This study compared the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees using in vitro gas production techniques. The results showed that M. stenopetala leaves had higher crude protein, fat, nitrogen free extract, non-fiber carbohydrates, and gross energy than M. oleifera leaves. However, M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of essential amino acids. In vitro gas production was higher for M. stenopetala leaves, indicating greater metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non-ruminants during dry seasons due to their
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Morphological characterization and quality evaluation of some cultivated papr...Alexander Decker
The document analyzed 11 different morphological variants of paprika grown in Morocco. Significant differences were found among the variants for all fruit characteristics studied, including fresh and dry weight, length, seed traits, and density. Morphotype 1 had traits most desired commercially such as high ASTA value, high dry-to-fresh weight ratio, and low pungency. The results provide information that can be used to establish a paprika breeding program to develop new commercial hybrids with enriched desirable traits.
Comparative Study of Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitio...ijtsrd
Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes have been used in the treatment of aliments varying from colics, diabetes, polyuria and albuminiura, these ethanomedicinal potencies have been attributed to its rich phytochemical contents and free radical scavenging capacity. This work is aimed at investigating the effect of crude oil pollution on total phenolic, flavonoids and free radical scavenging potentials of methanol extract of Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes. The ability of the plant extracts to scavenge 2,2 diphenyl 1 picylhydrazyl DPPH , hydroxyl radical .OH , superoxide radical O2 , nitric oxide radical NO. and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation was assayed following standard methods, spectrophotometric method was used to assay for total phenolic and flavonoid content. Non crude oil polluted O. abyssinica extract NCOPOAE and crude oil polluted O. abyssinica extract COPOAE in a concentration dependent manner showed a potent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay EC50= 1.03 ±0.01µg ml and EC50 = 1.04 ±1.01µg ml , inhibited hydroxyl radical EC50 = 1.17 ±1.02µg ml and EC50 = 1.46 ±1.21µg ml , superoxide anion radical EC50 =1.30 ±1.21µg ml and EC50 =1.51 ±1.42µg ml and nitric oxide EC50 = 1.40 ±1.23µg ml and EC50= 1.53 ±1.42µg ml also inhibited non enzymatic lipid peroxidation EC50 = 1.58 ±1.42µg ml and EC50 = 2.47 ±2.13µg ml and had more of phenolic and flavonoid contents than COPOAE. This result indicates that NCOPOAE contains more antioxidant compounds than COPOAE, which could make it more potent in ethanomedicinal use. Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje | Kizito Ifeanyi Amaefule | Charles Tochukwu Nwachukwu "Comparative Study of Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Potentials of Oxythenanthera Abyssinica (Rhizomes) Sourced from South Eastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/29226/comparative-study-of-free-radical-scavenging-and-lipid-peroxidation-inhibition-potentials-of-oxythenanthera-abyssinica-rhizomes-sourced-from-south-eastern-nigeria/jonathan-chinenye-ifemeje
This document summarizes research that optimized production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Pseudomonas fluorescens using rice bran as a carbon source. Plackett-Burman statistical design was used to screen significant medium components, identifying rice bran, peptone, NaCl, and MnCl2 as most effective. Central composite design then optimized their concentrations for maximum EPS yield of 4.62 g/L after 48 hours of fermentation. Kinetic modeling using logistic growth and Luedeking-Piret equations accurately simulated microbial growth, substrate utilization, and EPS formation. The extracted polysaccharide shows potential as a biodegradable, non-toxic alternative to synthetic polymers with antioxidant properties for industrial and pharmaceutical
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Morphological characterization and quality evaluation of some cultivated papr...Alexander Decker
The document analyzed 11 different morphological variants of paprika grown in Morocco. Significant differences were found among the variants for all fruit characteristics studied, including fresh and dry weight, length, seed traits, and density. Morphotype 1 had traits most desired commercially such as high ASTA value, high dry-to-fresh weight ratio, and low pungency. The results provide information that can be used to establish a paprika breeding program to develop new commercial hybrids with enriched desirable traits.
Comparative Study of Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitio...ijtsrd
Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes have been used in the treatment of aliments varying from colics, diabetes, polyuria and albuminiura, these ethanomedicinal potencies have been attributed to its rich phytochemical contents and free radical scavenging capacity. This work is aimed at investigating the effect of crude oil pollution on total phenolic, flavonoids and free radical scavenging potentials of methanol extract of Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes. The ability of the plant extracts to scavenge 2,2 diphenyl 1 picylhydrazyl DPPH , hydroxyl radical .OH , superoxide radical O2 , nitric oxide radical NO. and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation was assayed following standard methods, spectrophotometric method was used to assay for total phenolic and flavonoid content. Non crude oil polluted O. abyssinica extract NCOPOAE and crude oil polluted O. abyssinica extract COPOAE in a concentration dependent manner showed a potent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay EC50= 1.03 ±0.01µg ml and EC50 = 1.04 ±1.01µg ml , inhibited hydroxyl radical EC50 = 1.17 ±1.02µg ml and EC50 = 1.46 ±1.21µg ml , superoxide anion radical EC50 =1.30 ±1.21µg ml and EC50 =1.51 ±1.42µg ml and nitric oxide EC50 = 1.40 ±1.23µg ml and EC50= 1.53 ±1.42µg ml also inhibited non enzymatic lipid peroxidation EC50 = 1.58 ±1.42µg ml and EC50 = 2.47 ±2.13µg ml and had more of phenolic and flavonoid contents than COPOAE. This result indicates that NCOPOAE contains more antioxidant compounds than COPOAE, which could make it more potent in ethanomedicinal use. Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje | Kizito Ifeanyi Amaefule | Charles Tochukwu Nwachukwu "Comparative Study of Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Potentials of Oxythenanthera Abyssinica (Rhizomes) Sourced from South Eastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/29226/comparative-study-of-free-radical-scavenging-and-lipid-peroxidation-inhibition-potentials-of-oxythenanthera-abyssinica-rhizomes-sourced-from-south-eastern-nigeria/jonathan-chinenye-ifemeje
This document summarizes research that optimized production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Pseudomonas fluorescens using rice bran as a carbon source. Plackett-Burman statistical design was used to screen significant medium components, identifying rice bran, peptone, NaCl, and MnCl2 as most effective. Central composite design then optimized their concentrations for maximum EPS yield of 4.62 g/L after 48 hours of fermentation. Kinetic modeling using logistic growth and Luedeking-Piret equations accurately simulated microbial growth, substrate utilization, and EPS formation. The extracted polysaccharide shows potential as a biodegradable, non-toxic alternative to synthetic polymers with antioxidant properties for industrial and pharmaceutical
Fungal cellulase xylanase production and corresponding hydrolysis using pretr...zhenhua82
Three pretreated corn stover (ammonia fiber expansion, dilute acid, and dilute alkali) were used as carbon source to culture Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 for cellulase and xylanase production. The results indicated that the cultures on ammonia fiber expansion and alkali pretreated corn stover had better enzyme production than the acid pretreated ones. The consequent enzymatic hydrolysis was performed applying fungal enzymes on pretreated corn stover samples. Tukey’s statistical comparisons exhibited that there were significant differences on enzymatic hydrolysis among different combination of fungal enzymes and pretreated corn stover. The higher sugar yields were achieved by the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute alkali pretreated corn stover.
Proximate analysis and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe ...IJEAB
This document analyzed the proximate composition and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe Babalola University rangeland in Nigeria to evaluate their potential as feed resources for ruminant production. Key findings include:
- Crude protein content ranged from 12.2% to 27.3% among the forages, meeting the nutritional requirements of ruminants.
- Gas production during in-vitro fermentation ranged from 4.0 to 13.3 ml/200mg DM at mid-fermentation and 9.0 to 22.67 ml/200mg DM at termination, varying significantly among forage types.
- Most of the forages were found to be adequate in crude
Bioactive potential of sea urchin temnopleurus toreumaticus from devanampatti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioactive potential of the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus. Biochemical analysis found proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the aqueous extract. Hemolytic assays showed the extract had hemolytic activity against various blood cells. Cytotoxicity assays found the extract was toxic to brine shrimp at certain concentrations. Antimicrobial assays indicated the extract inhibited some bacteria and fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the extract. Overall, the results suggest the sea urchin extract has hemolytic, cytotoxic, and some antimicrobial activity.
Bioactive components and antioxidant activity of moroccan paprika (capsicum a...Alexander Decker
This document examines the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of Moroccan paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) harvested and processed at different times. The study found:
1) Paprika produced in November had the highest levels of total phenols (1360 mg/100g DW), carotenoids (3727.54 mg/kg DW), and ASTA color value (167.15 units), and exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity in DPPH assays.
2) Total flavonol and flavonoid contents varied slightly depending on harvest and processing time.
3) Total phenolic content and total carotenoid content were highly correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, ar...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the activities of four enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase, Arginase, and Thiaminase) in nine commonly consumed plant tubers in Nigeria. It finds that all four enzymes exhibited activity in the plant tubers. 3-MST activity varied significantly between tubers, with white yam showing the highest. Arginase activity also varied significantly, with Irish potato having the highest and cassava the lowest. Thiaminase activity varied as well, with cassava stem the highest and bitter yam peel the lowest. The study confirms the presence and nutritional value of these enzymes in commonly consumed plant tubers.
This document describes research on the production and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) from Paenibacillus polymyxa using mango peel as a substrate. Key findings include:
- P. polymyxa exhibited maximum CMCase production when grown in a medium containing 7% mango peel with 1.5% ammonium sulfate at 37°C and pH 5.5.
- Purification by affinity column chromatography achieved a 28-fold purification with a 1.99% recovery yield.
- SDS-PAGE analysis showed bands at 26.5 and 34 kDa, suggesting a heteromeric multienzyme complex. Native PAGE showed a single band of 72 kDa.
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of treated and untreated Jatropha curcas seed meals used to formulate diets for rats. Proximate analysis showed the food intake and growth parameters like growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and food transformation index of rats were significantly better for diets made from treated seed meals compared to untreated meals. The differences were attributed to reductions in anti-nutrients like phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors achieved through various treatments. This suggests treatments that reduce anti-nutrients can improve the nutritional value of Jatropha seeds and support animal growth without negative effects.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the anti-nutritional properties of four edible mangrove fruits found in Odisha, India. The study found that the fruit of Xylocarpus granatum had the highest oxalate content, while Kandelia candel fruit had the highest phytate and saponin contents. X. granatum also had the highest tannin level. All four fruits contained measurable levels of anti-nutrients and consuming large amounts was not recommended. The findings provide information on the anti-nutritional properties of these edible mangrove fruits.
Acs analytical method validation for the determination of md by lc-msmsDr. Sudeb Mandal
An analytical method was developed and validated for quantifying the fungicide meptyldinocap and its metabolite 2,4-dinitrooctylphenol (2,4-DNOP) in mango and soil samples using LC-MS/MS. Mango and soil samples were extracted with an acetone-methanol-HCl solution to convert meptyldinocap to 2,4-DNOP, which was then cleaned up and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The method was validated over a range of 0.025-2 μg/g and the limit of quantification was 0.025 μg/g. Recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 93-98%
Analytical method validation@ american chemical society@ sudeb mandalDr Sudeb Mandal
Analytical Method Validation for the Determination of
Meptyldinocap As 2,4-Dinitrooctylphenol Metabolite in Mango
and Soil Using LC-MS/MS and Dissipation Study of the
Fungicide in Indian Mango Field Ecosystem
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
This study evaluated changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in the pulp and seeds of Bunchosia glandulifera fruit during different ripening stages. Key findings:
1) Levels of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamin C, and caffeine increased from the second ripening stage to the ripe fruit stage.
2) Ripe fruit had the highest levels of bioactive compounds compared to earlier stages.
3) Phenolic compound and carotenoid levels were highest in the pulp.
4) Carotenoid content was positively correlated with antioxidant activity.
Quantitative analysis of total phenolic content in avocado (persia americana)...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the total phenolic content in avocado (Persia Americana) seeds from the Eastern Province of Kenya. Avocado seeds from five varieties were extracted at different temperatures and their total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The maximum phenolic content of 18.55 ± 2.8 mg/g was found in extracts of the Fuerte variety extracted at 50°C. Increasing the extraction temperature to 70°C and 100°C resulted in 10.3% and 32.1% decreases in total phenolic content, respectively, likely due to degradation of thermosensitive phenolic compounds. Overall, an extraction temperature of 50°C was found to be most
This document summarizes research optimizing culture conditions for the bacteria Acetobacter aceti TISTR 102 using coconut water supplemented with banana juice. The effects of adding different volumes of banana juice, concentrations of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract, and shaking speeds on bacterial growth were investigated. Coconut water was found to be a suitable base medium, and supplementing it with 50% banana juice by volume resulted in the highest bacterial cell viability. Varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract did not significantly affect growth. Faster shaking speeds of 150 rpm produced higher cell viability than 120 rpm. The goal was to develop a low-cost growth medium utilizing agricultural byproducts for producing bacterial cultures.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
The document analyzes the chemical and nutritional profiles of the mesocarp (edible fleshy part) of three common varieties of Terminalia catappa (tropical almond tree). Proximate analysis found the mesocarp contains moderate amounts of protein, fiber, fat, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis found it contains magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, iron and phosphorus. Anti-nutritional factors tannin and phytate were present but in low amounts not likely to cause health issues. The study concluded the three varieties have comparable nutritional compositions and the mesocarp is a good source of nutrients comparable to other fruits, making it suitable for human consumption.
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
Fungal cellulase xylanase production and corresponding hydrolysis using pretr...zhenhua82
Three pretreated corn stover (ammonia fiber expansion, dilute acid, and dilute alkali) were used as carbon source to culture Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 for cellulase and xylanase production. The results indicated that the cultures on ammonia fiber expansion and alkali pretreated corn stover had better enzyme production than the acid pretreated ones. The consequent enzymatic hydrolysis was performed applying fungal enzymes on pretreated corn stover samples. Tukey’s statistical comparisons exhibited that there were significant differences on enzymatic hydrolysis among different combination of fungal enzymes and pretreated corn stover. The higher sugar yields were achieved by the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute alkali pretreated corn stover.
Proximate analysis and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe ...IJEAB
This document analyzed the proximate composition and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe Babalola University rangeland in Nigeria to evaluate their potential as feed resources for ruminant production. Key findings include:
- Crude protein content ranged from 12.2% to 27.3% among the forages, meeting the nutritional requirements of ruminants.
- Gas production during in-vitro fermentation ranged from 4.0 to 13.3 ml/200mg DM at mid-fermentation and 9.0 to 22.67 ml/200mg DM at termination, varying significantly among forage types.
- Most of the forages were found to be adequate in crude
Bioactive potential of sea urchin temnopleurus toreumaticus from devanampatti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioactive potential of the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus. Biochemical analysis found proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the aqueous extract. Hemolytic assays showed the extract had hemolytic activity against various blood cells. Cytotoxicity assays found the extract was toxic to brine shrimp at certain concentrations. Antimicrobial assays indicated the extract inhibited some bacteria and fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the extract. Overall, the results suggest the sea urchin extract has hemolytic, cytotoxic, and some antimicrobial activity.
Bioactive components and antioxidant activity of moroccan paprika (capsicum a...Alexander Decker
This document examines the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of Moroccan paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) harvested and processed at different times. The study found:
1) Paprika produced in November had the highest levels of total phenols (1360 mg/100g DW), carotenoids (3727.54 mg/kg DW), and ASTA color value (167.15 units), and exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity in DPPH assays.
2) Total flavonol and flavonoid contents varied slightly depending on harvest and processing time.
3) Total phenolic content and total carotenoid content were highly correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, ar...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the activities of four enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase, Arginase, and Thiaminase) in nine commonly consumed plant tubers in Nigeria. It finds that all four enzymes exhibited activity in the plant tubers. 3-MST activity varied significantly between tubers, with white yam showing the highest. Arginase activity also varied significantly, with Irish potato having the highest and cassava the lowest. Thiaminase activity varied as well, with cassava stem the highest and bitter yam peel the lowest. The study confirms the presence and nutritional value of these enzymes in commonly consumed plant tubers.
This document describes research on the production and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) from Paenibacillus polymyxa using mango peel as a substrate. Key findings include:
- P. polymyxa exhibited maximum CMCase production when grown in a medium containing 7% mango peel with 1.5% ammonium sulfate at 37°C and pH 5.5.
- Purification by affinity column chromatography achieved a 28-fold purification with a 1.99% recovery yield.
- SDS-PAGE analysis showed bands at 26.5 and 34 kDa, suggesting a heteromeric multienzyme complex. Native PAGE showed a single band of 72 kDa.
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of treated and untreated Jatropha curcas seed meals used to formulate diets for rats. Proximate analysis showed the food intake and growth parameters like growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and food transformation index of rats were significantly better for diets made from treated seed meals compared to untreated meals. The differences were attributed to reductions in anti-nutrients like phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors achieved through various treatments. This suggests treatments that reduce anti-nutrients can improve the nutritional value of Jatropha seeds and support animal growth without negative effects.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the anti-nutritional properties of four edible mangrove fruits found in Odisha, India. The study found that the fruit of Xylocarpus granatum had the highest oxalate content, while Kandelia candel fruit had the highest phytate and saponin contents. X. granatum also had the highest tannin level. All four fruits contained measurable levels of anti-nutrients and consuming large amounts was not recommended. The findings provide information on the anti-nutritional properties of these edible mangrove fruits.
Acs analytical method validation for the determination of md by lc-msmsDr. Sudeb Mandal
An analytical method was developed and validated for quantifying the fungicide meptyldinocap and its metabolite 2,4-dinitrooctylphenol (2,4-DNOP) in mango and soil samples using LC-MS/MS. Mango and soil samples were extracted with an acetone-methanol-HCl solution to convert meptyldinocap to 2,4-DNOP, which was then cleaned up and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The method was validated over a range of 0.025-2 μg/g and the limit of quantification was 0.025 μg/g. Recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 93-98%
Analytical method validation@ american chemical society@ sudeb mandalDr Sudeb Mandal
Analytical Method Validation for the Determination of
Meptyldinocap As 2,4-Dinitrooctylphenol Metabolite in Mango
and Soil Using LC-MS/MS and Dissipation Study of the
Fungicide in Indian Mango Field Ecosystem
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
This study evaluated changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in the pulp and seeds of Bunchosia glandulifera fruit during different ripening stages. Key findings:
1) Levels of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamin C, and caffeine increased from the second ripening stage to the ripe fruit stage.
2) Ripe fruit had the highest levels of bioactive compounds compared to earlier stages.
3) Phenolic compound and carotenoid levels were highest in the pulp.
4) Carotenoid content was positively correlated with antioxidant activity.
Quantitative analysis of total phenolic content in avocado (persia americana)...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the total phenolic content in avocado (Persia Americana) seeds from the Eastern Province of Kenya. Avocado seeds from five varieties were extracted at different temperatures and their total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The maximum phenolic content of 18.55 ± 2.8 mg/g was found in extracts of the Fuerte variety extracted at 50°C. Increasing the extraction temperature to 70°C and 100°C resulted in 10.3% and 32.1% decreases in total phenolic content, respectively, likely due to degradation of thermosensitive phenolic compounds. Overall, an extraction temperature of 50°C was found to be most
This document summarizes research optimizing culture conditions for the bacteria Acetobacter aceti TISTR 102 using coconut water supplemented with banana juice. The effects of adding different volumes of banana juice, concentrations of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract, and shaking speeds on bacterial growth were investigated. Coconut water was found to be a suitable base medium, and supplementing it with 50% banana juice by volume resulted in the highest bacterial cell viability. Varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract did not significantly affect growth. Faster shaking speeds of 150 rpm produced higher cell viability than 120 rpm. The goal was to develop a low-cost growth medium utilizing agricultural byproducts for producing bacterial cultures.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
The document analyzes the chemical and nutritional profiles of the mesocarp (edible fleshy part) of three common varieties of Terminalia catappa (tropical almond tree). Proximate analysis found the mesocarp contains moderate amounts of protein, fiber, fat, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis found it contains magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, iron and phosphorus. Anti-nutritional factors tannin and phytate were present but in low amounts not likely to cause health issues. The study concluded the three varieties have comparable nutritional compositions and the mesocarp is a good source of nutrients comparable to other fruits, making it suitable for human consumption.
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
YELLOW OLEANDER (THEVETIA PERUVIANA) SEEDS FOR HUMAN FOOD IN KENYApaperpublications3
Abstract:The Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana), is a potential oil seed and a good alternative source of nutrition for food and animal feeds. The seeds of Yellow oleander from four geographical regions (Busia, Bondo, Thika (JKUAT) and Mombasa districts) in Kenya were subjected to a nutritional value study. The oil and the defatted seed cake were analyzed for food values (fatty acids, proteins, minerals, fibre, and carbohydrates). Fatty acid characterization of the oil was done by GC. Minerals analysis was performed using AAS and flame photometer. The crude protein content of the defatted cake was determined by semi-micro Kjeldahl method. Carbohydrates values were determined by difference. Data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results showed that the nutritional values of these seeds were similar to those of other common oil seeds and did not depend on the climatic regions.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Phosphate and nitrate removal from aqueous solution by carbonated and uncarbo...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the ability of Monodora myristica shell to remove phosphate and nitrate from wastewater. Four types of shells were tested: untreated raw shell, acid-treated raw shell, untreated carbonated shell, and acid-treated carbonated shell. The shells were added to water spiked with phosphate and nitrate at different concentrations for 5 hours. The results showed that none of the shell types were effective at removing phosphate, as the phosphate concentration increased over time. However, all shell types significantly reduced the nitrate concentration in a saturation time of 3 hours for 5-10% shell concentrations and 5 hours for 2.5% concentrations. The untreated carbonated shell achieved the greatest nitrate removal, decreasing concentrations
Phosphate and nitrate removal from aqueous solution by carbonated and uncarbo...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the potential for using Monodora myristica shell to remove phosphate and nitrate from wastewater. Four types of shells were tested: untreated raw, treated raw, untreated carbonated, and treated carbonated. The shells were added to solutions containing phosphate and nitrate at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. The solutions were tested over 5 hours. The results showed the shells had no ability to remove phosphate. However, they were effective at removing nitrate, with the untreated carbonated shell achieving the greatest reduction from 231 mg/L to 28.57 mg/L using 10% shell concentration after 3 hours. In general, higher shell concentrations produced better nitrate removal.
Characterisation of some Ribes L. accessions from Turkey based on SSRs patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variability among 7 Ribes alpinum, 2 Ribes bieberstenii, and 1 Ribes uva-crispa accessions from Turkey using SSR (microsatellite) markers. A total of 10 SSR primers were used, producing 172 bands between 50-330 base pairs in length. 157 of these bands were polymorphic, representing 91.2% genetic diversity. The SSR patterns allowed for delineation of the Ribes accessions at both the specific and intraspecific levels, providing additional data for characterization of the Ribes gene pool in Anatolia.
Biochemical components of three marine macroalgae (Padina pavonica, Ulva lact...Innspub Net
Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca, brown macroalgae Taonia atomaria and Padina pavonica are spread in the Turkish Levantine Sea. There is limited information about antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of these species from Levantine Sea. In this study was to determine and compare antioxidant activities, vitamin and fatty acid (FA) composition of U. lactuca, T. atomaria and P. pavonica. The analysis was made with HPLC and GC device. g. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed; palmitic acid (C16:0) as the most abundant saturate fatty acid (21-41%). The green algae was rich palmitic acid (C16:0) (41.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were major components (39.81–42.89%). The total MUFA content for U. lactuca was 40.63%, P. pavonica 42.89% and for T. atomaria 38.81%. Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was the most abundant MUFA in all the species analyzed. Eicosapentaenoic acid ( C20:5 n-3) and arahidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were found in significant levels in T. atomaria. P. pavonica and T. atomaria showed similar amounts of C18 and C20 PUFAs contents. In T. atomaria eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) accounted 4.78% of total fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio in T. atomaria was 1.10%, U. lactuca; 0.26% and for P. pavonica 0.68%.The total phenolic contents ranged from 0.96 to 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dry macroalgae material. Phenolic content of the water extract of T. atomaria (2.22 mg GAE /g) was higher than that of the water extract of P. pavonica and U. lactuca. It has been thought that the amount of α-tocoferol was higher than the other lipophilic vitamins in all the three species tested. In Conclusion; these species can be used as food and in food industry.
This document describes a study that used molecular methods including PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region to analyze the genetic diversity of anaerobic fungi in the gastrointestinal tracts of buffalo. Total DNA was extracted from rumen samples and the ITS1 region was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis of 12 clones showed diversity among the anaerobic fungal isolates. The results indicate that analysis of the ITS1 spacer through molecular techniques is a promising approach for comparing rumen fungal populations and diversity.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
Dna fingerprinting, chemical composition, antitumor and antimicrobial activit...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils and extracts from four Annona species grown in Egypt. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified the major constituents in each species' essential oils. Ethanol extracts showed strong cytotoxic effects against breast, colon, and liver cancer cell lines, with lower IC50 values than the essential oils. Both essential oils and ethanol extracts displayed antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. The essential oil and ethanol extract of Annona cherimola exhibited the strongest antitumor and antimicrobial effects, suggesting potential as a natural medicine.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed changes in bacterial and archaeal communities during thermophilic composting of cattle manure using PhyloChip microarray technology. Samples were collected from different areas of a compost pile based on age and temperature. Total DNA was extracted from the samples and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and hybridized to a PhyloChip array. Statistical analysis showed differences in microbial populations between raw manure samples and compost samples. During composting, archaeal phyla Thaumarchaeota and Thermoprotei and bacterial phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes increased in diversity. Ammonia-oxidizing and methanogenic microbes increased under thermophilic conditions. The
The Use of in vitro Gas Production Technique as an Index of the Nutritive Val...IOSRJAVS
: The in vitro gas production technique was used to predict rumen fermentable organic matter, gas production kinetics, organic matter digestibility as well as metabolizable energy were evaluated in green shoot, leaves, fruits flesh and seed cakes of Ziziphus spina-christi tree. A gas production was measured by incubating samples in buffered rumen fluid from cannulated steer for 72 h. Total gas production was recorded at 0,3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation periods and kinetics of gas production was described. The chemical analysis of these Ziziphus spina-christi parts, showed that, Leaves contained high protein (14.77±0.23g/kg) and green shoot less protein (8.03±0.15g/kg),however, high ash content was observed in green shoot (10.03±0.07g/kg) compare to other parts. seed cakes has the highest crude fibre content in comparison to other parts (32.46±0.01),while fruits flesh contained the highest ether extract(72.39±0.03).The maximum gas volume was highest for fruits flesh followed by seed cakes, green shoot and leaves after 24hr of incubation. In this study flesh had a significantly higher (P<0.05) gas production from rapid soluble fraction (a) than the other parts, while Ziziphus spina-christi leaves showed the highest gas production from slowly degradable fraction (b) .Organic matter digestibility range was (51.90– 43.79%) and Metabolisable energy was found to be (9.16– 6.74MJ/kgDM) in the flesh and green shoot, respectively. It was concluded that, green shoots, leaves, fruit flesh and seed cake of Ziziphus spina-christi have the potential to be used as protein, energy and mineral supplements for ruminants especially during the dry season
Effects of renewal pattern of recycled nutrient solution on the ion balance i...gugabione
Ion imbalance in recycled nutrient solutions is caused by selective ion uptake of plants, which occurs at different
rates in different growth stages. The objectives of this study were to investigate the ion balances in both recycled nutrient
solutions and rockwool media using different renewal patterns for the nutrient solutions, and to analyze the subsequent effects
on uptake of water and nutrients. Over 12 weeks of paprika cultivation, two different renewal patterns (week units) of 6-4-2
and 8-2-2 weeks were compared with a constant renewal pattern of 4-4-4 weeks (control). The nutrient solution in the reservoir
tank was constantly maintained at EC 2.5 dS・m
-1
and pH 5.5-6.5. The changes in the ion balance with the 4-4-4 week pattern
were smaller than those with the other treatments. In the early growth stage, however, the ion balances similarly changed
among all treatments. Greater changes were subsequently observed for the 6-4-2 week pattern. Although fruit yield and shoot
fresh weight of paprika were the lowest with 6-4-2 renewal pattern, no significant differences were observed. Our results indicate
that renewal intervals can be extended in consideration of growth stage for more efficient and practical operations in closed
soilless cultures.
Characterisation of some Lamiaceae Species Distributed in the Rize Province, ...Premier Publishers
The Black Sea region belongs to one of the richest regions of Turkey regarding biological diversity. In total 2239 species are present in the East Black Sea region, 514 of them are endemic and the endemism ratio is ca. 23 %. More than half of the plants distributed at the East Black Sea region are present in the Rize province and almost 70 % of the plants are of medicinal and aromatic value. Four Mentha species, three Origanum species, three Thymus species, two Salvia species, two Stachys species and one Calamintha species were collected from 19 different localities in Rize during 2015. A field nursery was established using collected material. A field nursery was established using collected material. Further, Principal Component Analysis was used to distinguish present genetic diversity based on essential oil composition. The obtained data valued that large diversity could be determined and collected materials can be used as genetic resources in further investigations.
This study analyzed the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of tea grown with different agricultural practices. Tea extracts from organically grown tea (using vermicompost and vermiwash) showed higher total phenolic content and stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to conventionally grown tea (using inorganic fertilizers), as measured by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The study also found significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in tea extracts, with the strongest inhibition seen in organically grown tea extracts.
This document summarizes research on the isolation, purification, characterization, and kinetic properties of acid phosphatase from mungbean (Vigna radiata) leaves. Key findings:
1. Acid phosphatase was purified 222-fold from mungbean leaf extracts using ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, achieving a specific activity of 1291 nkat/mg protein.
2. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography revealed the purified enzyme consisted of two isoforms with molecular weights of 29 kDa and 18 kDa.
3. Kinetic analysis found the 29 kDa isoform had a Km of 0
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed samples collected from diarrhea patients and their mothers in rural Bangladesh to detect coliform bacteria. Several species of coliform bacteria were isolated from the samples, with isolation rates ranging from 38.01-3.51%. Extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves were tested against the isolated bacteria. The leaf extracts showed antibacterial effects and were able to inhibit the growth of all tested bacterial pathogens, including E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Serratia species. The extracts had zone of inhibition ranging from 8-23 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration values between 62.5-1000 μg/mL, suggesting M. oleifera extracts could
This research article studied the anti-obesity effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MEMOL) in rats with high fat diet-induced obesity. Rats were fed a high fat diet to induce obesity over 49 days. Treatment with MEMOL for 49 days significantly reduced body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in obese rats, and increased body temperature, compared to untreated obese rats. MEMOL treated rats also showed decreased levels of liver enzymes and blood glucose. The results indicate that MEMOL attenuated body weight gain in obese rats without affecting food intake, and demonstrated hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, suggesting it may help treat obesity and related disorders.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the use of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit diets. Specifically, the study:
1. Cultivated moringa and analyzed the chemical composition of the dried leaf meal.
2. Formulated diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MOLM and fed them to weaner rabbits to assess growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
3. Found that MOLM is high in nutrients like protein and can partially or fully replace soybean meal without negatively impacting rabbit growth, health, or meat quality.
The study
This doctoral thesis by Azra Yasmeen explores the potential of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) leaf extract as a natural plant growth enhancer. The thesis involved a series of experiments on various crops including wheat, tomato, and pea. The results showed that Moringa leaf extract improved germination, seedling growth and yield under normal, saline and drought conditions. When applied as a seed priming agent or foliar spray, Moringa extract enhanced growth attributes such as plant height, chlorophyll content, protein levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. It also mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress and water deficit. The research demonstrated that Moringa leaf extract has promising properties as a natural growth
Despite considerable interest in the use of Moringa oleifera as a nutrient source, gaps and inconsistencies in the information on the nutrient content of this interesting plant remain. There are many reasons for this. The nutrient content of newly harvested plant material naturally varies with soil and climate as well as season and plant age. Differences in processing and storage procedures add more variation; and the use of different analytical techniques amplifies the variation further. For moringa leaves, additional variation has been created over time due to errors created as nutrient content values are incorrectly copied from source to source (30). The purpose of this review is to summarize the more recent scientific information about the nutrient content of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves and dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa Oleifera, A Supermarket On A Tree
Moringa oleifera is extremely rich in vital nutrients and, as a bonus, can grow very fast in dry areas of the world, where food is scarce. Since ancient times, Moringa was used as a medicinal plant, known to heal and ease a wide number of diseases: from various inflammations to cancer, to parasitic diseases and diabetes. In more recent times, Moringa has gained notoriety as a nutrition power plant that can feed the needy and, in fact, save lives. And eyes… from blindness due to lack of vital nutrients such as vitamin A in the diet.
Moringa leaves or leaf powder can be used successfully as a suplement food to nourish small children, pregnant or nursing women, and of course, anybody else.
http://miracletrees.org/
This document summarizes a study that investigated the structure of flocs formed when protein extracted from Moringa seeds is added to dispersions of polystyrene latex particles. Small-angle neutron scattering showed that the protein strongly adsorbs to the latex particle surfaces. The protein causes the particles to flocculate into very dense aggregates. The fractal dimensions of the flocs increased with higher particle concentration, approaching a theoretical maximum of 3. The flocs formed were more compact than those typically formed by simple ionic or polymeric flocculents. Proteins from two Moringa species were compared, with Moringa oleifera producing slightly denser flocs. Compact floc structure is desirable for efficient water purification
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
The potential of_moringa_oleifera_for_agricultural_and_industrial_usesDrumstick Moringa
This document provides information on the potential uses of Moringa oleifera products. It discusses the morphology and physical characteristics of Moringa, as well as its socio-economic importance. The document then outlines the various uses of Moringa parts, including using the leaves, pods, seeds, and seed oil for human consumption. It also discusses using Moringa seeds for water purification and industrial uses of Moringa seed oil.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the use of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit diets. Specifically, the study:
1. Cultivated moringa and analyzed the chemical composition of the dried leaf meal.
2. Formulated diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MOLM and fed them to weaner rabbits to assess growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
3. Analyzed data on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility, carcass traits, and blood components to determine the effects of partially or completely replacing soy
This research article evaluated the potential aphrodisiac effects of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in male albino rats. Male rats were orally administered aqueous, alcohol, or chloroform extracts of M. oleifera seeds at various doses for 21 days. The extracts significantly increased sexual behaviors like mounting frequency and intromission frequency, while decreasing parameters like mounting latency and post-ejaculatory interval. The aqueous extract was found to be the most effective and showed no adverse effects. The results provide scientific support for the traditional use of M. oleifera seeds as an aphrodisiac for managing male sexual disorders.
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersDrumstick Moringa
The study evaluated the effects of leaf and fruit extracts of Moringa oleifera on experimentally induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. The results showed that:
1) Leaf extracts of M. oleifera reduced ulcer indices in models of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers, indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers, ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, and cold restraint stress-induced gastric ulcers. The acetone and methanol leaf extracts showed the most potent effects.
2) The acetone and methanol leaf extracts reduced free and total acidity in pylorus-ligated rats, indicating a gastric anti-secretory effect.
3) Leaf extracts increased regeneration of
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of drinking Moringa oleifera tea on blood sugar levels. The study tested 43 individuals, 30 with normal blood sugar and 13 with hyperglycemia. For those with normal blood sugar, their levels did not significantly change after drinking the tea. However, for those with hyperglycemia, their blood sugar levels significantly dropped an average of 28 mg/dl after drinking the tea. The results suggest Moringa oleifera tea may benefit those managing hyperglycemia.
The document describes a method for small-scale farming called square foot gardening (SFG) that is well-suited for growing food in urban areas. SFG involves digging a 4.1 square meter area of land 2 feet deep and mixing the soil with an equal amount of poultry manure. The soil mixture is allowed to decompose for 6 weeks before being divided into four beds. Moringa is then planted and harvested after 60 days, with additional harvests possible every 50-60 days, providing a sustainable source of food in small spaces.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds on the sexual activity and reproductive abilities of male albino rats. The extract was administered orally to rats at doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg for 21 days. The extract significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, libido, and sperm count, while decreasing mounting latency, intromission latency, and post-ejaculatory interval. The extract also had no adverse effects or acute toxicity. The results demonstrate that the M. oleifera seed extract can enhance sexual behavior in male rats, providing rationale for its traditional use as an aphrodisiac.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of supplementing the diets of severely malnourished children in Burkina Faso with Moringa oleifera leaf powder. 110 children aged 6-59 months were randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups received standard nutritional care, but one group received an additional 10g per day of Moringa leaf powder. Children receiving the Moringa supplement had higher average weight gain, a quicker recovery rate, but no significant difference in hemoglobin levels. The Moringa supplementation was found to be effective and safe in improving the nutritional recovery of severely malnourished children.
This document provides a profile for establishing a plant to produce 279 tonnes of Moringa oleifera oil per year in Ethiopia. It finds that the current demand for Moringa oleifera oil is 3,500 tonnes annually and is projected to reach 8,207 tonnes by 2017. The total investment required is estimated at 3.79 million Birr, including 1.8 million Birr for plant and machinery. The project is expected to employ 43 people and has an internal rate of return of 17% and net present value of 1.64 million Birr, making it financially viable.
This document provides information on the uses, cultivation, and production of Moringa oleifera (moringa). It discusses how almost all parts of the moringa tree are used for food, oil, fiber, and medicine in many cultures. Commercially, mature seeds are used to produce oil and the seed cake leftover is used as fertilizer and for water purification. Leaves are commonly eaten and used as livestock feed. The document provides details on moringa's botanical description, environmental preferences, growth, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. It highlights that moringa is widely adapted to tropical and subtropical regions, and almost every part of the plant has uses.
Production and marketing_moringa_farm_and_forestry
Moringa oleifera-vs-stenopetala
1. Ethiop .J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2(2): 31 - 41 (2011) 31
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Comparative assessment on chemical compositions and
feeding values of leaves of Moringa stenopetala and
Moringa oleifera using in vitro gas production method
Aberra Melesse
Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa,
Ethiopia
*Corresponding author: E-mail: aberram@fastmail.fm
(Received in revised form: December 18, 2011)
ABSTRACT
Evaluating the nutritional value of indigenous shrubs, trees and browse plants is
important in Ethiopian situation where availability and quality of forages severely
limited during long and dry seasons. A comparative assessment was thus conducted to
investigate the nutrient compositions and feeding values of M. stenopetala and M. oleifera
leaves. Feed samples were analyzed for proximate nutrients, minerals and amino acid
profiles using official methods. In addition, the metabolizable energy (ME), organic
matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were predicated using the
Hohenheim in vitro gas test method. M. stenopetala had 26.6% crude protein (CP), 3.36% fat,
17.9 KJ/kg DM gross energy, 45% nitrogen free extract (NFE), and 38.4% non fiber
carbohydrate (NFC). In M. oleifera, the contents of CP, fat, NFE, NFC and gross energy were
28.9%, 6.73%, 45%, 38.4% and 17.9 MJ/kg DM, respectively. M. stenopetala leaves contained
significantly higher crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose than those of M.
oleifera. However, the acid detergent lignin (ADL) and hemicelluloses contents of M. oleifera
were significantly higher than those of M. stenopetala. The contents of calcium, phosphorous,
magnesium, potassium and sodium in M. stenopetala were 2.47%, 0.57%, 0.76%, 2.45% and
0.11%, respectively. The values of the corresponding minerals in M. oleifera were 2.62%,
0.43%, 0.56%, 2.0% and 0.03%. The concentrations of essential amino acids were significantly
higher in M. oleifera than those of M. stenopetala and were generally comparable with the
contents of soybean meal. The highest in vitro gas production of 47.9 ml was recorded for M.
stenopetala, being significantly higher than for M. oleifera (40.6 ml). Similarly, values of ME
(9.83 MJ/kg DM), OMD (76.4%) and SCFA (101 mmol) in M. stenopetala were significantly
higher than those of M. oleifera. Although not significant, organic matter, CP, fat, ADF and
cellulose contents were positively correlated with in vitro gas production while DM, NFE,
neutral detergent fiber, ADL and hemicelluloses contents were negatively correlated with
gas production. The chemical compositions showed the potential of leaves of both
Moringa species to be used as a protein supplement in ruminant and non-ruminant
feeding during the dry season. Moreover, the enhanced values of ME, OMD and SCFA in
leaf suggest its ability to meet the energy requirements of tropical livestock.
Keywords: Moringa leaves, chemical compositions, in vitro gas production
2. Aberra Melesse32
INTRODUCTION
Inadequate nutrition is one of the factors
that generally affect livestock
productivity in the tropical countries.
Total weight gained by ruminants
during the rainy season is lost in the dry
season due to feed scarcity. The use of
tree leaves as fodder for ruminant
livestock has been increasingly
important in many parts of the tropics
particularly during the dry period.
Leaves from browse and fodder trees
form major parts of livestock feed in the
tropical countries (Woods et al., 1994)
and play a major role in improving
dietary protein (Kaitho et al., 1998). Tree
leaves can be rich in crude protein (CP),
minerals and digestible nutrients when
compared to grasses. Moringa stenopetala
(M. stenopetala) known as African
Moringa has a wide range of adaptation
from the arid to humid climates and can
be grown in a various land use patterns.
It grows in the lowlands of West of the
Great Rift Valley Lakes from arid to
semi-humid areas altitudinal ranging
from 390 m to about 2200 m a.s.l. It is a
strategic multi-purpose tree plant in
being a unique food tree in drought
prone areas and has recently been
distributed to other regions of Ethiopia,
beyond its place of origin. Leaves are
used for human consumption and
animal feed (Aberra et al., 2011). A study
conducted by Aberra et al. (2009)
indicated that the leaves of M.
stenopetala are rich in crude protein
(28.2%) and contain reasonable amounts
of essential amino acids.
The Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera)
is native to the sub-Himalayan tracts of
north-west India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
and Afghanistan (Makkar and Becker,
1997). This multipurpose tree has been
introduced to Ethiopia over the last few
years and is grown on nursery sites
parallel to M. stenopetala in southern
parts of the country. Both M. stenopetala
and M. oleifera trees are the most
commonly cultivated Moringa species in
the tropics and subtropics which have
the potential as alternative animal feed
resources during dry periods of the
tropics. However, the suitability and
digestibility of leaves of both Moringa
species in feeding ruminants and non-
ruminants under Ethiopian conditions is
hardly documented. The objectives of
this study were thus to investigate
nutrient compositions and feeding
values of leaves from M. stenopetala and
M. oleifera using in vitro gas production
techniques.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection
Leaf samples of M. stenopetala and M.
oleifera were collected at Chano Mille
nursery site of Southern Agricultural
Research located at Arbaminch district
of Gamogofa administrative zone,
Ethiopia. The altitude is 1100 m a.s.l
with anual rainfall of 750-900 mm. The
samples were collected from both
Moringa trees aged 6 years old in
December 2009. Each sample was
collected randomly from six different
Moringa trees. After removing the
petioles, leaf samples were dried at 65
oC for 48 h and ground to pass 1 mm
sieve size. Ground feed samples were
labeled and kept in air-tight plastic
containers until analysis.
Chemical analysis
Analyses of proximate nutrients and
fiber fractions were performed as
outlined by Verband Deutscher
Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs-
und Forschungsanstalten (VDLUFA,
2006). The samples were analyzed for
DM (method 3.1), ash (method 8.1),
crude protein (CP, method 4.1.1, N
multiplied by 6.25), petroleum ether
extract (EE, method 5.1.1), and crude
fiber (CF, method 6.1.1, all VDLUFA,
2006). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
assayed with a heat stable amylase and
3. Ethiop .J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2(2): 31 - 41 (2011) 33
acid detergent fiber (ADF) were
analyzed according to VDLUFA (2006;
methods 6.5.1 and 6.5.2) and were
expressed inclusive of residual ash.
Cellulose and hemicellulose were
computed as ADF minus acid detergent
lignin (ADL) and NDF minus ADF,
respectively. Non-fiber carbohydrate
(NFC) content was calculated as 100-
(NDF + CP + crude fat + ash) according
to NRC (2001). Nitrogen free extract
(NFE) was computed by difference of
organic matter and the sum of CF, EE
and CP. Amino acid contents were
measured by ion-change
chromatography using an amino acid
analyzer L8900 (VWR/Hitachi). After a
performic acid oxidation step protein
was hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl for 24 h
at 113 °C. The amino acids were
separated on a cation exchange resin
and detected after post column
derivatization with ninhydrin reagent
using VIS-detection at 570 nm (440 nm
for proline). For mineral analysis,
samples were incinerated at 550 ◦C, and
the remaining ash was treated with 6
mol per L HCl. Minerals were
determined from filtered ash solutions
using an Inductively Coupled Plasma
spectrometer (ICP-OES) (Rodehutscord
and Dieckmann, 2005). All chemical
analyses were conducted in duplicate on
each individual sample.
In vitro studies
Gas production was determined
according to the procedure of VDLUFA
official method (VDLUFA 2006, method
No. 25.1), Menke, and Steingass (1988).
About 200 mg of feed sample was
weighed in two replicates and
transferred into 100 ml calibrated glass
syringes, fitted with Vaseline lubricated
pistons. To prepare the inoculum,
rumen fluid was collected before the
morning feeding from two rumen-
cannulated, non-pregnant, non-lactating
Holstein Friesian cows, fed on medium
quality diet and a concentrate. Details
about feeding are described by Steingass
and Menke (1986). The rumen fluid was
placed directly into pre-warmed thermo
flasks and taken immediately to the
laboratory. It was then filtered through
two layers of cheesecloth and diluted
with buffered mineral solution, which
was maintained in a water bath at 39 °C
under continuous flushing with CO2. A
total of 30 ml incubation medium
consisting of 10 ml rumen fluid, 5 ml of
bicarbonate buffer, 5 ml of macro-
mineral solution and 10 ml of distilled
water was transferred into a pre-
warmed glass syringes containing the
samples (200 mg) and blank syringes.
After filling the glass syringes
with incubation medium, they were
immediately placed in a temperature-
controlled incubator preset at 39◦C.
Incubation was completed in duplicate
within each run and runs were
replicated yielding four observations
per sample. Three blanks containing 30
ml of medium as well as triplicate
samples of reference hay and
concentrate feed of known gas
production were included. The gas
volume was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
14, 18, 24, 30, 36 and 48 hours of
incubation according to the time
described by Blümmel and Becker
(1997). The volume of gas produced
(means of two runs) was plotted against
the incubation time and the
fermentation kinetics and estimated
parameters were expressed according to
the equation of Beuvink and Kogut
(1993) described in detail by Boguhn et
al. (2008). The gas produced by test
substrates was corrected for that by the
blank syringes (containing no substrate),
and 24 h gas production was corrected
by the standards for the estimation of
OMD, ME and SCFA. The Metabolizable
energy (ME, MJ/kg DM) and organic
matter digestibility (OMD, %) were
computed as established by Menke et al.
(1979) and Menke and Steingass (1988)
and short chain fatty acids (SCFA,
4. Aberra Melesse34
mmol) were calculated as reported by
Blümmel et al. (1999) with the following
equations:
ME (MJ/kg DM) = 2.20 + (0.136*Gv) +
(0.0057*CP) + (0.00029*EE);
OMD (%) = 14.88 + (0.889*Gv) +
(0.45*CP) + (0.651*XA);
SCFA=0.0239*Gv-0.0601;
Where: Gv, CP, EE and XA are corrected
24 h gas volume (ml/200 mg DM),
crude protein, ether extract and ash
(g/kg DM) of the incubated samples,
respectively.
Statistical methods
Results on chemical compositions and
calculated gas production parameters
were subjected to one-way ANOVA
analysis by using SAS GLM procedures
(SAS, 2004) and differences of means
were separated by Duncan multiple
range test. Pearson correlation
procedures were also performed with
SAS software. Time series
measurements of gas volumes from 2-48
hrs of in vitro incubation were used for
the curve fitting to mathematically
express gas production over incubation
time by using the software GraphPad
Prism 4.02 for Windows (GraphPad
Software Inc. 2004, La Jolla, CA, USA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chemical and mineral compositions
The proximate nutrients and fiber
fractions of Moringa leaves are
presented in Table 1. The contents of
crude protein (CP) and fat in M. oleifera
was significantly (p<0.05) higher than
those of M. stenopetala. The average CP
content in M. oleifera was comparable
with that of Oduro et al. (2008) for the
same Moringa specie. Sanchez et al.
(2006) reported CP contents of 22.8%
and 23.3 % for M. oleifera leaves,
respectively, which are lower than those
of the current study. Soliva et al. (2005)
reported 32.1% of CP for M. oleifera
leaves whereas Aberra et al. (2011)
found 30.6% CP for M. stenopetala
leaves, which are higher than those of
both Moringa species in the current
study. The variations in CP contents of
the reported values may be due to
differences in agro-climatic conditions
or to different ages of trees, and possibly
due to different stages of maturity.
Studies conducted by Yang et al. (2006)
indicated that mature leaves contained
more CP than young shoots. In general,
the CP content of Moringa leaves is
higher than those of most tropical forage
legumes reported by Babayemi (2007).
The fat and ash contents
reported by Gupta et al.. (1989) and
Makkar and Becker (1996, 1997) for M.
oleifera leaves are in good agreement
with the current results. However, the
fat contents in M. oleifera leaves reported
by Oduro et al. (2008) are lower than
those obtained from the current study.
The gross energy values (17.8 MJ/kg
DM) reported for M. oleifera leaves by
Aregheore (2002) agrees with those of
M. stenopetala but lower than those of M.
oleifera. The gross energy contents of
18.7 and 19.4 MJ/kg DM reported by
Makkar and Becker (1996, 1997) for M.
oleifera leaves are slightly higher than
those of M. stenopetala. The M. oleifera
leaves contained high acid detergent
lignin (ADL) and hemicelluloses
contents compared with M. stenopetala.
However, the contents of fiber fractions
(CF, NDF and ADF) and cellulose for M.
stenopetala were significantly (p<0.05)
higher than those of M. oleifera. The NDF
values in M. oleifera are consistent with
those of Makkar and Becker (1997),
Aregheore (2002) and Sanchez et al.
(2006). The ADF contents of M. oleifera
leaves reported by Makkar and Becker
(1996) are in agreement with the present
findings. However, ADF and NDF
contents in M. oleifera leaves in the
current study are higher than those of
Gupta et al. (1989).
5. Ethiop .J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2(2): 31 - 41 (2011) 35
Table 1. Comparative chemical compositions of leaves of M. stenopetala and M. oleifera (in
% on DM basis)
Nutrients M. stenopetala M. oleifera Overall
mean
Pooled
S.E.M
P
Ash 14.8 a 13.2 b 14.0 0.269 <0.0001
Crude protein 26.6 b 28.9 a 27.7 0.380 <0.0001
Crude fat 3.36 b 6.73 a 5.05 0.392 <0.0001
Crude fiber 10.2 a 8.51 b 9.37 0.600 0.0004
Nitrogen free extract 45.0 a 42.6 b 43.8 0.701 <0.0001
Neutral detergent fiber 16.8 a 16.7 a 16.8 0.708 ns
Acid detergent fiber 14.2 a 12.1 b 13.2 0.861 <0.0001
Acid detergent lignin 5.52 b 6.49 a 6.00 0.516 0.0154
GE (MJ/kg DM)* 17.9 a 16.8 b 17.4 0.137 <0.0001
Cellulose 8.73 a 5.59 b 7.16 1.072 <0.0001
Hemicelluloses 2.55 b 4.66 a 3.61 0.374 0.0004
NFC 38.4 a 34.4 b 3.64 0.836 <0.0001
a,bMeans between Moringa species having different letters are significantly (p<0.05)
different *computed from 0.0239*CP (g) + 0.0398 * EE (g) + 0.0201*CF (g) + 0.0175*NFE (g)
GE= gross energy; ns= not significant
As presented in Table 2, leaves of M.
stenopetala contained significantly
(p<0.05) higher phosphorous (P),
magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and
sodium (Na) than those of M. oleifera.
However, the contents of calcium (Ca)
and ratio of Ca to P were significantly
(p<0.05) higher in M. stenopetala leaves
than those found in M. oleifera. The
contents of P, K, Mg and Na in M.
stenopetala are generally higher than
those reported by Aberra et al. (2009) for
the same species cultivated in the mid-
altitude of Hawassa district. However,
the Ca content reported by the same
authors for M. stenopetala leaves is
comparable with the present findings. In
M. oleifera leaves, Oduro et al. (2008)
reported 2.01% of Ca, which is slightly
lower than obtained from the present
study. The contents of P and especially
of Ca and Mg in Moringa leaves are
higher than those of native pasture
reported by Gizachew et al. (2002).
Accordingly, the nutritive value of both
Moringa leaves in terms of macro
minerals can play a considerable role for
supplementing ruminant and non-
ruminant feeds in the tropics.
Table 2. Comparative compositions of common major minerals in leaves of
M. stenopetala and M. oleifera (in % on DM basis)
Nutrients M.
stenopetala
M. oleifera Overall
mean
Pooled
S.E.M
P
Calcium (Ca) 2.47 b 2.62a 2.55 0.026 0.0493
Phosphorous (P) 0.57 a 0.43 b 0.50 0.019 <0.0001
Ca:P 0.43 b 0.61 a 0.52 0.018 <0.0001
Magnesium (Mg) 0.76 a 0.56 b 0.66 0.022 <0.0001
Potassium (K) 2.45 a 2.00 b 2.22 0.101 <0.0001
Sodium (Na) 0.11 a 0.03 b 0.07 0.078 <0.0001
a,bMeans between Moringa species having different letters are significantly
(p<0.05) different
6. Aberra Melesse36
Concentrations of amino acids
The concentration of essential amino
acids in leaves of M. stenopetala and M.
oleifera has been presented in Table 3.
Except for cystein, the concentration of
all essential amino acids in M. oleifera
was significantly (p<0.05) higher than
those of M. stenopetala. Most of the
essential amino acids in M. oleifera are
slightly higher than those reported by
Makkar and Becker (1996) for leaves of
the same Moringa specie. The
concentrations of leucine, lysine and
threonine, reported by Booth and
Wickens (1988) for M. oleifera leaves are
comparable with the current findings.
However, the contents of arginine,
isoleucine, methionine, phenylanaline
and valine reported by the same author
were relatively lower than those of the
present study. These variations might be
possibly attributed to age of the tree,
agro-climatic conditions (including
altitude) and soil type.
Table 3. Concentrations of essential amino acids in leaves of M. stenopetala and
M. oleifera (g/kg DM)
Amino acids M. stenopetala M. oleifera Overall
mean
Pooled
S.E.M
P
Arginine 13.1 b 15.4 a 14.3 0.366 <0.0001
Cysteine 3.91 a 3.55 b 3.73 0.072 <0.0001
Isoleucine 9.41 b 10.9 a 10.1 0.317 0.0132
Leucine 18.6 b 21.4 a 20.0 0.598 <0.0001
Lysine 12.2 b 13.2 a 12.7 0.220 0.0004
Methionine 3.65 b 4.24 a 3.94 0.136 <0.0001
Phenylalanine 13.7 b 16.4 a 15.1 0.476 <0.0001
Threonine 11.4 b 13.0 a 12.2 0.376 <0.0001
Valine 12.0 b 14.0 a 13.0 0.458 0.0048
a,bMeans between Moringa species having different letters are significantly (p<0.05)
different
Recent studies conducted by Aberra et
al. (2011) indicated that Moringa leaf
meal was effectively used to replace
soybean meal in the growth
performance of growing Rhode Island
Red chickens. Moreover, Moringa leaf
extracts exhibited anti-microbial activity
including inhibition of the growth of
Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated
from food and animal intestines.
Moringa added to fodder can be thus
used as a potential bioceutical agent to
substitute for antibiotics in livestock
production (Yang et al., 2006).
In vitro gas production and
calculated parameters
The pattern of in vitro gas production in
leaves of M. stenopetala and M. oleifera is
presented in Figure 1. Gas production is
basically the result of fermentation of
carbohydrates to acetate, propionate
and butyrate. Gas production
parameters suggest differences in
nutritional values that were generally
closely related to chemical composition
(Cerrillo and Juarez, 2004). Leaves of
both Moringa species showed rapid gas
production in the early stage of in vitro
fermentation which indicates a higher
content of rapidly fermentable soluble
components.
However, the in vitro gas
volume from M. oleifera significantly
decreased thereafter indicating it may
have had more slowly fermentable
carbohydrate contents than M.
stenopetala in the later incubation
periods. The high in vitro gas
production observed in M. stenopetala
7. Ethiop .J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2(2): 31 - 41 (2011) 37
after the initial phase of incubation may
suggest a higher extent of fermentation
throughout the incubation periods.
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
10
20
30
40
50
M. stenopetala
M. oleifera
Incubation time (h)
Gasvolume(ml/200mgDM)
Figure 1. Pattern of in vitro gas production in leaves of M. stenopetala and M. oleifera
measured over 48 hours of feed samples incubation [plotted according to Beuvink and
Kogut (1993) described in detail by Boguhn et al. (2008)].
The M. oleifera leaves had the highest CP
content and yet they produced lower
gas volume than those of M. stenopetala
(Figure 1). Normally, low gas
production would indicate low
degradability in the rumen, but
feedstuffs high in CP produce less gas
during fermentation, even if their extent
of degradation is high. This is because
protein fermentation produces
ammonia, which influences the
carbonate buffer equilibrium by
neutralizing H+ ions from volatile fatty
acids without release of carbon dioxide
(Cone and Van Gelder 1999). According
to Makkar and Becker (1996) about 24%
of the CP was soluble in phosphate
buffer (pH 7, 0.05 M) for M. oleifera
leaves. Apart from this, the low gas
production from M. oleifera leaves could
be attributed to the low content of NFC
compared with those of M. stenopetala.
Getachew et al. (2004) reported that NFC
was positively correlated with gas
production at 6 h, 24 h and 48 h of
incubation (De Boever et al. 2005).
Furthermore, the lower gas volume of
M. oleifera leaves might be further
explained by the presence of high fat
(6.73% vs. 3.36%), which contribute to
negligible gas production as reported by
Aberra et al. (2009).
As presented in Table 4, M.
stenopetala leaves contained significantly
(p<0.05) higher calculated ME, OMD
and SCFA values compared with those
of M. oleifera. Similarly, values of
estimated parameters for M. stenopetala
leaves were significantly higher than
those of M. oleifera. The ME and OMD
predicted from the extent of
fermentation in the in vitro incubation
reported by Makkar and Becker (1996)
for M. oleifera leaves was 9.5 MJ/kg DM
and 74.1%, respectively, which agrees
with those of the current findings for M.
oleifera (9.3 MJ/kg DM and 72.0%). In
vitro calculated ME and OMD values
reported for M. stenopetala leaves by
Aberra et al. (2009) are consistent with
the present findings for M. stenopetala.
Moreover, consistent with the present
findings of both Moringa leaves, Kiran
and Krishnamoorthy (2007) reported an
average ME value of 10.2 MJ/kg DM for
common protein supplements. In
agreement with the current findings,
Anele et al. (2009) reported ME values of
9.56 - 10.6 MJ/kg DM for leaves of
tropical multi-purpose trees. The
8. Aberra Melesse38
calculated SCFA for both Moringa
leaves was much higher than reported
for different forage species by Babayemi
(2007). Higher production of gas and
predominance of SCFA in leaves could
probably describe an increased
proportion of acetate and butyrate but a
decrease in propionate production.
Table 4. Calculated metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, short chain fatty
acids and estimated parameters in leaves of M. stenopetala and M. oleifera
Calculated parameters1) Estimated parameters2)
Moringa
species
ME
(MJ/kg
DM)
OMD (%) SCFA
(mmol)
b µr µs
M. stenopetala 9.83 a 76.4 a 101 a 47.9 a 2.85 a 0.197 a
M. oleifera 9.30 b 72.0 b 89.5 b 40.6 b 1.73 b 0.042 b
Overall mean 9.56 74.1 95.4 44.3 2.29 0.119
S.E.M 0.15 0.91 2.79 2.415 0.268 0.029
a,bMeans between Moringa species having different letters are significantly (p<0.05)
different
ME= metabolizable energy; OMD= organic matter digestibility; SCFA= short chain fatty
acids; S.E.M= standard error of the mean
1) Parameters were calculated from 24 hours gas production data.
2) Estimated parameters obtained by fitting gas production data to the equation of
Beuvink and Kogut (1993) [where b is the maximum value of gas production; µr (in
ml/h) is the rapid gas production rate during early stages of fermentation; µs (in ml/h) is
the slower gas production rate during later stages of fermentation].
Correlations of chemical compositions
with in vitro gas productions
Results of correlation analysis of chemical
compositions with in vitro gas production
and estimated parameters are presented in
Table 5. Gasmi-Boubaker et al. (2005)
reported a positive correlation of CP with
gas production at 24 h for tropical browse
species which agrees with the findings of
the current study. It should be noted that
although not significant, CP content
showed a trend of positive correlation
with gas production at 24 h.
Contrary to the present findings,
Getachew et al. (2004) observed a negative
correlation between the volume of gas
produced and the CP content of the feed.
In general, although not significant, the
ADF and ADL contents were negatively
correlated with gas production, which are
consistent with those of Gasmi-Boubaker
et al. (2005). De Boever et al. (2005) and
Parissi et al. (2005) reported a negative
association of gas production with NDF,
ADF and ADL contents. These feed
constituents are known to be less
degradable than soluble carbohydrates
and therefore reduce gas production.
9. Ethiop .J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2(2): 31 - 41 (2011) 39
Table 5. Correlation coefficients (r) of relationship of chemical composition and in vitro
gas production and estimated parameters
Gv at various incubation times1) Estimated parameters2)Chemical compositions
Gv 8h Gv 24h Gv 48h B µr µs
Dry matter -0.186 -0.393 -0.234 0.439 0.164 0.160
Organic matter 0.029 0.282 0.143 0.522 -0.378 -0.342
Crude protein 0.105 0.343 0.204 0.453 -0.290 -0.254
Crude fat 0.602 0.529 0.377 -0.425 0.224 0.217
Crude fiber 0.069 0.029 0.122 0.927** 0.167 0.206
Nitrogen free extract -0.293 -0.296 -0.321 -0.838* -0.183 -0.874*
Neutral detergent fiber -0.593 -0.316 -0.461 -0.017 -0.864* -0.874*
Acid detergent fiber 0.220 0.508 0.551 0.699 -0.542 -0.504
Acid detergent lignin -0.203 -0.518 -0.414 -0.581 0.523 -0.480
Cellulose 0.247 0.555 0.531 0.701 -0.523 -0.480
Hemicellulose -0.687 -0.603 -0.763 -0.423 -0.451 -0.481
Non fiber carbohydrate 0.277 -0.012 0.217 0.151 0.734 0.738
Gross energy -0.093 0.131 0.000 0.492 -0.271 -0.128
*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ns= not significant
1) Gv8= gas produced at 8 h; GP24= gas produced at 24h; GP48= gas produced at 48 h.
2) b (ml) is the maximum value of gas production; µr (mL/h) is the rapid gas production rate
during early stages of fermentation; µs (mL/h) is the slower gas production rate during later
stages of fermentation.
A highly significant (p<0.01) positive
association was observed between CF and
parameter b. However, a significant
(p<0.05) negative relationship was found
between NDF and estimated parameters
µr (rapid gas production rate during early
stages of fermentation) and µs (slower gas
production rate during later stages of
fermentation). In agreement with the
findings of Garcia et al. (2005), there were
no correlations observed between the
maximum values of gas production
(parameter b) with some chemical
compositions.
Moreover, the positive
association values of parameter b with
NDF and parameter µr (the rapid gas
production rate during early stages of
fermentation) with NDF and ADL
contents reported by Parissi et al. (2005)
are consistent with the current findings.
However, the presence of a high negative
correlation between the slower gas
production rates during later stages of
fermentation (parameter µs) with NDF
content disagrees with the findings of
Getachew et al. (2004). In conclusion,
leaves of both Moringa species with high
crude protein and essential amino acid
with low structured carbohydrate contents
had a higher nutritive value in terms of
energy content and in vitro organic matter
digestibility. Thus, leaves of both Moringa
species have the potential to contribute
substantially as feed supplements to
ruminants and non ruminants in animal
production systems of Ethiopia and
other sub-Saharan African countries.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledges the
visiting scholarship granted by the Food
Security Center of Hohenheim University,
which is part of the DAAD (German
Academic Exchange Service) program
"exceed" and is supported by DAAD and
the German Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The
sponsorship obtained from the Institute of
Animal Nutrition of Hohenheim
University in general and the technical
support received from Mrs. Sibylle Rupp
and Dr. Herbert Steingass in particular is
gratefully acknowledged.
10. Aberra Melesse40
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