Environmental factors affecting athletic performance
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The document discusses various environmental factors that can affect exercise and sports performance, including heat stress, heat illnesses, hypothermia, cold injuries, altitude, sun exposure, electrical storms, and other conditions. It covers how each factor influences the body and symptoms, prevention and treatment methods. Monitoring tools like the wet bulb globe temperature and heat index are also described for assessing heat risk.
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Environmental factors affecting athletic performance
- 1. Environmental factors in exercise and sports performance
- 2. Heat Stress Maintenance of normal temperature in a hot environment depends on the ability of the body to dissipate heat. Body temperature can be affected by 5 factors.
- 3. Heat Stress • 5 factors that influence body temperature • Metabolic heat production • Conductive heat exchange • Direct contact with the turf • Convective heat exchange • Uses a circulating medium like wind or water • Radiant heat exchange • Radiation from the sun • Evaporation heat exchange • Sweat evaporates taking large amounts of heat with it.
- 4. Monitoring the Heat Index • Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) • Dry bulb temperature (DBT) • thermometer • Wet bulb temperature (WBT) • Sling psychrometer • Use a Relative Humidity Index
- 5. Heat Illnesses • Heat Rash (prickly heat) • Red raised rash • Tingling • Heat Syncope • Rapid physical fatigue • Fainting, nausea caused by pooling of blood in the extremities to try to cool the body off.
- 6. Heat Illnesses • Heat Cramps • Painful muscle spasms • Usually occur in the calf, hamstrings & abdomen • Related to loss of water and electrolytes • Treated with water, electrolyte drinks, stretching the muscles, and cooling the body.
- 7. Heat Illnesses •Heat Exhaustion • Results from dehydration • Dizziness, Collapse • Profuse sweating • Rapid pulse, Pale skin • Elevated temperature (102 deg.) • Treatment includes rehydration and sometimes intravenous fluids • Cool the athlete as quickly as possible
- 8. Heat Illnesses • Heat Stroke • Life threatening emergency due to a breakdown of the thermoregulatory system • Core temperature over 106 degrees • Loss of consciousness • Flushed hot skin, sometimes dry • Treatment includes cooling the body off quickly
- 9. Preventing Heat Illness • Gradual acclimatization to conditions • Identify susceptible athletes • Lightweight uniforms • Routine weight record keeping • Unrestricted fluid replacement • Well balanced diet • Monitor hot humid conditions • Use common sense
- 10. Warning Signs of Heat Illness • Headache • Nausea • Mental slowness • Incoherence • Visual disturbance • Fatigue • Weakness • Unsteadiness • Collapse • Unconsciousness • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Cramps • Seizures • Rigidity • Weak, rapid pulse • Pallor • Flush • Faintness • Chill • Cyanotic appearance
- 11. Hypothermia • Causes of a drop in core body temperature • Low temperature • Wind • Wetness • Symptoms • Exhaustion • Impairment in neuromeuscular responses • Shivering • Death can occur with a core temperature between 77 degrees and 85 degrees
- 12. Hypothermia • Prevention • Wear waterproof and windproof fabrics • Wear lots of thin layers • Proper warm up • Maintain hydration
- 13. Common Cold Injuries • Frost Nip • Involves ears, nose cheeks, fingers and toes • Skin is firm and may blister • Treat by warming the area
- 14. Common Cold Injuries • Chillblains • Skin redness, swelling, tingling and pains • Superficial frost bite • Skin appears pale, hard, cold, and waxy • When rewarmed will burn and tingle • May produce blisters later
- 15. Common Cold Injuries • Deep Frost Bite • Involves tissues that are frozen • Requires immediate hospitalization • Skin is hard, pale or white, and numb • Treat by rapidly rewarming the tissue • Later the tissue may become gangrenous, causing a loss of tissue.
- 16. Altitude • At high altitudes the athletes oxygen uptake is decreased causing a decrease in performance. • The body compensates by increasing the heart rate (tachycardia). • Hyperventilation can occur along with increased breathing rate, increased heart rate
- 17. Altitude • Symptoms of Altitude Illness • Headache • Nausea • Vomiting • Sleep disturbance • Dyspnea • Cough • weakness
- 18. Overexposure To Sun • Sun exposure should be avoided during competition • Sun exposure causes early fatigue and can lead to dehydration • Causes skin cancer and skin aging • Sun Protection Factor (SPF) • SPF 30 sunscreen is advised when participating in outdoor events lasting long durations.
- 19. Electrical Storms • Flash-to-Bang: provides an estimation of how far away the lightning is. • Seconds divided by 5 = miles away • 30 seconds = closely monitor the conditions • 15 seconds = immediately seek shelter
- 20. Other Environmental Conditions • Jet Lag • Air Pollution • Artificial Turf • Wet Conditions • Hard Surfaces • Others …..