Profiling and Characterization Antioxidant Activities in Anoectochilus formos...Cây thuốc Việt
Phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of the crude and fractionated plant extracts of Anoectochilus formosanus were evaluated using five different assay systems. An acid-treatment (2 N HCl in 95% ethanol) was employed to treat a butanol fraction (BuOH), creating an acid-hydrolyzed
BuOH fraction. The IC50 values for DPPH radicals in the BuOH and acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fractions were 0.521 and 0.021 mg/mL, respectively. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH exhibited approximately 5-fold higher activity in scavenging superoxide anion than catechin. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fraction
also effectively protected φ x174 supercoiled DNA against strand cleavage induced by H2O2 and reduced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells. Metabolite profiling showed that the aglycones of flavonoid glycosides in BuOH were produced after acid hydrolytic treatment, and this resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant activities of acid-hydrolyzed BuOH. One new diarylpentanoid, kinsenone, and three known flavonoid glycosides and their derivatives were identified for the first time from A. formosanus, with strong antioxidant properties
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties from extract of Alchorne...Uploadworld
This study involved a survey on the use of extract of Alchornea cordifolia a medicinal plant used locally in Cameroon as traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
Profiling and Characterization Antioxidant Activities in Anoectochilus formos...Cây thuốc Việt
Phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of the crude and fractionated plant extracts of Anoectochilus formosanus were evaluated using five different assay systems. An acid-treatment (2 N HCl in 95% ethanol) was employed to treat a butanol fraction (BuOH), creating an acid-hydrolyzed
BuOH fraction. The IC50 values for DPPH radicals in the BuOH and acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fractions were 0.521 and 0.021 mg/mL, respectively. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH exhibited approximately 5-fold higher activity in scavenging superoxide anion than catechin. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fraction
also effectively protected φ x174 supercoiled DNA against strand cleavage induced by H2O2 and reduced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells. Metabolite profiling showed that the aglycones of flavonoid glycosides in BuOH were produced after acid hydrolytic treatment, and this resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant activities of acid-hydrolyzed BuOH. One new diarylpentanoid, kinsenone, and three known flavonoid glycosides and their derivatives were identified for the first time from A. formosanus, with strong antioxidant properties
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties from extract of Alchorne...Uploadworld
This study involved a survey on the use of extract of Alchornea cordifolia a medicinal plant used locally in Cameroon as traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Presentation by Deborah Ferrari about Football and its Culture. Here Deborah Ferrari explains early history of football, medieval and many other things.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur Fruit Part Harvested from the Algerian Sahara by Imad Abdelhamid El Haci in Advances in Complementary & Alternative medicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria).
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...
H0562043051
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 5, Issue 6 (June 2015), PP. 43-51
43
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of
fractions of the leaf extract of Kigelia africana Lam. Benth
(Bignoniaceae).
Tavs A Abere 1
⃰, Kenneth A. Asemu 1
, and Godfrey E. Umhenin 2
.
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, 2
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Benin, Benin City. PMB 1154, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT: Kigelia africana Lam. Benth (Bignoniaceae) leaves are used in ethnomedicine for the
management and treatment of various infectious diseases. This study was aimed at investigating the
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the plant to aid standardization and continuous
usage.
Evaluation of fresh, powdered and anatomical sections of the leaves were carried out to determine
Pharmacognostic profile. Chemical tests were employed in phytochemical investigations. The antioxidant
activities were carried out using DPPH radical scavenging method. The polyphenolic contents were also
evaluated. Inhibitory activity of the crude methanol extract and fractions against clinical strains of Escherichia
coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Candida
albicans and Candida parasilopsis were compared with ciprofloxacin and nystatin for bacteria and fungi
respectively.
Pharmacognostic data which can aid sample identification are provided. Phytochemical screening
revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The fractions showed significant
antioxidant activity when compared to the standard with n-butanol fraction having the highest activity. The
crude methanol extract and the fractions inhibited the growth of E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C.
albicans and C. parasilopsis to varying degrees, except the aqueous fraction that was devoid of activity.
Extract and fractions of K. africana have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of
selected microorganisms and showed significant antioxidant activity. These results showed that K. africana has
a role in the treatment of infectious diseases.
KEYWORDS: Kigelia africana, Pharmacognostic, antioxidant, antimicrobial.
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are commonly used in treating and preventing specific ailments and diseases and are
generally considered to play a beneficial role in healthcare. Within the last few decades, many plants have been
screened for their biological and pharmacological properties by researchers. These efforts are continually being
taken to examine the merits of traditional medicine in the light of modern science with a view aimed at adopting
effectively beneficial medical practice and discouraging harmful ones [1].
The genus Kigelia comprises one specie, Kigelia africana which occurs throughout tropical Africa [2].
Common names include Sausage tree (English), Um Vunguta (Zulu), Muvevha (Venda), Worsboom
(Afrikaans), Rahaina (Hausa), Pandoro (Yoruba) and Ishi (Igbo) [3].
K. africana is widely used to treat gynaecological disorders. Aqueous preparations of the leaves, roots,
fruits and flowers are administered orally or as a virginal pessary while the fruits and barks are used to promote
breast development in young women or in contrast to reduce swelling and mastitis of the breast [4]. The wound
healing activity of the aqueous extract of shade-dried bark of K. africana in rats was attributed to epithelization
[5]. A crude ethanol extract exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus and
Candida albicans [6]. The leaf extract formulated as shampoo also exhibited antimicrobial activity [7]. The
extracts of the plant has been shown to possess potential anticancer agents [8, 9]. Butanol extract of the stem
bark exhibited in vitro antiamoebic activity when tested against HK-9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica (micro
dilution method) using metronidazole as reference drug [10]. The present study was designed not only to
establish the Pharmacognostic and antioxidant profile of K. africana, but also to investigate the antimicrobial
activities of the fractions as a prelude to isolating the active compounds responsible for the claimed biological
activities.
2. Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of…
44
Materials and Methods
Preparation of plant extract
Fresh leaves of K. africana Lam. Benth were collected in Ediaken-Uselu area of Benin City, Edo State,
Nigeria. The plants were authenticated by the curator at the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City where voucher specimens were deposited. The fresh leaves were
air–dried for 72 h and powdered using an electric mill.
Macroscopy
The following macroscopic characters for the fresh leaves were noted: size and shape, colour, surfaces,
venation, presence or absence of petiole, the apex, margin, base, lamina, texture, odour and taste [11, 12].
Microscopy
The outer epidermal membranous layer (in fragments) were cleared in chloral hydrate, mounted with
glycerin and observed under a compound microscope. The presence/absence of the following were observed:
epidermal cells, stomata (type and distribution) and epidermal hairs (types of trichomes and distribution). The
transverse section of the fresh leaves through the lamina and the midrib as well as a small quantity of the
powdered leaves were also cleared, mounted and observed [13].
Chemomicroscopic examination
Examination of the powder for starch grains, lignin, mucilage, calcium oxalate crystals, cutin and
suberin were carried out using standard techniques [11].
Phytochemical studies
Screening for secondary plant metabolites was carried out according to previously described methods
[11, 14, 15, 16]. These include chemical tests for tannins, alkaloids, cardiac, saponin, anthracene and
cyanogenetic glycosides.3
Extraction and partitioning
The dried leaves of K. africana (3.5 kg) were extracted with MeOH-H2O (80: 20). Evaporating the
solvent yielded an extract (0. 83 kg) which was subsequently resuspended in water and successively partitioned
into Chloroform (3 X 2L) and n-BuOH (3 X 2L). The fractions were investigated for antioxidant and
antimicrobial activity.
Determination of antioxidant activity
The scavenging effect of the crude (80% methanol extract) and the various fractions on DPPH radical
was determined [17]. A 1.0mL solution of 0.1mM of DPPH was mixed with 3.0mL of the crude extract,
fractions and ascorbic acid (0.05-0.2mg/ml concentration). The reaction mixture was vortexed thoroughly and
left in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the mixture was measured
spectrophotometrically at 517nm. Abscorbic acid was used as reference standard. The ability to scavenge DPPH
radical was calculated by the following equation:
DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) = [(A0 – A1)/(A0)] x 100
Where; A0 was the absorbance of DPPH radical + methanol,
A1 was the absorbance of DPPH radical + sample extract/standard [18].
The 50% inhibitory concentration value (IC50) which was indicated as the effective concentration of the sample
that was required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH free radical [17] was also determined.
Determination of polyphenolic content
Total phenol contents in the extracts were determined by the method described by Kim [19]. The
extract solution (0.5ml) with concentration of 1000ug/ml was added to 4.5ml of deionized water and 0.5ml of
FolinCicalteu’s reagent (previously diluted with water 1: 10 v/v) which was added to the solution. After mixing
the tubes, they were maintained at room temperature for 5 minutes followed by the addition of 5ml of 7%
sodium carbonate and 2ml deionized water. The samples were incubated for 90 minutes at room temperature
and the absorbance was measured with a spectrophotometer at 750nm. The total phenolic content was expressed
as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of extract (mg GAE/g extract). The standard curve was
prepared with gallic acid in six different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150mg/L).
3. Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of…
45
Determination of Total Flavonoid
Total flavonoid contents were estimated using the method described by Ebrahimzadeh [20]. 0.5ml of
the crude extract and fractions (1 mg/ml) were mixed with 1.5ml of methanol and 0.1ml of 10% aluminum
chloride was added, followed by 0.1ml of 1M potassium acetate and 2.8ml of distilled water. The mixture was
incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance was measured by a spectrophotometer at 415nm.
The results were expressed as milligrams quercetin equivalents (QE) per gram of extract (mg QE/g extract). The
standard curve was prepared with quercetin in six different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 5, 100, and 150mg/L).
Antimicrobial assay
Clinical strains of five bacteria comprising three gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella aerogenes) and two gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus
and Bacillus subtillis) were used for the antibacterial assay. Two yeasts (Candida albican and Candida
parasilopsis) were used for the antifungal assay. The organisms were obtained from the department of
Pharmaceutical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. The
purity of the culture prior to use was confirmed by conventional cultural, morphological and biochemical
methods. The microbial cultures were maintained in Nutrient Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for bacteria
and fungi respectively at 4◦
C.
Preparation of inoculum
An overnight culture was used for the preparation of microbial suspension with a turbidity equivalent
to that of 0.5 McFarland’s standard.
Agar well diffusion method
The media were prepared and sterilized at 121◦
C for 15 mimutes. A total of 30ml Nutrient agar was
seeded with bacterial culture and allowed to solidify and on each plate wells of 10mm in diameter were made.
The open wells were filled with different concentrations of the extract ranging from 20mg/ml to 100mg/ml, and
incubated at 37◦
C for 24 h. For antifungal assay, Sabouraud agar was used in place of Nutrient agar and the
medium incubated at 28◦
C for 2 days. All test were carried out in triplicates. The inhibition zone diameter were
measured and compared with ciprofloxacin and nystatin for antibacterial and antifungal assays respectively [21].
Statistical analysis: All the data were expressed as mean + SEM (Standard error of mean) and Statistical
significance was evaluated using the student’s t-test. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Macro-micro morphology of K. africana leaf
Macroscopically, the leaf is simple in composition, arranged in whorls of three with an eliptico-oblong-
lanceolate shape. Venation is pinnate, apex is apiculate and margin is entire, slightly dentate-serrate. Fresh
leaves are green in colour, odourless and with a slightly acid taste.
Micromorphological features revealed that anticlinal walls are thick and wavy (Fig. 1) and contains
numerous calcium oxalate crystals. Each stoma is surrounded by two (2) subsidiary cells with their common
walls at right angles to the long axis of the guard cells (Diacytic arrangement) (Fig. 2). Uniseriate covering
trichomes are present on both surfaces. Transverse section of the leaf across the mid-rib shows a prominent
cuticle as well as a radial wall. The upper epidermis consists of polygonal cells and a lower epidermis of smaller
cells (It has an isobilateral arrangement). There are vascular bundles with pericyclic fibres. Collenchyma is
present below the upper and lower epidermi (Fig. 3).
Chemomicroscopic examination of the leaves revealed the presence of lignin, starch, calcium oxalate
crystals, mucilage, tannins and cellulose.
4. Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of…
46
Fig 1: Epidermal cell wall
Fig. 3: Transverse section of K. africana through the midrib and lamina under high power magnification. (Co-
Collenchyma, Xy-Xylem, Pf-Pericyclicfibre, Me-Mesophyll (spongy parenchyma), UE-upper epidermis, LE-
lower epidermis)
5. Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of…
47
Phytochemical screening
Phytochemical screening of the leaves of K. africana for secondary plant metabolites revealed the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides (Table 2).
Table 1: Phytochemical constituents of K. africana leaves
Key: = absent; + = present
Antioxidant activity
There was concentration dependent increase in the scavenging activity of the crude extract and
fractions ranging from 5 µg/ml to 20µg/ml. The n-Butanol fraction demonstrated the highest activity.
Fig 4: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydraxyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity of the crude extract and fractions of
K. africana compared with the standard (Ascorbic acid).
Table 2: IC50 values of crude extract and fractions
Samples (Fractions) IC50 (g/ml)
Crude 25.630
Aqueous 18.294
Chloroform 31.088
n-Butanol 9.886
Ascorbic acids 0.595
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50 100 150 200 250
%InhibitionofDPPH
Concentration (µg/ml)
Crude
Chloroform
N-butanol
Aqueous
Ascorbic
6. Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of…
48
Total phenolic content and flavonoid assay
Table 3 Shows the total phenolic content while Table 4 shows total flavonoid content of the crude
extract and fractions of Kigelia africana. The total phenolic content was expressed as mgGAE of extract with
reference to a standard curve (y=0.0023x + 0.0058 R2
= 0.9989) (fig 5). The total flavonoid content of the
extract was with reference to a standard curve (y = 0.0073x – 0.0216, R2
= 0.995) (fig 6)
Table 3: Results of total phenolic content
Samples (Fractions) Phenolic content ± SEM
n-butanol 116.033.00
Chloroform 77.193.23
Crude 61.542.19
Aqueous 79.071.05
Table 4: Results of total flavonoid content
Samples (Fractions) Flavonoid Content ± SEM
n-butanol 28.710.49
Chloroform 94.746.01
Aqueous 27.755.34
Crude 58.304.67
Fig 5: Calibration plot for Gallic acid
Fig 6: Calibration plot for Quercetin.
y = 0.002x + 0.005
R² = 0.998
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 50 100 150 200
Absorbance
Concentration (µg/ml)
Series1
Linear (Series1)
y = 0.007x - 0.021
R² = 0.995
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 100 200
Absorbance
Concentration (μg/ml)
Series1
Linear (Series1)
7. Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of…
49
Table 5: Antimicrobial activity of 80% methanol extract of K. africana
Organisms
Diameter of zones of inhibition (mm)
80% methanol extract (mg/ml) Cp(µg/ml) Nys(µg/ml)
20 40 60 80 100 10 10
E. coli G 12±0.01 13±0.02 14±0.02 15±0.01 34±0.03 ND
P. aeruginosa 14±0.22 16±0.01 18±0.03 20±0.04 22±0.03 32±.16 ND
Kleb.aerogenes G G G G G 20±0.75 ND
B. subtilis 12±0.24 13±0.03 16±0.01 18±0.01 20±0.04 30±0.33 ND
S. aureus G 12±0.01 14±0.01 16±0.01 18±0.01 28±0.23 ND
C. albican 12±0.32 14±0.02 16±0.02 18±0.02 20±0.01 ND 22±0.12
C. parasilopsis 11±0.11 13±0.02 14±0.04 15±0.02 16±0.02 ND 21±0.23
Values are expressed as mean ±SEM, (G) indicates no inhibition zone, (ND) indicates Not Determined, (Cp)
indicates ciprofloxacin P<0.05, (Nys) indicates Nystatin P<0.05
Table: 6: Antimicrobia activity of n-Butanol fraction
Organisms
Diameter of zones of inhibition (mm)
n-Butanol fraction (mg/ml) Cp(µg/ml) Nys(µg/ml)
20 40 60 80 100 10 10
E.coli G G G 13±0.01 14±0.01 31±0.68 ND
P.aeruginosa 11±0.01 13±0.01 15±0.03 17±0.01 18±0.03 30±0.67 ND
Kleb. aerogenes G G G G G 22±0.33 ND
B.subtilis 12±0.03 13±0.02 15±0.01 16±0.05 20±0.03 34±0.54 ND
S.aureus 12±0.04 20±0.02 23±0.01 25±0.04 26±0.02 29±0.43 ND
C.albican 14±0.02 14±0.03 17±0.03 23±0.01 24±0.01 ND 23±0.22
C.parasilopsis 12±0.02 14±0.01 15±0.02 17±0.02 22±0.01 ND 24±0.63
Values are expressed as mean ±SEM, (G) indicates no inhibition zone, (ND) indicates Not Determined, (Cp)
indicates ciprofloxacin P<0.05, (Nys) indicates Nystatin P<0.05
Table: 7: Antimicrobia activity of Chloroform fraction
Organism
Diameter of zones of inhibition (mm)
Chloroform fraction (mg/ml) Cp(µg/ml Nys(µg/ml)
20 40 60 80 100 10 10
E.coli 11±0.01 16±0.01 17±0.03 18±0.04 19±0.01 30±0.67 ND
P.aeruginosa 12±0.02 15±0.01 13±0.02 16±0.01 16±0.01 28±0.83 ND
Kleb. Aerogenes G G G G 12±0.02 20±0.65 ND
B.subtilis G 12±0.03 16±0.01 17±0.01 24±0.01 34±0.42 ND
S.aureus 13±0.01 18±0.01 18±0.01 19±0.02 21±0.04 32±0.53 ND
C.albican 11±0.01 13±0.02 14±0.01 18±0.02 20±0.01 ND 24±0.23
C.parasilopsis 14±0.03 14±0.02 16±0.03 17±0.03 19±0.01 ND 22±0.45
Values are expressed as mean ±SEM, (G) indicates no inhibition zone, (ND) indicates Not Determined, (Cp)
indicates ciprofloxacin P<0.05, (Nys) indicates Nystatin P<0.05
8. Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of…
50
Table: 8: Antimicrobia activity of Aqueous fraction
Organism
Diameter of zones of inhibition (mm)
Aqueous fraction (mg/ml) Cp(µg/
ml)
Nys(µg/
ml)
20 40 60 80 100 10 10
E.coli G G G G G 30±0.22 ND
P.aeruginosa G G G G G 34±0.21 ND
Kleb.
Aerogenes
G G G G G 26±0.12 ND
B.subtilis G G G G G 28±0.31 ND
S.aureus G G G G G 32±0.33 ND
C.albican G G G G G ND 26±0.02
C.parasilopsis G G G G G ND 24±0.03
Values are expressed as mean ±SEM, (G) indicates no inhibition zone, (ND) indicates Not Determined, (Cp)
indicates ciprofloxacin, (Nys) indicates Nystatin.
Discussion
The standardization of a crude drug is an integral part of establishing its correct identity. Before ant
crude drug can be included in a herbal pharmacopoeia, Pharmacognostic parameters and standards must be
established. The macro- and micro-morphological features of the leaf described could therefore, serve as a basis
of proper identification, collection and investigation of Kigelia Africana.
Antioxidants are one of the most essential ingredients of today’s therapy since they reduce in vivo
oxidative damages. Plants are good sources of natural antioxidants [22]. DPPH radical scavenging method is
widely used to investigate the total antioxidant activities in plants due to the fact that it is simple, rapid and
inexpensive [23]. The method is based on scavenging of DPPH free radicals by the antioxidant. While K.
africana showed concentration dependent increase in scavenging activity, the extracts and fractions had lower
antioxidant activities compared to the standard, ascorbic acid. The 50 % inhibitory concentration value (IC50) is
the effective concentration of the sample that is required to scavenge 50 % of the DPPH free radicals. Among
the various fractions, n-butanol had the highest phenolic content and maximum antioxidant property. This could
serve as a guide in structural activity related experiments.
Phenolic compounds are crucial for plant growth and reproduction, and are produced as a response to
environmental factors such as light and pollution and to defend injured plants [24]. Phenolic acids are secondary
metabolites extensively spread throughout the plant kingdom. Phenolic compounds confer unique taste, flavor
and health promoting properties found in vegetables and fruits [25]. In recent years, the importance of
antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds and their potential usage in processed foods as natural antioxidant
compounds has reached a new level [26]. Hence, K. africana is a potential source of natural antioxidant for the
prophylaxis of diseases in which free radicals are implicated.
Flavonoids are well known for their antioxidant activity [27]. The extract showed a dose-dependent
response. Significant flavonoids content of crude extract and fractions showed correlations with observed
antioxidant activity.
The inhibition of growth of the organisms by the crude extract and fractions, except for the aqueous
fraction can be attributed to the presence of biologically active complex organic chemicals (secondary plant
metabolites) in the tissues. Plants containing phenolic compounds such as tannins and flavonoids have been
known to possess antimicrobial activities [28]. The antimicrobial activity of the n-butanol and chloroform
fractions (both containing phenolic compounds) could serve as a guide in structural activity relationship
experiments.
Conclusion
The results obtained from this study showed that Kigelia africana Lam. Benth possesses unique
Pharmacognostic parameters that can aid its standardization and quality control. It has also been shown that it
could be effective in the management of infectious diseases.
Post Script
One of the authors, Asemu A. Kenneth died after the manuscript has been prepared. May his gentle
soul rest in perfect peace.
9. Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of…
51
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