows the conclusions.
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
A complete schematic diagram of the system under study is shown in Figure 1. The converter is
formed by a power source E, an internal source resistor rs, a MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field-effect
transistor) as a switch S with internal resistance rM , a diode D with direct polarization voltage Vfd, a filter
LC, an internal resistance of the inductor rL, a resistance used to measure the current rMed, and a resistance
representing the load of the circuit R [16]. The variables measured in the converter are the capacitor voltage υc
and the inductor current iL. These variables are measured in real time and they are sent to the ZAD and FPIC
in order to calculate a signal for the centered pulse width modulation (CPWM), which closes the control loop.
This system changes the structure with the action of the switch S, which is managed by the CPWM.
This modulator consists of a circuit composed of a switch and a DC power source, which in conjunction with
the filter LC and the diode D, must supply an average voltage υc to the output during a switching period. For
this effect, the CPWM changes the switch S between the states ON (E) and OFF (−Vfd). Figure 2 shows the
general idea of the CPWM, where d is the duty cycle calculated for each period.
When the control input is u = 1, then the state of the switch S is active (ON) and the system gets into
a continuous conduction mode (CCM), which can be modeled as in (1).
˙υc
˙iL
=
−1
RC
1
C
−1
L
−(rs+rM +rMed+rL)
L
υc
iL
+
0
E
L
(1)
This last equation can be simplified and written as in (2).
IJECE Vol. 8, No. 3, June 2018: 1551 – 1568
3. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 1553
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the buck converter controlled by the ZAD and FPIC
Figure 2. Scheme of a CPWM
˙x1
˙x2
=
a h
m p2
x1
x2
+
0
E
L
(2)
When the control input is u = 0, switch S is inactive (OFF) and the system can be modeled as shown
in (3).
˙υc
˙iL
=
−1
RC
1
C
−1
L
−(rMed+rL)
L
υc
iL
+
0
−Vfd
L
(3)
This equation can be simplified and written as in (4).
˙x1
˙x2
=
a h
m p3
x1
x2
+
0
−Vfd
L
(4)
where a = −1/RC, h = 1/C, m = −1/L, p2 = −(rs + rM + rMed + rL)/L, p3 = −(rMed + rL)/L, and
x1 = υc, x2 = iL. The notation x1 = υc represents the capacitor voltage or the voltage at the load bus, and
x2 = iL represents the current through the inductor.
The state equations (2) and (4) have been simplified as shown in (5); where ˙x = [ ˙x1, ˙x2] = [dx1
dt , dx2
dt ] .
In the input matrices B1 and B2 is the information of the control inputs according to the scheme of the CPWM
(Figure 2).
˙x =
A1x + B1 if kT ≤ t ≤ kT + dT/2
A2x + B2 if kT + dT/2 < t < kT + T − dT/2
A1x + B1 if kT + T − dT/2 < t < kT + T
(5)
The next step is to design a control strategy that allows the capacitor voltage (x1 = υc) to be equal
to the reference voltage x1ref or a desire value. To obtain tracking or regulation, the time must be calculated
Selection and Validation of Mathematical Models of Power Converters using Rapid ... (Fredy E. Hoyos)
4. 1554 ISSN: 2088-8708
with a predefined period T, in which the switch S must remain closed (u = 1), called the “duty cycle” d, with
(d ∈ [0, T]). Thus, the duty cycle d is defined as the time that the switch S is closed for the period T.
3. ZAD CONTROL STRATEGY
This control technique was proposed by [17], and tested numerically and experimentally in [15, 18,
19]. This technique basically consists of defining a function and force an average value of zero at each sampling
period. For this particular case, s(t) is used as a function of the state value at the start of the sampling period
s(x(kT)). In this case, the function is defined as a linear function (Figure 3) and slopes are obtained from the
values of the state variables in the instant of sampling t = kT as shown in (6) and (7). The function s(x(kT))
is linear in its sections, as shown in Figure 3 and it can be expressed as in (6).
s(x(kT)) =
s1 + (t − kT) ˙s+ if kT ≤ t ≤ kT + dT
2
s2 + (t − kT − dT
2 ) ˙s− if kT + dT
2 < t < kT + (T − dT
2 )
s3 + (t − kT − T + dT
2 ) ˙s+ if kT + (T − dT
2 ) ≤ t ≤ (k + 1)T
(6)
where
˙s+ = ( ˙x1 + ks ¨x1)
x=x(kT ), S=ON
˙s− = ( ˙x1 + ks ¨x1)
x=x(kT ), S=OFF
s1 = (x1 − x1ref + ks ˙x1)
x=x(kT ), S=ON
s2 = d
2 ˙s+ + s1
s3 = s1 + (T − d) ˙s−
(7)
where ks = Ks
√
LC and the term Ks is a constant of the controller and considered as a parameter in the
bifurcation analysis.
Figure 3. Commutation expressed in sections
The condition of the average zero is expressed in (8).
(k+1)T
kT
s(x(kT))dt = 0 (8)
From (8), it is noted that the first and third slopes have the same values. All the information to build
s(x(kT)) is obtained from the state values x1 and x2 in the instant kT.
Solving the equation related with the condition of average zero (8), the expression for the duty cycle
can be expressed as shown in (9).
dk(kT) =
2s1(kT) + T ˙s−(kT)
T( ˙s−(kT) − ˙s+(kT))
(9)
As in the experimental test, the variables are measured, the data are processed, and a CPWM is
calculated with a frequency of 10 kHz with a one-delay period; thus, the expression of the duty cycle is defined
IJECE Vol. 8, No. 3, June 2018: 1551 – 1568
5. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 1555
as in (10). This implies that the control law in the current period is calculated with the values of the states
measured in the previous iteration.
dk(kT) =
2s1((k − 1)T) + T ˙s−((k − 1)T)
T( ˙s−((k − 1)T) − ˙s+((k − 1)T))
(10)
4. FPIC TECHNIQUE
FPIC was first presented in [20]. Later, a numerical test was performed in [19, 21] and finally the first
experimental results were presented in [12]. In this section, the basis of the FPIC is presented.
4.1. FPIC theorem
Consider a system with a set of equations as shown in 11, where: x(t) ∈ Rn
and f : Rn
→ Rn
.
x (k + 1) = f (x (k)) (11)
Suppose that a fixed point x∗
exists that is unstable and within the orbit of control; that means x∗
=
f (x∗
). Suppose also that J = ∂f
∂x is the Jacobian of the system and that under this condition the system
eigenvalues λi can be calculated. Then, when system is unstable, there is at least one i where |λi (J)| > 1.
Thus, (12) guarantees stabilization in a fixed point when the parameter N has a real positive value.
x (k + 1) =
f (x (k)) + Nx∗
N + 1
(12)
4.2. Demonstration
Initially, it should be noted that in (11), the fixed point has not been altered. In this case, the Jacobian
of the new system can be expressed as shown in (13).
Jc =
1
N + 1
J (13)
where Jc is the Jacobian of the controlled system and J is the Jacobian of the unstable system. Therefore, a
correct assignation of the parameter N guarantees stabilization at an equilibrium point, because the eigenvalues
of the controlled system will be the eigenvalues of the original system divided by the factor N + 1. One way to
calculate directly N is through the Jury stability criterion. Then, by considering the strategy of ZAD and FPIC,
a new duty cycle can be calculated with (14).
dZADF P IC(kT) =
dk(kT) + Nd∗
N + 1
(14)
where dk(kT) is calculated from (10) and d∗
. The value is calculated at the start of each period as in (15).
d∗
= dk(kT) |steady state (15)
Thus, (14) includes the ZAD and FPIC techniques. Considering that the duty cycle (d) must be greater
than zero and less than 1, a new equation that corresponds to the saturation of the duty cycle is shown in (16).
d =
dZADF P IC(kT) if 0 < dZADF P IC(kT) < 1
1 if 1 ≤ dZADF P IC(kT)
0 if dZADF P IC(kT) ≤ 0
(16)
5. FIRST MODEL OF THE BUCK CONVERTER
The classical model of the buck converter is represented in Figure 4. It consists of a switch, a diode,
a filter LC, and a resistance representing the load (R). The DC source used in this case is regulated (E).
However, authors of [19] demonstrated that when using the FPIC in the buck converter, the effects of the
Selection and Validation of Mathematical Models of Power Converters using Rapid ... (Fredy E. Hoyos)
6. 1556 ISSN: 2088-8708
Figure 4. First model of the buck converter
regulated source can be neglected. In the experiments performed in this research, we used a switched source
with nominal current of 6 A and variable voltage (0-80 VDC).
To obtain the mathematical model represented by equations in the state space, the resulting topologies
generated due to the switching must be considered. On the one hand, when u = u1 = 1, u = u2 = 0, and the
inductor current is positive, then a CCM is presented. On the other hand, when u = u2 = 0 and the inductor
current is zero, then a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is presented.
The converter has two energy storage elements (capacitor and inductor) and the state space model
has two state variables: the capacitor voltage (υc) and the inductor current (iL). For the case of CCM, the
representation of the state space is obtained with (17).
˙υc
˙iL
=
− 1
RC
1
C
− 1
L 0
υc
iL
+
0
E
L
u (17)
The system described in (17) can be simplified as shown in (18).
˙x1
˙x2
=
a h
m 0
x1
x2
+
0
E
L
u (18)
where x1 = υc, x2 = iL, a = −1/RC, h = 1/C and m = −1/L. The DCM is presented when
the switch is open and the inductor current is equal to zero. In this case, the diode stops conducing and the
capacitor is discharged through resistor R. The equation that models the dynamics of this topology is given by
(19). It is important to note that although iL = 0, the complete control of the output is not achieved; therefore,
the control action is lost until a cycle begins.
dx1
dt
= ax1, with x2 = 0 A (19)
Considering that the system operates in CCM, it can be represented as ˙x = Ax + Bu; where ˙x =
[ ˙x1, ˙x2] = [dx1
dt , dx2
dt ] . Because the control signal u has two values u1 and u2, two different topologies for
each sampling period are presented. This system is controlled by the CPWM and the model can be expressed
as in (20).
˙x =
Ax + Bu1 if kT ≤ t ≤ kT + dT/2
Ax + Bu2 if kT + dT/2 < t < kT + T − dT/2
Ax + Bu1 if kT + T − dT/2 < t < kT + T
(20)
5.1. Analytical solution for the first model
Some sections of the system shown in (20) are linear and time invariant [17, 19]. Thus, each section
has a linear system in the form ˙x = Ax + Bu, which is solved analytically by using (21).
x(t) = eAt
x(0) +
t
0
eA(t−τ)
Bu(τ)dτ (21)
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7. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 1557
After solving each section of (21), the solution in the continuous time is defined as in (22).
x(t) =
eAt
M1 − A−1
B if kT ≤ t ≤ (k + d/2)T
eAt
M2 if (k + d/2)T < t< (k + 1 − d/2 )T
eAt
M3 − A−1
B if (k + 1 − d/2 )T ≤ t ≤ (k + 1)T
(22)
where:
M1 = x(0) + A−1
B
M2 = M1 − e−AT d
2 A−1
B
M3 = M2 + e−AT (1− d
2 )
A−1
B
(23)
The solution for the system in DCM is given by (24) and is possible when the inductor current is equal
to zero.
x1(t)
x2(t)
=
x(0)e− 1
RC t
0
(24)
Starting from the solution in continuous time given in (22) and performing discretization in the output
signals for each sampling period T, the following expression in discrete time [19] is given by (25), which is the
solution in CCM for the studied converter.
x((k + 1)T) = eAT
x(kT) + [eAT
− eAT (1− d
2 )
+ eAT d
2 − I]A−1
B (25)
The solution for the system in DCM during the discrete time is given by (26).
x1((k + 1)T)
x2((k + 1)T)
=
x1(kT)e− 1
RC T
0
(26)
5.2. ZAD control
Following the procedure described in Section 3. and considering a time delay, the duty cycle with the
ZAD is calculated as shown in (27).
dk(kT) =
2s1((k − 1)T) + T ˙s−((k − 1)T)
T( ˙s−((k − 1)T) − ˙s+((k − 1)T))
(27)
where:
s1 ((k − 1)T) = (1 + aks)x1 ((k − 1)T) + kshx2((k − 1)T) − x1ref
˙s+((k − 1)T) = (a + a2
ks + kshm)x1((k − 1)T) + (h + aksh)x2((k − 1)T) + kshE
L
˙s−((k − 1)T) = (a + a2
ks + kshm)x1((k − 1)T) + (h + aksh)x2((k − 1)T)
(28)
5.3. FPIC control
In the steady state x1 = x1ref and ˙x1 = ˙x1ref = 0. With the last definition, the following con-
sideration is obtained: s(x(t)) = 0. From the first equation of the system, ˙x1 = ax1 + hx2, is obtained
that x2 = ( ˙x1ref − ax1ref )/h. Therefore, when regulation is considered, the expressions x∗
1 = x1ref and
x∗
2 = ( ˙x1ref − ax1ref )/h for the steady state are calculated. Then, x∗
1 and x∗
2 are the new state variables,
depending only on the reference signal x1ref and its derivate ˙x1ref .
Replacing x∗
1 and x∗
2 in (27) and the parameters of the model (17), the duty cycle is calculated as in
(29).
d∗
=
x1ref
Emeasured
(29)
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8. 1558 ISSN: 2088-8708
5.4. ZAD-FPIC control
To control the converter with the ZAD and FPIC techniques, equation (30) is used, where N is the
control parameter of the FPIC technique.
dZADF P IC(kT) =
dk(kT) + N · d∗
N + 1
(30)
Thus, (30) includes both the ZAD (27, 28) and FPIC techniques (29). Considering that the duty cycle
must be greater than zero and less than 1, then d can be expressed as in (31).
d =
dZADF P IC(kT) si 0 < dZADF P IC(kT) < 1
1 si 1 ≤ dZADF P IC(kT)
0 si dZADF P IC(kT) ≤ 0
(31)
5.5. Stability analysis
This section determines the stability of the periodic orbit 1T for the first model of the buck converter
controlled by the ZAD and FPIC with LEs. The LEs are a very powerful tool that helps to determine the con-
vergence of two orbits of a recurrent equation whose initial conditions differ infinitesimally from one another.
Because knowledge of the orbits is required, the analytical calculation becomes very complex. Thus,
a numerical procedure is preferred to find them. On one hand, when trajectories are very close to convergence,
the associated LEs will be negative. On the other hand, when trajectories diverge, then at least one of the LEs
is positive [22]. LEs are directly calculated from the Poincar´e application given in (25) and rewritten in (32).
x((k + 1)T) = eAT
x(kT) + [eAT
− eAT (1− d
2 )
+ eAT d
2 − I]A−1
B (32)
Equation (32) can be simplified as x(k + 1) = F(x(k)).
In the functioning scheme with a time delay (n = 1), the system presents four state variables (two
current time variables and two delay time variables). This is because the duty cycle dk(kT) calculated with the
ZAD is obtained with the samples measured in (k − 1)T, as shown in (27); thus, when applying the ZAD and
FPIC techniques, the following expressions are used for (28)-(31).
Therefore, the solution of the system x(k + 1) = F(x(k)) can be expressed as shown in (33).
x1(k + 1) = f1(x1(k), x2(k), x3(k), x4(k))
x2(k + 1) = f2(x1(k), x2(k), x3(k), x4(k))
x3(k + 1) = x1(k)
x4(k + 1) = x2(k)
(33)
where f1 is the discrete solution in the time for υc, f2 is the discrete solution in the time for iL, x3(k + 1), and
x4(k + 1) are the variables υc and iL in the previous instant (k).
The Jacobian of the system is given by (34).
DF(x(k)) =
∂f1
∂x1(k)
∂f1
∂x2(k)
∂f1
∂x3(k)
∂f1
∂x4(k)
∂f2
∂x1(k)
∂f2
∂x2(k)
∂f2
∂x3(k)
∂f2
∂x4(k)
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
(34)
The term qi(DF(x)) is the i-eigenvalue of DF(x(k)). The LE λi of the respective eigenvalue is given
by (35).
λi = lim
n→∞
1
n
n
k=0
log |qi(DF(x))| (35)
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9. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 1559
Figure 5. Second model of the buck converter
6. SECOND MODEL OF THE BUCK CONVERTER
In this second model, the losses are considered by adding an inductor rL and a resistance used to
measure the current rMed as shown in Figure 5. Therefore, rMed was considered with an approximate value of
1.007 Ω.
The mathematical model of the CCM is described in (36).
˙υc
˙iL
=
−1
RC
1
C
−1
L
−(rMed+rL)
L
υc
iL
+
0
E
L
u (36)
The system (36) can be simplified and expressed as shown in (37), where x1 = υc, x2 = iL.
˙x1
˙x2
=
a h
m p
x1
x2
+
0
E
L
u (37)
The system in CCM can be represented similar to the model in (5.), according to the simplified form
˙x = Ax + Bu. As with the simplified model, this system can be represented with the simple equation shown
in (38).
˙x =
Ax + Bu1 if kT ≤ t ≤ kT + dT/2
Ax + Bu2 if kT + dT/2 < t < kT + T − dT/2
Ax + Bu1 if kT + T − dT/2 < t < kT + T
(38)
In the DCM, the system is modeled in the same way as for the first model of the buck converter as
shown in (19). The analytical solutions for the continuous case and the discrete case are the same as the solution
for the first model and are given by (22), (24), (25) and (26). In this case, the matrix of the state transition eAT
is changed, which is affected by the internal resistances rL and rMed.
6.1. ZAD-FPIC control for the second model of buck converter
The procedure to apply the ZAD technique is the same as described in Section 3. With this procedure,
the mathematical expression shown in (39) is obtained.
dk(kT) =
2s1((k − 1)T) + T ˙s−((k − 1)T)
T( ˙s−((k − 1)T) − ˙s+((k − 1)T))
(39)
where:
s1 ((k − 1)T) = (1 + aks)x1 ((k − 1)T) + kshx2((k − 1)T) − x1ref
˙s+((k − 1)T) = (a + a2
ks + kshm)x1 ((k − 1)T)+
(h + aksh + kshp)x2((k − 1)T) + ksh
E
L
˙s−((k − 1)T) = (a + a2
ks + kshm)x1 ((k − 1)T)+
(h + aksh + kshp)x2((k − 1)T)
(40)
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10. 1560 ISSN: 2088-8708
Figure 6. Third model of the buck converter
For the FPIC technique, the procedure described in Section 5.3. is used. Then, the equation shown in
(41) is obtained.
d∗
= x1ref .
1 + rL+rMed
R
Emeasured
(41)
6.2. Stability analysis
As in the first model of the buck converter, stability analysis for the second model of the buck converter
is performed by using LEs. The procedure is the same as described in Section 5.5.
7. THIRD MODEL OF THE BUCK CONVERTER
For this model, other types of losses are included for the buck converter model by considering the
resistance of the source (rs) and the resistance of the MOSFET (rM ) as shown in Figure 6. The internal
resistance of the source is increased due to the resistances of the contacts, cables, series switch, and shut-down
converter.
The MOSFET resistance rM and the forward voltage in the fast diode Vfd were taken from datasheets.
Additionally, the internal resistance was measured in a laboratory test.
For the control input u = u1 = 1, the equation in the state space is given as in (42). In a simplified
way, this equation can be expressed as in (43). When the switch is open (u = u2 = 0), the system is modeled
as in (44) and simplified as in (45).
˙υc
˙iL
=
−1
RC
1
C
−1
L
−(rs+rM +rMed+rL)
L
υc
iL
+
0
E
L
(42)
˙x1
˙x2
=
a h
m p2
υc
iL
+
0
E
L
(43)
˙υc
˙iL
=
−1
RC
1
C
−1
L
−(rMed+rL)
L
υc
iL
+
0
−Vfd
L
(44)
˙x1
˙x2
=
a h
m p3
υc
iL
+
0
−Vfd
L
(45)
where x1 = υc, x2 = iL.
For the CCM, these equations have been simplified as shown in (46), where the term ˙x = [ ˙x1, ˙x2] =
[dx1
dt , dx2
dt ] , B1, and B2 consider the information of the control input such as the voltage source (E) and direct
polarization voltage of the diode (−Vfd). Likewise the previous cases, the system controlled by the CPWM
operates as expressed in (46).
˙x =
A1x + B1 if kT ≤ t ≤ kT + dT/2
A2x + B2 if kT + dT/2 < t < kT + T − dT/2
A1x + B1 if kT + T − dT/2 < t < kT + T
(46)
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7.1. Analytical solution for the third model of the buck converter
The system operating in CCM has the solution in continuous time given by (47).
x(t) =
eA1t
M1 − V1 si kT ≤ t ≤ (k + d/2)T
eA2t
M2 − V2 si (k + d/2)T < t< (k + 1 − d/2 )T
eA1t
M3 − V1 si (k + 1 − d/2 )T ≤ t ≤ (k + 1)T
(47)
where:
M1 = x(0) + V1
M2 = Q12M1 − ∆V e−A2T d
2
M3 = Q21M2 + ∆V e−A1T (1− d
2 )
Q12 = e(A1−A2)T ( d
2 )
Q21 = e(A2−A1)T (1− d
2 )
V1 = A−1
1 B1
V2 = A−1
2 B2
∆V = V1 − V2
(48)
The solution of the system in DCM is given in (49) and it occurs when the inductor current is equal to
zero.
x1(t)
x2(t)
=
x(0)e− 1
RC t
0
(49)
Starting from the solution in the continuous time given in (47) and performing discretization in the
output signals for each sampling period T, the following expression is obtained in (50), which is a stroboscope
map of the solution in CCM for the third model.
x((k + 1)T) = eA1T
Qx(kT) + eA1T
QV1 − Q12eA2T (1− d
2 )
∆V + eA1T d
2 ∆V − V1 (50)
The matrix Q is given in (51) and the other expressions are given in (48).
Q = e(A2−A1)T
e(A1−A2)T d
(51)
The solution of the system for the DCM in the discrete time is given by (52).
x1((k + 1)T)
x2((k + 1)T)
=
x1(kT)e− 1
RC T
0
(52)
7.2. ZAD-FPIC control for the third model of the buck converter
The necessary steps to apply the ZAD control technique are the same described in Section 3. It is
important to consider that when the topology changes through the action of the switch, the state matrices of the
system and the input arrays also change.
The duty cycle with the ZAD technique is calculated as in (53).
dk(kT) =
2s1((k − 1)T) + T ˙s−((k − 1)T)
T( ˙s−((k − 1)T) − ˙s+((k − 1)T))
(53)
where,
s1 ((k − 1)T) = (1 + aks)x1((k − 1)T) + kshx2((k − 1)T) − x1ref
˙s+((k − 1)T) = (a + a2
ks + kshm)x1((k − 1)T)+
(h + aksh + kshp2)x2((k − 1)T) + kshE
L
˙s−((k − 1)T) = (a + a2
ks + kshm)x1((k − 1)T)+
(h + aksh + kshp3)x2((k − 1)T) − ksh
Vfd
L
(54)
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12. 1562 ISSN: 2088-8708
When the FPIC control technique is used, then the procedure described in Section 4. must be consid-
ered and the equation shown in (55) is obtained.
d∗
=
x1ref .(1 + rMed+rL
R ) + Vfd
−x1ref .(rs+rM
R ) + Emeasured + Vfd
(55)
7.3. Stability analysis
As in the first and second model of the buck converter, the stability analysis for the third model of the
buck converter is performed by using LEs. The procedure is the same as described in Section 5.5. For this case,
the LEs are directly calculated by using the application of Poincar´e.
8. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In this section, comparisons between the theoretical, simulation, and experimental tests for the ZAD
and FPIC techniques are performed. The theoretical test considers the evaluation of stability with LEs, the
simulation test is performed by using the Poincar´e map, and the experimental test is performed by using an
electronic circuit.
8.1. Parameters for the test
The software used for programming the controllers is developed in the control board and DS1104 of
dSPACE GmbH. In this board, the ZAD and FPIC were implemented and programmed with the MATLAB-
Simulink and ControlDesk software. The controller was implemented in Simulink and uploaded to the DS1104
in order to work as a real-time application. The parameters for all the models are shown in Table 1. All the
parameters included were used to build the circuit and compare the results with the models of the theoretical
and simulation tests. The effects of the quantization come from the control board and the DS1104, where the
controller was implemented with 12 bits for the analogue signals measured in the test υc and iL. The duty cycle
d was considered as 10 bits.
Table 1. Parameters for the three models of the buck converter controlled by the ZAD and FPIC
Parameter Description Value
rs Internal resistance of the source 0.3887 Ω
rM MOSFET resistance 0.3 Ω
Vfd Forward voltage 1.1 V
rMed Resistance of the measurement iL 1.007 Ω
rL Internal resistance of the inductor 0.338 Ω
υref Reference voltage 32 V
E Voltage of the source 40.086 V (switched source)
R Resistance of the load 39.3 Ω
C Capacitance 46.27 µF
L Inductance 2.473 mH
N Parameter of the FPIC control 1
Ks Parameter of bifurcation Variable between 0 and 5
Fc Switched frequency 10 kHz
Fs Sampling frequency 10 kHz
1T p Delay time 100 µs
8.2. Results for the first model
Figure 7 shows the stability analysis and the comparison between the theoretical, simulation, and ex-
perimental tests for the first model of the buck converter controlled by the ZAD and FPIC. Figure 7a shows the
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13. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 1563
evolution of the LEs with the mathematical solution. Figure 7b shows the bifurcation diagram obtained with
the numerical analysis of the controlled variables υc versus Ks using a Poincar´e map. Figure 7c shows the
bifurcation diagram for the experimental test with the implemented electronic circuit. The stability behaviors
shown for the two first figures were created by changing the control parameter Ks from 0 to 100 and main-
taining the control parameter N equal to 1. The stability behavior shown in the third figure was created by
changing the control parameter Ks from 0 to 5 and maintaining the control parameter N equal to 1. The term
υc is the capacitor voltage or the output voltage, the visualization range of which was maintained between 28
V and 36 V.
(a) Theoretical test (b) Simulation test (c) Experimental test
Figure 7. Stability of the first model controlled by the ZAD and FPIC
Using this mathematical method, the bifurcation point, the trace of the stability behavior, and the
stability zones were detected and plotted (Figure 7a). The point Ks = 47.563 represents a stability limit, where
the greater values of Ks represent the stable zone and the lower values of Ks represent the unstable zone.
The simulations confirm that there is a stability zone (right side of Figure 7b) and an instability zone
with a limit point close to that determined with the mathematical model. In addition, an unstable zone and
chaos are presented when the parameter Ks is decreased. The point determined with the theoretical analysis is
validated as a point representing the stability limit of the system when Ks 50.
Similar to the previous results presented in this paper, the experimental test shows a stable zone (right
side of Figure 7c) where the signals remain with low variations, and an unstable zone (left side of the Figure
7c) where the signals change abruptly. Comparison with the two previous figures show that the system can
represent similar stability behavior. Besides, the controlled variable υc is very close to the reference signal
υref . From this figure, the diagram obtained with the simulation is shifted to the right with respect to the
diagram of the experimental test. In addition, the chaos and periodicity zones are expanded on the axis Ks
as shown in Figure 7b. Figure 7c shows for the experimental test that a stability limit is obtained when the
controlled parameter is Ks 3.75. Therefore, the three figures show some coincidence and correlation when
comparing the responses of the system as they represent similar events. However, the experimental test shows
deviations with respect to theoretical and simulated tests when the parameter Ks changes. These deviations
could be corrected by adding new elements that represent the losses of other elements in the system that are not
considered in the simulation model.
8.3. Results for the second model
Figure 8 shows the stability analysis and the comparison between the theoretical, simulation, and
experimental tests for the second model of the buck converter controlled by the ZAD and FPIC. As previously
described, an internal resistance rL and a resistance of measurement rMed were added to the model. Figure
8a shows the evolution of the LEs with the mathematical solution. Figure 8b shows the bifurcation diagram
obtained with the numerical analysis of the controlled variables υc versus Ks by using a Poincar´e map. Figure
8c shows the bifurcation diagram for the experimental test with the implemented electronic circuit. The stability
behaviors shown in the three figures were created by changing the control parameter Ks from 0 to 5 and
maintaining the control parameter N equal to 1. The term υc is the capacitor voltage or the output voltage, the
visualization range of which range was maintained between 28 V and 36 V.
The stability limit calculated with the LEs was reduced with respect to the results of the first model
because with the elements added, some fixed stable points for values of Ks 4.58 are presented. The two
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(a) Theoretical test (b) Simulation test (c) Experimental test
Figure 8. Stability of the second model controlled by the ZAD and FPIC
exponents become negative for values of Ks > 4.588. Therefore, the analysis determined that for this second
model, the stability of the system is found for values of Ks < 4.588, which must be validated with other
analyses. The bifurcation diagram is shifted to the left of the axis of the parameter Ks. The stability limit is
represented close to the value obtained with the LEs. However, the signals in the instability zone are larger
than the obtained with the mathematical calculation.
Therefore, by using the second model presented in this research, the three figures present more coin-
cidence and correlation as they represent better the events when the parameter Ks is changed. Compared with
the results of the first model, the bifurcations diagrams of the simulation and experimental test are more similar
and represent more details of the events. However, the equilibrium point is shifted to the right with respect
to the diagram of the experimental tests, although it is improved with respect to the first model. Therefore,
by adding the internal resistance of the inductor rL and a resistance for measuring the current rMed, better
similitude is presented between the simulation and experimental tests.
8.4. Results for the third model
Figure 9 shows the stability analysis and the comparison of the theoretical, simulation, and experi-
mental test for the third model of the buck converter controlled by the ZAD and FPIC. As previously described,
the additional parameters added to the model were rs, rM , and Vfd. First, Figure 9a shows the evolution
of the LEs with the mathematical solution. Second, Figure 9b shows the bifurcation diagram obtained with
the numerical analysis of the controlled variables υc versus Ks, by using a Poincar´e map. Finally, Figure 9c
shows the bifurcation diagram for the experimental test with the implemented electronic circuit. The stability
behaviors presented in the three figures were created by changing the control parameter Ks from 0 to 5 and
maintaining the control parameter N equal to 1. The term υc is the capacitor voltage or the output voltage, the
visualization range of which was maintained between 28 V and 36 V.
(a) Theoretical test (b) Simulation test (c) Experimental test
Figure 9. Stability of the third model controlled by the ZAD and FPIC
Because most of the losses are included with the inclusion of the parameters rs, rM , rMed, and rL,
a regulated voltage is obtained with an error in the steady state lower than 0.2 %. The bifurcation diagram
obtained in the simulation test shows that the stability limit is obtained with a reduced Ks lower than that
obtained in the second model, which is Ks 3.6. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the results obtained
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15. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 1565
in the simulation test are more similar to those obtained in the experimental test, but some low differences are
still found that will be investigated in future research.
The experimental test shows a small cloud of electromagnetic noise produced by the switch commu-
tation; however, this noise can be neglected. In the results obtained by the simulation test, the stability limit
is shifted to the right more than in the experimental test. This displacement can be attributed to some parame-
ters not included in the model of the controller such as internal resistance, parasitic capacitances and parasitic
inductances presented in the circuit, and the gains of the circuit used for setting the signal.
The results show that the LEs are negative for Ks ≥ 3.6 in the theoretical test, which indicates
the stability of the system and is similar to the results obtained in the simulation and experimental tests. The
stability limit in the experimental test is obtained when Ks ≥ 2.7, whereas for the simulation test it is Ks ≥ 3.6.
The number of bands and their behaviors illustrated in the figures are similar for both the simulation and
experimental tests.
In the experimental test, when Ks < 2.7, the system slowly loses regulation capacity, starting with
chaotic behavior. Next, some periodic bands appear and a new chaos proceeds and, finally, a chaotic band
behavior occurs. For both the simulation and experimental tests, the error in regulation increases when the
value of Ks is decreased.
Because most of resistive losses have been included, the diagrams obtained in simulation are very
similar to the experimental test. In this case, it is clear that the controlled variable υc reaches the reference
when Ks > 4. Therefore, we can conclude that the third model is the best to represent similar events in the
theoretical, simulation, and experimental tests.
8.5. Two-parameter bifurcation diagrams
Figures 10 and 11 show the two-parameter bifurcation diagrams for the three models of the buck
converter controlled by ZAD and FPIC, and the third model with the quantization effects. The colors in this
figure indicate the presence of multiple orbits due to the quantization noise.
(a) First model (b) Second model
Figure 10. Two-parameter bifurcation diagrams for the (a) first model and (b) second model
Because the bifurcation diagrams have been created with N=1 and Ks changing between 0 and 5, the
system operates in the stability limits between the fixed points and chaos, as observed in Figures 10a, 10b, and
11a. Although the results show good similitude between the simulation and experimental tests, there are some
small differences in magnitude, time, and signal deviation that need to be investigated in future research by
considering other parameters.
In general, the first three bifurcation diagrams of two parameters tend to be similar and the fourth
tends to be similar to the two first ones but with some differences due to the quantization noise. The two-
parameter bifurcation diagram including the quantization effects, as shown in Figure 11b, considered N = 1
and Ks between 0 and 5, which satisfies the regulation conditions (steady-state error< 3 %); thus, in this area,
the system can operate under stability.
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16. 1566 ISSN: 2088-8708
(a) Third model (b) Third model with quantization effects
Figure 11. Two-parameter bifurcation diagrams for the (a) third model and (b) third model with quantization
effects
9. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented a detailed report of a theoretical analysis, control design and simulated and real
responses of a power converter. If each process had been done separately, then the best model could not be
found or the research would have been delayed. The integration of rapid control prototyping (RCP) processes
with effective math tools, such as Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams, allowed the selection and
validation of the most appropriate model.
The paper has presented a stability analysis for the classical and two modified buck converter models
controlled by ZAD and FPIC. Mathematical representations of the buck converters with the controllers were
presented and the LEs were calculated. The theoretical results were compared with the simulation and exper-
imental results by using one and two-parameter bifurcation diagrams. The quantization effects in the input
variables and the signals of PWM were applied for the best model to identify the differences with the other
three models. After these studies, we can conclude that the inclusion of the internal resistance rL, rs, and rM ,
the system becomes more stable. Thus, the test that changes the parameter Ks shows that the equilibrium point
is shifted to the left of the bifurcation diagram. The stability of the periodic orbit 1T for the three models of
the buck converters controlled by ZAD and FPIC were determined by using LEs. When the number of bits
of the measured signals and the duty cycle are decreased, the system starts losing stability, presents dynamic
behaviors such as periodic bands and chaos, and becomes more chaotic. It is important to note that even with a
low number of bits in the input variables and the duty cycle, the system controlled by ZAD and FPIC follows
the reference signal with low error (< 3%) in the steady state.
The most elaborate model is not always the most accurate. In our illustrative case, the model that
includes the effects of quantization does not achieve a better correspondence between experimental and simu-
lated performance. We recommend gradually varying the model until a tolerable level of difference is sensed
between experimental and simulated tests. The stages of modeling, control design and experimental valida-
tion should be integrated because in many cases, non-modeled dynamics could influence the calibration of the
control system and the closed-loop responses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank to the School of Physics, and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Automa-
tion for the valuable support to conduct this research. This work was supported by the Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, Sede Medell´ın under the projects HERMES-34671 and HERMES-36911.
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Selection and Validation of Mathematical Models of Power Converters using Rapid ... (Fredy E. Hoyos)
18. 1568 ISSN: 2088-8708
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Fredy Edimer Hoyos Electrical Engineer, MEng Industrial Automation, Ph.D on Automation.
Assistant professor, Science Faculty, School of Physics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede
Medell´ın, Colombia, E-mail: fehoyosve@unal.edu.co. His research interests include nonlinear con-
trol, nonlinear dynamics of nonsmooth systems, and power electronic applications. He is a member
of the Scientific and Industrial Instrumentation Research Group, at the Universidad Nacional de
Colombia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-5192
John Candelo received his Bs. degree in Electrical Engineering in 2002 and his PhD in Engineering
with emphasis in Electrical Engineering in 2009 from Universidad del Valle, Cali - Colombia. His
employment experiences include the Empresa de Energ´ıa del Pac´ıfico EPSA, Universidad del Norte,
and Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medell´ın. He is now an Assistant Professor of the
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medell´ın, Colombia. His research interests include:
engineering education; planning, operation and control of power systems; artificial intelligence;
and smart grids. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9784-9494.
John Alexander Taborda Electronics Engineer, MEng Industrial Automation, Ph.D on Automa-
tion. Associated professor, Engineering Faculty, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colom-
bia, E-mail: jtaborda@unimagdalena.edu.co. His research interests include applied mathematics,
complex dynamical systems, chaos and control theories, and power electronic applications. He is a
senior researcher in Colciencias and member of research group Magma Ingenier´ıa at the Universi-
dad del Magdalena. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6090-1711
IJECE Vol. 8, No. 3, June 2018: 1551 – 1568