This document provides an overview of CT scanning technology. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery in 1895. It then discusses the evolution of CT scanning technology, from the first generation CT scanners created in the 1970s to advances like helical scanning, multi-detector arrays, and dual source scanning. The document also covers basic physics concepts in CT like attenuation, reconstruction, Hounsfield units, and improvements in detector technology that have allowed for wider coverage and faster scanning times. Overall, the document traces the development of CT scanning from its origins to modern multi-detector systems.
Image reconstruction in CT is mostly a mathematical process however, this presentation tries to explain the complicated process of image reconstruction in a visual way, mainly focusing om Filtered back projection, Iterative Reconstruction and AI based image reconstruction.
Basic physics of multidetector computed tomography ( CT Scan) - how ct scan works, different generations of ct, how image is generated and displayed and image artifacts related to CT Scan.
Image reconstruction in CT is mostly a mathematical process however, this presentation tries to explain the complicated process of image reconstruction in a visual way, mainly focusing om Filtered back projection, Iterative Reconstruction and AI based image reconstruction.
Basic physics of multidetector computed tomography ( CT Scan) - how ct scan works, different generations of ct, how image is generated and displayed and image artifacts related to CT Scan.
MDCT Principles and Applications- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Multidetector CT (MDCT) is one of the most commonly used imaging modality in the field of Radiology. Development and advancement in MDCT has made it's application as a major component in diagnosis and treatment planning of multitude of disease across the planet. This presentation briefly describes its basic principle and it's wide variety of application in medical imaging.
brief but informative knowledge about how CT works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
Fundamentals of Imaging. This course will provide you with the principles involved in the formation and recording of the radiologic image in both conventional and digital imaging systems as well as the principles of image quality assessment.
Part 4
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
MDCT Principles and Applications- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Multidetector CT (MDCT) is one of the most commonly used imaging modality in the field of Radiology. Development and advancement in MDCT has made it's application as a major component in diagnosis and treatment planning of multitude of disease across the planet. This presentation briefly describes its basic principle and it's wide variety of application in medical imaging.
brief but informative knowledge about how CT works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
Fundamentals of Imaging. This course will provide you with the principles involved in the formation and recording of the radiologic image in both conventional and digital imaging systems as well as the principles of image quality assessment.
Part 4
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
detailed presentation of CT scan history, equipment fro first year radiology residents. Helps to know the evolution of generations of CT scan, artefacts and their reduction.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
3. CT Training for Radiographers.
• Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
• Computer Aided Tomography (CAT)
• Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT)
• Computerized Transverse Axial
Tomography (CTAT)
• Computerized Transaxial Transmission
Reconstructive Tomography (CTT)
• Reconstructive Tomography (RT)
• Computerized Digital Tomography (CDT)
• Computerized Tomography (CT)
POPULAR NAME OF CT
3
4. CT Training for Radiographers.
8 NOVEMBER 1895 SINAR X DITEMUKAN
FISIKAWAN BERKEBANGSAAN JERMAN
WILHELM CONRAD RONTGEN
March 27, 1845
MERUPAKAN GEM DENGAN PANJANG
GELOMBANG BERKISAR 0,01 nm – 10 nm
(3 x 1016 Hz – 3 x 1019 Hz)
KARAKTERISTIK SINAR X
4
5. CT Training for Radiographers.
Memiliki daya tembus yang besar.
ƒDapat diserap oleh materi
(tergantung dari nomor atomnya)
ƒƒDapat dihamburkan (difraksi sinar-
x)
ƒMenimbulkan ionisasi.
Memiliki efek fotografi /
menimbulkan fluoresen.
KARAKTERISTIK SINAR X
5
6. CT Training for Radiographers.
RADIOGRAFI
KONVENSIONAL
.
PEMANFAATAN SINAR X
6
RADIOGRAFI
TOMOGRAPHY
7. CT Training for Radiographers.
X-ray based
Multiple Projections (each from different Angle)
X-ray tube motions around the patient
Detector motions around the patient opposite the tube
In special technique :The patient's body is move
continuously as the x-ray beam is scanned around the
body
Detector output and angular position fed into a
computer
Computer perform calculation to estimate density of
tissues in each square of a slice
Mathematically reconstruct image
Create Voxel to Hounsfield Unit Value (CTNs)
CTNs represent linear attenuation coefficient
CT SCAN
7
8. CT Training for Radiographers.
TAHUN 1971 GENERASI PERTAMA CT SCAN
DIPUBLIKASIKAN
Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
28 August 1919 – 12 August 2004
Allan M. Cormack
23 Februari 1924 – 7 Mei 1998
CT SCAN
8
9. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT DEVELOPMENET
9
1970 1972
1976
1978
1990
10. CT Training for Radiographers.
ELECTRON BEAM OF CT
10
Electron beam scanner
Primarily for cardiologist, 50 msec scan times
Tungsten target and high energy electron beam
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9vLclEQRtc
11. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT DEVELOPMENT
11
HELICAL, 1990
Slip ring technology
Acquired data while table is
moving
Typical pitch ratio 0.5 - 2
on)(collimatithicknessslice
rotationpermovementtable
pitch
MULTI DETECTOR, Late1990’s-
2000
Multiple detector array
Cone beam
MSCT
12. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT DEVELOPMENT
12
DUAL SOURCE, 2005
A Scanner using two x-ray source
and two detectors at the same time
Enables scanning a heart at any
heart rate and at the lowest radiation
dose possible
Dynamic Focal Spot,
Flying focal spot
Double ray density
Double spatial resolution
13. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT DEVELOPMENT
13
MULTI ENERGY DETECTOR
Consist of upper and bottom
detector
Upper detector to detects lower
energy
Bottom detector to detects higher
energy
Signal from both can be combine as
well
23. CT Training for Radiographers. 23
CT DETECTOR
High efficiency; Kemampuan untuk
menyerap & mengubah foton x-ray
menjadi sinyal listrik
Quick response time, waktu yang
dibutukan untuk menghasilkan data dari
setiap scanning
High dynamic range, Kemampuan
untuk mendeteksi rasio berbagai
intensitas sinar x
Stability, sinyal detektor dari waktu ke
waktu bersifat konsisten
25. CT Training for Radiographers.
It = Io exp (-μx)
Absorption and Attenuation
25
Io It
x
t
o
I
I
x
ln
1
μ1 μ2 μ3 μ4 μn
x x
Io
It
t
o
i
i
t
o
n
xxxx
I
I
x
I
I
x
eIIeIIeIIeII
ln
1
ln
1
...
,,,
1
4321
4
34
3
23
2
12
1
01
29. CT Training for Radiographers.
VOXEL, PIXEL, MATRIX SIZE
• Voxel (volume element) - for each image
slice, there is an x, y and z dimension.
These are coming close to isotropic (the
same in each dimension). A typical
voxel would be created from a 35 cm
FOV, 512 x 512 matrix and 0.6 -10.0
mm thick slice.
10 mm
.68 mm
.68 mm6 mm
.68 mm
.68 mm
30. CT Training for Radiographers.
VOXEL, PIXEL, MATRIX SIZE
Pixels
and
Voxels
31. CT Training for Radiographers.
VOXEL, PIXEL, MATRIX SIZE
31
VOXEL PIXEL
MATRIX SIZE, 16 x 16
PIXEL = SFOV / MATRIX SIZE
µ
(x,y,z)
p
(x,z)
32. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT NUMBER
32
• Hounsfield Units (HU), normalize to water.
HU1000x
-)(
),('
water
water
x,y
yxsCTN
HU1000x
-)(
),('
water
water
x,y
yxsCTN
• CTN Water = 0 HU (all energies)
• CTN range = -1024 to +3072
• 12 bit, 212
= 4096
33. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT NUMBER
Find the CTN of some tissues bellow :
• Bone = 0.528
• Blood = 0.208
• Gray Matter = 0.212
• White Matter = 0.213
• CSF = 0.207
• Water = 0.206
• Fat = 0.185
• Air = 0.0004
38. CT Training for Radiographers.
IMAGE FORMATION CT NUMBER
Some Preset Window and Levels
• Tissue Level Window
• Lung -550 HU 1600
• Soft Tissue 100 400
• Bone 800 1000
0
-1000 HU
Output gray levels
256
0 (black)
1000
0 HU
2000
1000 HU
39. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT RECONSTUCTIONS
39
Io It(y)
x
y
Io
It(d,Ө) x
y
d
dxyxyII
IdxyxyI
t
t
),())(/ln(
)),(exp()(
0
0
dlldldtII )cossin,sincos()),(/ln( 10
dlldldfdg )cossin,sincos(),(
F(x,y)
g(d,Ө)
Radon Transform
40. CT Training for Radiographers. 40
Fourier Transform
)()(
~
~
tetfF tj
The fourier transform changes SIGNAL from TIME
DOMAIN to FREQUENCY DOMAIN back again
F(ω) can be represented as :
Real + Imaginer
or
Magnitude + Phase
)()()()()(
~
~
~
~
dttjSintfdttCostfF
41. CT Training for Radiographers. 41
Reconstruction process
intensityattenuated:)(intensity,incident:)(
[Np/m]ted)reconstrucbe(totcoefficienabsorption:),(
0 xIxI
yxf
0
0
),(
0
),sincos(),(:projectionBack
),(ofFFT1Dis),(ewher
),(
2
1
),(:dataFiltered
)(
)(
ln),(),(:dataprojection
)()(:intensityattenuated
dyxpyxf
XpUP
dXeUUPXp
XI
XI
dYyxfXp
eXIXI
f
jUX
f
dYyxf
42. CT Training for Radiographers.
Back Projection
42
Backprojection at 4, 16, and 100 angles
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
One, two, and four angles of backprojection
43. CT Training for Radiographers.
Attenuation Correction Factor
43
(a) Can be determined from attenuation coefficient measurements
determined from CT scan; (b) Array of attenuation correction
factors; (c) to provide final attenuation-corrected CT scan
44. CT Training for Radiographers.
Back Projection
44
Sample Back Projection Filtered Back Projection
FILTER
56. CT Training for Radiographers.
DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS
X-ray Tube Focal Spot
X-ray Beam Collimator
4 x 2.5 mm Detector Configuration
16-row Mosaic Detector
Diode FET Switching Array
Flex Connector A Flex Connector B
57. CT Training for Radiographers.
X-ray Tube Focal Spot
X-ray Beam Collimator
4 x 3.75 mm Detector Configuration
DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS
16-row Mosaic Detector
Diode FET Switching Array
Flex Connector A Flex Connector B
58. CT Training for Radiographers.
DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS
X-ray Tube Focal Spot
X-ray Beam Collimator
4 x 5.0 mm Detector Configuration
16-row Mosaic Detector
Diode FET Switching Array
Flex Connector A Flex Connector B
60. CT Training for Radiographers.
Wide Area Coverage
60
Philips Brilliance 40Philips Brilliance 64
Over 525
40-mm
systems
installed
worldwide
as of
December
2005
Philips-Expertise in Detectors
Tomorrow- 256 Nano-panel
Working 256 Nano-panel detector array
61. CT Training for Radiographers.
MSCT DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS
61
63. CT Training for Radiographers.
DFSTM
X-Ray Tube Design
63
Dynamic Focal Spot
X-ray Tube Design
Doubles
Ray Density and thus
Doubles
Spatial Resolution
with the same number
of detectors
64. CT Training for Radiographers.
PHILIPS : DFSTM
X-Ray Tube Design
64
WithWithout
65. CT Training for Radiographers.
PITCH
65
• Pitch = table travel per gantry
rotation (mm) / total nominal beam
width
• Pitch = table travel per gantry
rotation (mm) / (slice width ×
number of slices).
• Pitch = 0,13 -1,5, disarankan > 1
• mAs eff = mAs / pitch.
66. CT Training for Radiographers.
PITCH
66
• 16 Slice MSCT dengan 0,625 mm
slice thickness dan pergerakan
meja 15 mm per rotasi x ray tube.
• Tentukan Beam Pitch ?
pitch1.5
)625.0)(16(
15
mm
mm
BP
67. CT Training for Radiographers.
MSCT FASTER SCANNING
67
Detector Beam Thick
(mm)
# Rotation Total scan
time (sec)
1 x 1.25 1.25 160 128
4 x 1.25 5 40 32
8 x 1.25 10 20 16
16 x 1.25 20 10 8
64 x 0.625 40 5 4
1.25 mm images and 20 cm scan length at 0.8 sec
rotation and 1.0 pitch
68. CT Training for Radiographers.
Metode ABC/2 didasarkan pada penghitungan
volume ellipse, dengan menggunakan
persamaan :
V = 4/3 π r3 atau V= 4/3 x π x r1 x r2 x r3
Dengan penyederhanakan diameter d, , maka
diperoleh
V = ½ (d1 x d2 x d3)
Shg dapat ditulis menjadi
VOLUME IN CT SCAN
68
V = ABC / 2
69. CT Training for Radiographers.
The Total volume (V) was calculated by equation
• HU min adalah range HU minimum pada cairan
yang terdeteksi ROI
• HU max adalah range HU maksimum pada
cairan yang terdeteksi ROI
• from CAVA (Computer Assited Volumetric
Analysis)
VOLUME SUBJEK PADA CT SCAN
69
70. CT Training for Radiographers.
BASIC IV
70
Multiple-scan average dose
CT DOSIMETRY
71. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT DOSIMETRY
• MSAD = Multy Sice Average Dose
• CTDIw
• CTDIvol
• DLP
CTDI100
MSAD
Effective
Dose
72. CT Training for Radiographers.
CT DOSIMETRY
• CTDI menggunakan CTDI phantom dan
Ionization chambar
• CTDIw adalah CTDI weighted average
ditentukan berdasarkan :
CTDIw = (2*CTDIperiphery+CTDIcenter)/3
CTDIvol = CTDIw/Pitch
DLP = CTDIvol * L
L is the Z-length of the scan
73. CT Training for Radiographers.
DLP DAN DOSE EFEKTIF
DLP = CTDIvol * L
L is the Z-length of the scan
DOSE EFEKTIF = DLP * WT
WT adalah faktor bobot jaringan diperoleh
dari ICRP
75. CT Training for Radiographers.
CTDIw: Dose for a “Procedure”
76. CT Training for Radiographers.
Present Calculation CT Dose
))((
2
LAT
2
AP
22
DiameterEffective
,
2
;
2
21
2
21
LATviewAPviewDEff
A
DEff
rrrALUASAN
ViewLAT
r
ViewAP
r
77. CT Training for Radiographers.
)(DefffCTDISSDE vol
SSDE (Size Specific Dose Estimate)
f (Deff) = Konversion factor pada diameter efektif
diperoleh dari AAPM Report 204
78. CT Training for Radiographers.
Doses From CT
BERT*Eff Dose (mSv)Exam
2.4 days0.02Chest x ray (PA film)
8.5 days0.07Skull x ray
158 days1.3Lumbar spine
304 days2.5I.V. urogram
1.0 year3Upper G.I. exam
2.3 years7Barium enema
243 days2CT head
3.3 years10CT abdomen
1.3 years3.9PET FDG Exam (10 mCi)
158 days1.3NM Bone Scan (20 mCi)
* Time to receive equivalent effective dose from
natural background radiation
79. CT Training for Radiographers.
Typical doses in mGy during CT in adults
(Shrimpton et al. 1991)
Exam Eyes Thyroid Breast Uterus Ovaries Testes
Head 50 1.9 0.03 * * *
Cervical
spine
0.62 44 0.09 * * *
Thoracic
spine
0.04 0.46 28 0.02 0.02 *
Chest 0.14 2.3 21 0.06 0.08 *
Abdomen * 0.05 0.72 8.0 8.0 0.7
L. spine * 0.01 0.13 2.4 2.7 0.06
Pelvis * * 0.03 26 23 1.7
The symbol * indicates that dose is < 0.005 mGy
83. CT Training for Radiographers. 83
REFFERENCES
Edward M. Hsiao, Frank J. Rybicki, and Michael Steigner.
(2010) CT Coronary Angiography: 256-Slice and 320-
Detector Row Scanners. Curr Cardiol Rep. 12(1): 68–75.
Hameed T, Teague S, Vembar M, et al. Low radiation dose
ECG-gated chest CT angiography on a 256-slice
multidetector CT scanner. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging.
2009;25:267–278.
Kalendar, W.A. (2005) Computed Tomography.2nd Ed.
Mahesh, 2002. Physics Tutorial for Residents. Radiographics
22: 249-962
Nagel, H.D. (2004). MSCT Technology. Philips Medical
system Germany. www.multislice-ct.com
Philips. MSCT 256 Slices. PT BERCA NIAGA MEDIKA
Seeram, E. (2009). COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. Physical
Principles, Clinical Applications, and Quality Control. 3rd
Ed. St Louis: Saunders.
Walker M, Olszewski M, Desai M, et al. New radiation dose
saving technologies for 256-slice cardiac computed
tomography angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging.
2009;25:189–199.
84. CT Training for Radiographers.
TERIMA KASIH
• شكرا
• THANKS YOU
• ありがとう
• 감사합니다
• Спасибо
• Merci
• Danke
• igracias
• Matur nuwun
84