The physiological processes that regulate parturition and the onset of labor continue to be defined. It is clear, however, that labor onset represents the culmination of a series of biochemical changes in the uterus and cervix. These result from endocrine and paracrine signals emanating from both mother and fetus.
Steps of fertilization, where transport of gametes(oocyte and spermatozoon) , illustrated with images.
Differences in characteristics of egg and sperm of fertilization are tabulated.
Capacitation and acrosomal reaction are shown with diagrams to understand.
Barriers protecting female gamete shown with images.
Flowchart has been drawn to show the phases of fertilization and response of egg after entry of the sperm with explanation.
The result of fertilization is highlighted .
Ends
Steps of fertilization, where transport of gametes(oocyte and spermatozoon) , illustrated with images.
Differences in characteristics of egg and sperm of fertilization are tabulated.
Capacitation and acrosomal reaction are shown with diagrams to understand.
Barriers protecting female gamete shown with images.
Flowchart has been drawn to show the phases of fertilization and response of egg after entry of the sperm with explanation.
The result of fertilization is highlighted .
Ends
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
All eutherian mammals possess placenta. Human placenta is discoid, chorio-deciduate organ. Maternal and fetal tissue come in direct contact without rejection. It presents foetal and maternal surfaces and peripheral margins.
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
All eutherian mammals possess placenta. Human placenta is discoid, chorio-deciduate organ. Maternal and fetal tissue come in direct contact without rejection. It presents foetal and maternal surfaces and peripheral margins.
Giving overview of human embryonic development including spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, extraembryonic layers and pregnancy
The topic discussed here is the Process of fertilization, different stages of fertilization, Implantation, Gastrulation, Formation of foetal membranes, Development of Embryo, Labor & Parturition
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Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
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When the body is exposed to extreme heat conditions, the body most important mechanism to dissipate heat and prevent an increase in core temperature is sweating but when in cold conditions, in order to prevent hypothermia, the body's main objective is heat conservation predominantly through peripheral vasoconstriction
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Then there are factors such as temperature, allergens, pollution and altitude that cannot be controlled and can have serious effects on human performance. Environmental factors such as temperature during competition can hinder performance if not taken seriously. The average body temperature is 37°C
Heat and humidity themselves force athletes to slow down, as does subsequent dehydration (which is especially relevant to long course racing). ... Instead, athletes should rely more heavily on rated perceived exertion and heart rate within the race, both of which will be higher than on mild days.
Heat acclimatization occurs when repeated exercise-heat exposures are sufficiently stressful to invoke profuse sweating and elevate body temperatures. Generally, about 1-2-wk of daily exposures of 90 min are required; but highly aerobic fit athletes can heat acclimatize in half that time.
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
When the body is exposed to extreme heat conditions, the body most important mechanism to dissipate heat and prevent an increase in core temperature is sweating but when in cold conditions, in order to prevent hypothermia, the body's main objective is heat conservation predominantly through peripheral vasoconstriction
Then there are factors such as the temperature, allergens, pollution and altitude that cannot be controlled and can have serious effects on human performance. Environmental factors such as temperature during competition can hinder performance if not taken seriously. The average body temperature is 37°C
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These two categories of the theory are also referred to as non-programmed ageing theories based on evolutionary concepts (where ageing is considered the result of an organism's inability to better combat natural deteriorative processes), and programmed ageing theories (which consider ageing to ultimately be the result o
Gynecological surgery refers to surgery on the female reproductive system. Gynecological surgery is usually performed by gynecologists. It includes procedures for benign conditions, cancer, infertility, and incontinence. Gynecological surgery may occasionally be performed for elective or cosmetic purposes.
Elder Abuse Laws
Both federal and state laws address elder abuse, neglect and exploitation, but state law is the primary source of sanctions, remedies and protections related to elder abuse. Several tribes also have codes that address elder abuse (see the Native Indigenous Elder Justice Initiative for information on tribal codes and other resources). This page provides a brief overview of the major areas of federal and state law related to services for elder abuse victims, crimes against older persons, and civil remedies for elder abuse, neglect and exploitation. For information on laws related to elder abuse and guardianship for each of the states, see the state law map.
Cardio and muscle endurance
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time
The below training fitness standards are different from the Applicant Physical Abilities Test (APAT) fitness standards.
This hand-out has been designed to educate the reader on the United States Secret Service Physical Fitness standards and the proper protocols necessary to accomplish those standards. Recruits who will be attending training at the James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC) are expected to arrive in good physical condition, ready to begin a functional fitness program.
The fitness evaluation measures strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity in four core elements. The core elements are Push-ups, Sit-ups, Chin-ups, and the 1.5 mile run. The fitness evaluation will be administered at the beginning, during, and end of training. Secret Service weapon carrying employees are additionally required to participate in the USSS Physical Fitness Evaluation quarterly.
The following point system will be applied to the fitness category level achieved by the student in accordance with their age and gender. The point system will be applied to the four (4) core elements of the U.S. Secret Service Individual Fitness Profile Evaluation.
A person may be referred to pelvic floor physical therapy to treat incontinence, difficulty with urination or bowel movements, constipation, chronic pelvic pain, and painful intercourse. Women may see a pelvic floor physical therapist for treatment of vaginismus or endometriosis.
The term metrorrhagia is often used for irregular menstruation that occurs between the expected menstrual periods. Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent, often light menstrual periods (intervals exceeding 35 days). Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
Menopause is signaled by 12 months since last menstruation.
Common symptoms include hot flashes and vaginal dryness. There may also be sleep disturbances. The combination of these symptoms can cause anxiety or depression.
Menopause is a natural process with treatments that focus on symptomatic relief. Vaginal dryness is treated with topical lubricants or estrogen. Medications can reduce the severity and frequency of hot flushes. In special circumstances, oral hormone therapy may be used.
Job simulations are employment tests that ask candidates to perform tasks that they would perform on the job. Applicants complete tasks that are similar to tasks they would complete when actually working in the position on a day to day basis
Stay strong, be safe,geriatrics, fitness options and maintain your independence by integrating these top fitness options into your training plan. No matter your age, the best exercise for you is the one you enjoy the most. ...
Exercise tolerance testing (also known as exercise testing or exercise stress testing) is used routinely in evaluating patients who present with chest pain, in patients who have chest pain on exertion, and in patients with known ischaemic heart disease.
CBR vs IBR-CBR subject. Download [15.00 KB]. Author Amisha Angle Posted on December 2, 2016. Leave a Reply Cancel reply.Community Based Rehabilitation: With CBR, the locus of control should be with the community.
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QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
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2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
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In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
2. GAMETOGENESIS
• The process involved in maturation of two
highly specialized cells, Spermatozoon in male
& Ovum in female before they unite to form
zygote is called Gametogenesis.
3. OOGENESIS
• The process of development of a mature ovum is
called oogenesis.
• The total no of primary oocyte at 20th week of
gestation is about 7 million at birth 2 million
at puberty 4 lakhs the rest get atrophied
only 400 are likely to ovulate during the entire
reproductive period.
4. • Maturation Of Oocytes:
The primary oocyte undergoes first meiotic division
Secondary oocyte & one polar body (unequal in size)
Secondary oocyte contain two haploid no of chromosomes i.e
23X and cytoplasm & small polar body contains 23X
chromosomes and scanty cytoplasm.
Ovulation occurs soon after formation of secondary oocyte
5.
6.
7. SPERMATOGENESIS
– The process involved in the development of sperms from
premordial male germ cell, their differentiation into
spermatozoa is called spermatogenesis.
Premordial germ cell
Mitosis
Spermatogonia
(stay in seminiferous tubules)
Primary spermatocyte(46XY)
First meiotic division
8. 2 secondary spermatocytes
(1st with 23X chromosone) (2nd with 23Y chromosome)
Second mitotic division
Formation of 4 spermatids
1. 23X 2. 23X 3. 23Y 4. 23Y
Undergo extensive morphological changes
Spermatozoa is formed
This whole process is called spermatogenesis & it requires 61
days.
9.
10.
11. CAPACITATION
• Occurs in the fluid media of female genital tract.
• Requires 2 to 3 hours.
• Sperm undergoes physiological & chemical changes to make
it capable of fertilizing the ovum.
• Only capacited sperm can penetrate the outer covering of ova
known as zona pellucida.
12.
13. OVULATION
• Process by which secondary oocyte is released from
ovary following rupture of graffian follicle & it becomes
available for conception.
• One sec oocyte ruptures in each ovarian cycle.
• Occurs on the 14th day.
• Ovulation remains suspended during pregnancy &
lactation.
14.
15. FERTILIZATION
• Fusion of mature sperm with mature ovum.
• Occurs in ampullary part of fallopian tube.
• Following ovulation ovum is picked up by the fimbria & is
rapidly tranfered to ampulla.
• Out of millions of sperms deposited into vagina only thousands
can enter the uterine tube & only 300-350 reach the ovum.
• It takes about 1 hour for sperm to reach the site.
16.
17.
18. • Penetration of sperm is done by disolution of external
membranes of ovum i.e corona radiata & zona pellucida.
• The penetration occurs by hyluronidase which is liberated from
acrosomal cap of hundreds of sperms.
• Soon after penetration entry of other sperms is prevented &
immobilization is done by viteline block & zona
reaction(hardening).
19. • Just before the union 2nd meiotic division occurs in the oocyte
forming female pro nucleus of 23X chromosomes & 2nd
polar body is formed.
• Head & Neck of sperms which are successfully entered in
oocyte form male pro nucleus with chromosome no 23X or
23Y.
• Male & Female unite with each other & zygote is formed
with chromosome no 46 XX/XY.
20.
21. MORULA
• After zygote formation mytotic division of nucleus occurs producing
two blastomeres.
• Two cell stage is reached approximtely 30 hours after fertilization.
• Blastomeres continue to divide & redivide to form 4, 8 & 16 cell
stage until cluster of cells is formed which is known as morula.
• Morula spends 3 days in the uterine tube enters the uterine cavity
through narrow uterine ostium (1mm) on the 4th day at 16-64 cell
stage.
• Central cell(inner cell mass) forms embryo & peripheral
cell(outer cell mass) form protective & nutritive membranes for
embryo.
22.
23. BLASTOCYST
• On 4th-5th day morula remains free in uterine cavity.
• It is covered by a thin film of mucus.
• Fluid passes through canaliculi of zona pellucida which
seperates the cells of the morula & is now termed as
blastocyst.
24. IMPLANTATION (nidation)
• Implantation occurs in the endometrium of anterior or posterior
wall of the body near fundus on the 6th day( 20th day of
menstrual cycle).
• Endometrium is in the secretory phase.
• Occurs in 4 stages:
1. Apposition
2. Adhesion
3. Penetration
4. Invasion
25.
26. • APPOSITION:Occurs through pinopod formation.( long finger
like projections i.e microvilli that absorb endometrial fluid
secreted by endometrial glands)
• ADHESION:Endometrial fluid is rich in glycogen & mucin &
provides nutrition to blastocyst.
Unless this fluid is absorbed adhesion cannot occur.
Adhesion of blastocyst to endometrium occurs through
glycoproteins.
27. • PENETRATION & INVASION:Blastocyst is burried more &
more deep inside the endometrium. Nutrition by maternal food.
• This type of deeper penetration of human blastocyst is called as
Interstitial Implantation.
• Blastocyst is covered on all sides by endometrium.
• This corresponds to 11-13th day after fertilization.
28. TROPHOBLAST
• Just before implantation trophoblast is differentiated into outer
layer of Synctio trophoblast & Inner layer of Cyto
trophoblast or Langhans layer.
• Placenta & fetal membranes are developed from trophoblast.
• Main function- INVASION, NUTRITION &
PRODUCTION OF HORMONES for maintenance of
pregnancy.
29. DECIDUA
• Endometrium of pregnant uterus. Named so because much of it will shed
following delivery.
• Decidual Reaction: Increased structural & secretory activity of the
endometrium due to progesterone following implantation is known as decidual
reaction.
• Consists of 3 layers:
1. Superficial compact layer. (decidual cells, gland ducts & dilated capillaries).
2. Intermeiate spongy layer. (dilated uterine glands, cells, blood vessels)
3. Thin basal layer. (regeneration of mucus coat following parturation).
30.
31. After implantation of blastocyst into compact layer of decidua the
different layers are renamed as:
1. Decidua Basalis ( base of blastocyst)
2. Decidua Capsularis (covering of blastocyst)
3. Decidua Vera (rest of decidua lining the uterine cavity outside site of
implantation)
Functions:
- Good site for implantation.
- Supplies nutrition to early stage growing fetus.
- Decidua basalis takes part in formation of organs.
32.
33. • Inner cell mass forms two cavities:
–The yolk sac
–Amniotic cavity
• In humans the yolk sac produces blood cells
and future sex cells
• The amniotic cavity becomes the cavity in
which the embryo floats. Fluid is produced
from fetal urine, and secretions from the skin,
respiratory tract, and amniotic membranes.
34.
35. GESTATION:
• Divided into three trimesters.
• First trimester (Months 1-3) (Initial development and
rapid growth):
– At the end of the first month, the embryo has a
heartbeat, a two-lobed brain, and a spinal cord.
– By the end of the second month, the embryo is
recognizable as a human and is called a fetus.
– After two months, the fetus has started to form arms
and legs as well as fingers, ears, and toes.
– The fetus can be visibly identifies as a male or female.
– By the end of the first trimester, the heart has four
chambers.
36. • Second trimester (Months 4-6) (Fetus Continues to
form):
– By the end of the fourth month, fingernails,
toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes have developed.
– Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and head hair may
begin to grow. Movement of the fetus can be felt
by the mother. The fetus can bend its arms and
make a fist.
– During the fifth month, the heartbeat can be
detected by a stethoscope.
– By the end of the sixth month vernix (keeps body
from dehydrating and skin from getting wrinkled)
appear on baby.
37. • Third trimester (Months 7-9) (Growth):
–By the seventh month lanugo (fine hair
grown to insulate the fetus) appears on the
baby.
–By the eighth months fetus growth slows
down and moves into a head-down position.
–By the ninth month the fetus is full term.
Skin is smooth and waxy looking. The eyes
are usually gray. Languo drops off.
47. PLACENTA
• The chorion develops into the fetal part
of the placenta.
• The chorionic villi connect the fetal
circulation to the placenta
• Composed of both fetal and maternal
tissues
48.
49. Functions of the placenta:
1 Transfer gasses
2 Transport nutrients
3 Excretion of wastes
4 Hormone production – temporary endocrine organ –
estrogen and progesterone
5 Formation of a barrier – incomplete, nonselective –
alcohol, steroids, narcotics, anesthetics, some
antibiotics and some organisms can cross
50. Wajed Hatamleh RN, MSN, PhD.
Placental functions
• Simple diffusion - water, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, sodium and chloride
• Facilitated transport – glucose and galactose
• Active transport – amino acids, calcium, iron,
iodine, vitamins, and glucose
• Pinocytosis – albumin and gamma globulin
• Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
• Endocrine – hCG, hPL, estrogen and
progesterone
51.
52. HORMONES
Oestrogen
• Produced in corpus luteum
• Produced by placenta after 12 weeks
• Responsible for growth particularly of uterus
and breasts
53. Progesterone
• Produced in corpus luteum and then the placenta
• Relaxes smooth muscle
• Inhibits uterine contractions until uterus is prepared
for labour
• Regulates storage of body fat
54. Human chorionic gonadotrophic
• Secreted from trophoblast of the developing
embryo
• Maintains corpus luteum until placenta takes
over
• Used in tests to confirm pregnancy
55. Human placental lactogen
• Alters maternal metabolism
• Diverts glucose to fetus
• Mobilises free fatty acids from maternal
stores
56. RELAXIN
• Released by corpus luteum then the
Placenta
• Softens pelvic ligaments
• Reduces myometrial tone