The document discusses logic gates and their applications. It begins by defining logic gates and their basic components. It then provides details on designing and simulating various logic gate circuits including OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR gates. Finally, it discusses some common applications of logic gates such as using OR gates to detect events, AND gates as enable/inhibit gates, XOR/XNOR gates for parity generation/checking, and NOT gates as inverters in oscillators.
This time I am presenting you Physics Investigatory Project for class 12 on the topic "TO DESIGN APPROPRIATE LOGIC GATE COMBINATION FOR GIVEN TRUTH TABLE"
This time I am presenting you Physics Investigatory Project for class 12 on the topic "TO DESIGN APPROPRIATE LOGIC GATE COMBINATION FOR GIVEN TRUTH TABLE"
This is the project that describes each logic gate briefly. This includes AND , OR, NOT, NOR, NAND,XOR. Each gate has the symbol, working, boolean formula and the observation table.
this project requires breadboard, single stranded wire, battery pack(d.c.) , multimeter and finally their applications.
Rithu
AECS Kudankulam
Class 12 Physics Investigatory Project Work, Practical- study of various logi...Kendriya Vidyalaya
Class 12 Physics Investigatory Project Work, Practical- study of various logic gates.
Just edit first and second page of this project and the project is all yours. Please drop a like before downloading......
Watch my video for further explaination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IoOGG_SBzw&lc=z22ju3nxqvrvzrghz04t1aokgmmjnqr0ld5exqhxchswrk0h00410
This is the project that describes each logic gate briefly. This includes AND , OR, NOT, NOR, NAND,XOR. Each gate has the symbol, working, boolean formula and the observation table.
this project requires breadboard, single stranded wire, battery pack(d.c.) , multimeter and finally their applications.
Rithu
AECS Kudankulam
Class 12 Physics Investigatory Project Work, Practical- study of various logi...Kendriya Vidyalaya
Class 12 Physics Investigatory Project Work, Practical- study of various logic gates.
Just edit first and second page of this project and the project is all yours. Please drop a like before downloading......
Watch my video for further explaination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IoOGG_SBzw&lc=z22ju3nxqvrvzrghz04t1aokgmmjnqr0ld5exqhxchswrk0h00410
This is a final year project report on Ebola Virus Disease.....
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.
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for more information and materials for the project contact me @ www.facebook.com/abhishekurmate
Different types of transistors and their functionselprocus
This article discusses about types of transistors and basic applications.Common types of transistor are BJT, FET, HBT, Darlington, Schottky, JFET, Diffusion
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification
physics investigatory project class 12 on logic gates ,boolean algebra
1. 1 | P a g e
PROJECT FILE
OF
PHYSICS
Logic Gates combination for a
given Truth Table
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-
Mrs. Pooja Sidana Sukhtej (XII)
2. 2 | P a g e
Roll no.
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical
relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a
digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as
stop, it is called a gate.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They
are used in digital electronics to change on voltage level (input
voltage)into another (output voltage) according to some logical
statement relating them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one
output. The relationship between the possible values of input
and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called
truth table or table of combination.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input
and output possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra
based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two
values, such as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN,
YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc. The two valuesof logic
statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The
binary number 1 is used to denote the high value. The logical
3. 3 | P a g e
statements that logic gates follow are called Boolean
expressions.
4. 4 | P a g e
Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs
and outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be
constructed from three basic devices. We have three different
types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the OR gate and
the NOT gate.
LOGIC STATES
1 0
HIGH LOW
+ve -ve
ON OFF
CLOSE OPEN
RIGHT WRONG
TRUE FALSE
YES NO
5. 5 | P a g e
(a) THE OR GATE is a device that combines A with B to
give Y as the result.
The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output.
The logic gate of OR gate with A and B input and Y
output is shown below:
In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as
the OR. The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.
(b) THE AND GATE is a device that combines A with B to
give Y as the result.
The AND gate has two or more inputs and one
output. The logic gate of AND gate with A and B input
and Y output is shown below:
6. 6 | P a g e
In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is
referred as the AND. The Boolean expression:
A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.
(c) THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT is a one input and one output. The logic
gate of NOT gate with A and Y output is shown below:
In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the
NOT. The Boolean expression:
X’ =Y, indicates Y equals NOT A
7. 7 | P a g e
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
Theory andConstruction:
An OR gate can be realize bythe electroniccircuit,makinguse oftwo
diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to
the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the
present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t.
earth.
8. 8 | P a g e
The following interference can be easily drawn from the working of
electrical circuit is:
a) If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0), hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
9. 9 | P a g e
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R.
Theory andConstruction:
An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of
two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is connected
to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to
the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the
present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t.
earth.
1 1 1
10. 10 | P a g e
The followingconclusions can be easily drawn from the working of
electrical circuit:
a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
c) If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will glow, hence
Y=1.
11. 11 | P a g e
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
12. 12 | P a g e
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory andConstruction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However an
electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of a n-p-n
transistor as shown in the figure.
13. 13 | P a g e
The base B of the transistor is connected to the input A through a
resistance Rb and the emitter E is earthed.The collectoris connected to 5V
battery. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of the
electrical circuit:
a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will not glow, hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
Input A Output Y
14. 14 | P a g e
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory andConstruction:
If we connect the output Y’ofOR gate to the input ofa NOT gate the
gate obtained is called NOR.The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
0 1
1 0
15. 15 | P a g e
In Boolean expression,the NOR gate is expressed as Y=A+B, and is being
read as ‘A OR B negated’. The followinginterference can be easilydrawn
from the working of electrical circuit is:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
c) If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
16. 16 | P a g e
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2),a resistance R, an ideal n-p-
n transistor.
Theory andConstruction:
If we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of a NOT gate
the gate obtained is called NAND.
17. 17 | P a g e
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
In Boolean expression,the NANDgate is expressed as Y=A.B, and is being
read as ‘A AND B negated’. The followinginterference can be easily
drawn from the working of electrical circuit:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
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Aim:
TO DESIGN
AND SIMULATE THE EX OR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, two NOT gate.
Theory andConstruction:
The operation EXOR checks for the exclusivityin the value ofthe two
signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical (i.e. if A=0 and B=1 or
vice versa), the output Y=1, and if both are identical,then the output Y=0.
This operation is also called exclusive OR gate, designated EXOR.
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
19. 19 | P a g e
In Boolean expression, the EX OR gate is expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =
The followinginterference can be easilydrawn from the working of
electrical circuit:
a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
20. 20 | P a g e
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
21. 21 | P a g e
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, three NOT gate.
Theory andConstruction:
The operation EXNOR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the
two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical (i.e.ifA=0and B=1
or vice versa), the output Y=0, and if both are identical, then the output
Y=1. This operation is also called exclusive NOR gate, designated EXNOR.
22. 22 | P a g e
In Boolean expression, the EX NOR gate is expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =
The followinginterference can be easilydrawn from the working of
electrical circuit:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
c) If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will glow, hence
Y=1.
23. 23 | P a g e
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
24. 24 | P a g e
Some Common Applications of Logic Gates
During the course of discussion about various digital logic gates, we have
mainly discussed about the design, property and operation of them. In this
article we will look at various applications of logic gates. Their
applications are determined mainly based upon their truth table i.e. their
mode of operations. In the following discussion we will look at the
applications of basic logic gates as well as many other normal logic gates
as well.
Application of OR gate
Wherever the occurrence of any one or more than one event is needed to
be detected or some actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in all
those cases OR gates can be used. It can be explained with an example.
Suppose in an industrial plant if one or more than one parameter exceeds
the safe value, some protective measure is needed to be done. In that case
OR gate is used. We are going to show this with the help of a diagram.
The above figure is a typical schematic diagram where an OR gate is used
to detect exceed of temperature or pressure and produce command signal
for the system to take required actions.
25. 25 | P a g e
Application of AND gate
There are mainly two applications of AND gate as Enable gate and
Inhibit gate. Enable gate means allowance of data through a channel and
Inhibit gate is just the reverse of that process i.e. disallowance of data
through a channel. We are going to show an enabling operation to
understand it in an easier way. Suppose in the measurement of frequency
of a pulsed waveform. For measurement of frequency a gating pulse of
known frequency is sent to enable the passage of the waveform whose
frequency is to be measured. The diagram below shows the arrangement of
the above explained operation.
Application of Ex-OR/Ex-NOR gate
These type of logic gates are used in generation of parity generation and
checking units. The two diagrams below shows the even and odd parity
26. 26 | P a g e
generator circuits respectively for a four data.
With the help of these gates parity check operation can be also performed.
The diagrams below show even and odd parity check.
Figure (a) shows the parity check using Ex-OR gates and the figure (b)
shows the parity check using Ex-NOR gates.
Application of NOT gate or Inverters
NOT gates are also known as inverter because they invert the output given
to them and show the reverse result. Now the CMOS inverters are
commonly used to build square wave oscillators which are used for
generating clock signals. The advantage of using these is they consume
low power and their interfacing is very easy compared to other logic gates.
27. 27 | P a g e
The
above figure shows the most fundamental circuit made of ring
configuration to generate square wave oscillator. The frequency of this
type generator is given by
Where n represents the number of inverters shows the propagation delay
per gate.