This is the project that describes each logic gate briefly. This includes AND , OR, NOT, NOR, NAND,XOR. Each gate has the symbol, working, boolean formula and the observation table. this project requires breadboard, single stranded wire, battery pack(d.c.) , multimeter and finally their applications. Rithu AECS Kudankulam

1. ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRAL SCHOOL
KUDANKULAM
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
“LOGIC GATES”
(2018-19)
Name : Rithu
Class : XII
Roll No. :

2. CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT PROJECT
ENTITLED “INTEGRATED LOGIC GATE
CIRCUITS ” IS A BONAFIDE CARRIED OUT
BY 'RITHU' UNDER MY SUPERVISION AND
THE DATA INCLUDED IN THE PROJECT IS
GENUINE.
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
EXAMINER EXAMINER
(RAJEEV G.L)
PRINCIPAL
(G.V. SRINIVASA RAO)

3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY
SPECIAL THANKS OF GRATITUDE TO
MY TEACHER (RAJEEV G.L) AS WELL
AS OUR PRINCIPAL (G.V. SRINIVASA
RAO) WHO GAVE ME THE GOLDEN
OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS WONDERFUL
PROJECT ON THE TOPIC ( INTEGRATED
LOGIC GATES ) , WHICH ALSO HELP ME
IN DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH AND I
CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO MANY
NEW THINGS. I AM REALLY THANKFUL
TO THEM.
SECONDLY, I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO
THANK MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS
WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN FINALIZING
THIS PROJECT WITHIN THE LIMITED
TIME FRAME.

4. CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE PAGE
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 PRINCIPLE 7
3 PROCEDURE 9
4 AND GATE 11
5 OR GATE 14
6 NOT GATE 17
7 NAND GATE 20
8 NOR GATE 23
9 XOR GATE 26
10 RESULT 29
11 PRECAUTIONS 30
12 CONCLUSION 31
13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32

5. NTRODUCTION
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT : IC OR A
MICROCHIP IS A MICROSCOPIC
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ARRAY FORMED BY
THE FABRICATION OF VARIOUS
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS(RESISTORS,CAPACITORS ,
TRANSISTORS)ON A SEMICONDUCTOR
MATERIAL(SILICON) WAFER.
GATE: A GATE IS A DIGITAL CIRCUIT
WHICH FOLLOWS SOME LOGICAL
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INPUT AND
OUTPUT VOLTAGES. IT EITHER ALLOWS A
SIGNAL TO PASS THROUGH OR STOP IT.
THE LOGICAL GATES ARE THE BUILDING
BLOCKS AT DIGITAL ELECTRONICS TO
CHANGE ONE VOLTAGE LEVEL INTO

6. ANOTHER ACCORDING TO SOME LOGIC
STATEMENTS RELATING TO THEM.
TRUTH TABLE : A LOGIC GATE MAY
HAVE ONE OR MORE THAN ONE INPUTS,
BUT IT HAS ONLY ONE OUTPUT. THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE POSSIBLE
VALUES OF INPUT AND OUTPUT
VOLTAGES ARE EXPRESSED IN THE
FORM OF A TABLE CALLED TRUTH TABLE.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA : THE ALGEBRA
WHICH IS BASED ON BINARY NATURE OF
THE GATES IS BOOLEAN ALGEBRA.
BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS : THEY ARE
THE LOGICAL STATEMENTS WHICH ARE
FOLLOWED BY THE LOGICAL GATES.

7. Principle
DIGITAL IC OPERATE ONLY AT A FEW
DEFINED LEVELS INSTEAD OF OPERATING
OVER ALL LEVELS OF SIGNAL
AMPLITUDE AND THEY ARE DESIGNED BY
USING MULTIPLE NUMBER OF DIGITAL
LOGIC GATES, MULTIPLEXERS, FLIP-
FLOPS AND OTHER ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS OF CIRCUITS.
THESE LOGIC GATES WORK
WITH BINARY INPUT DATA OR DIGITAL
INPUT DATA SUCH AS 0 (LOW or FALSE or
LOGIC 0) AND 1 (HIGH or TRUE or LOGIC 1).
THESE ARE MOSTLY USED AS DECISION
MAKERS.
THERE ARE 7 TYPES OF GATES :
➢ AND

8. ➢ OR
➢ NOT
➢ NAND
➢ NOR
➢ XOR
➢ XNOR

9. PROCEDURE
TO VERIFY THE TRUTH TABLE AND
MEASURE THE VOLTAGE OUTPUT OF
IC s.
PLACE THE IC ON THE BREADBOARD.
GIVE 6 V AND GND CONNECTIONS TO
THE BREADBOARD FROM THE 6 V
POWER SUPPLY.

10. CONNECT 6 V SUPPLY TO PIN 14 AND
GND SUPPLY TO PIN 7 OF THE IC ON
THE BREADBOARD.
CONNECT INPUT PINS OF IC s.
CONNECT THE OUTPUT PIN (s) OF THE
IC TO THE LOGIC LEVEL INDICATOR
LED.
KEEP THE INPUT AT LOGIC '0' AND
CHECK THE OUTPUT LED IF IT IS 'ON'
OR 'OFF'. ENTER LOGIC '0' IF THE LED IS
OFF OR LOGIC '1' IF LED IS ON .
VERIFY ALL THE POSSIBLE INPUT
COMBINATIONS. COMMENT ON THE
LOGIC FUNCTION OF IC.

11. MEASURE THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
USING A MULTIMETER.
IN OR, AND, NAND, XOR LOGIC GATES
PIN NO. 1 AND 2 ARE INPUTS AND 3 IS
OUTPUT.
IN NOR GATE PIN NO. 2 AND 3 ARE
INPUT AND 1 IS OUTPUT.
IN NOT GATE PIN NO. 1 IS INOUT AND 2
IS OUTPUT.
AND GATE
AIM :
TO STUDY THE TRUTH TABLE OF AND
GATE(IC 7408) and MEASURE THE INPUT
AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES.
MATERIALS REQUIRED :

12. IC 7408, BREADBOARD, CONNECTING
WIRES, BATTERY 6 V , MULTIMETER ,
CARBON RESISTORS , SMALL LED
BULB , SINGLE STRANDED WIRE .
THEORY :
THE OUTPUT( C )WILL BE POSITIVE
(TRUE) WHEN BOTH THE INPUTS
(THE INPUT A AND THE INPUT B ARE
POSITIVE).
BOOLEAN FORMULA:
C=A.B
C = A AND B
OBSERVATION :
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT
VOLTAGE
(V)
A B C OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(mV)

13. 5.97 1 1 1 1.2
5.96 1 0 0 0.4
5.96 0 1 0 0.4
5.97 0 0 0 0.4
IC 7408

14. APPLICATIONS :
AND GATE IS USED IN THE
BURGLAR ALARM.

15. OR GATE
AIM :
TO STUDY THE TRUTH TABLE OF OR
GATE(IC 7432) and MEASURE THE INPUT
AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES.

16. MATERIALS REQUIRED :
IC 7432, BREADBOARD, CONNECTING
WIRES, BATTERY 6 V , MULTIMETER ,
CARBON RESISTORS , SMALL LED
BULB , SINGLE STRANDED WIRE .
THEORY :
THE OUTPUT WILL BE POSITIVE(TRUE) IF
ATLEAST ONE INPUT IS TRUE.
BOOLEAN FORMULA:
Y=A+B
Y = A OR B
OBSERVATION :
TRUTH TABLE

17. INPUT
VOLTAGE
(V)
A B Y OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(mV)
5.82 0 0 0 0.6
5.82 0 1 1 1.3
5.82 1 0 1 1.3
5.83 1 1 1 1.2
IC 7432

18. APPLICATIONS :
OR GATE IS USED IN DOORBELL
SWITCH.

19. NOT GATE
AIM :
TO STUDY THE TRUTH TABLE OF NOT
GATE(IC 7404).and MEASURE THE INPUT
AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES.

20. MATERIALS REQUIRED :
IC 7404, BREADBOARD, CONNECTING
WIRES, BATTERY 6 V , MULTIMETER ,
CARBON RESISTORS , SMALL LED
BULB , SINGLE STRANDED WIRE .
THEORY :
NOT GATE (INVERTER) HAS ONLY
ONE INPUT. IT REVERSES THE LOGIC
STATE.
BOOLEAN FORMULA:
Q = A
Q = NOT A
OBSERVATION :

21. TRUTH TABLE
INPUT
VOLTAGE
A Q OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
5.71 0 1 1.3
5.71 1 0 0.6
IC 7404
APPLICATIONS :
NOT GATE IS USED IN CENTRAL

22. HEATING SYSTEM.

23. NAND GATE
AIM :
TO STUDY THE TRUTH TABLE OF NAND
GATE(IC 74OO)and MEASURE THE INPUT

24. AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES.
MATERIALS REQUIRED :
IC 74OO, BREADBOARD, CONNECTING
WIRES, BATTERY 6 V , MULTIMETER ,
CARBON RESISTORS , SMALL LED
BULB , SINGLE STRANDED WIRE .
THEORY :
THE NAND GATE HAS TWO OR MORE
INPUT SIGNALSBUT ONLY ONE OUTPUT
SIGNAL. IF ALL OF THE INPUTS ARE 1
(HIGH),THEN THE OUTOUT PRODUCED IS
0(LOW).
BOOLEAN FORMULA:
Z=AB
Z = A NAND B

25. OBSERVATION :
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT
VOLTAGE
(V)
A B Y OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(mV)
5.82 0 0 1 1.4
5.82 0 1 1 1.3
5.82 1 0 1 1.3
5.82 1 1 0 0.2
IC 7400

26. APPLICATIONS :
NAND GATE IS USED IN FAN
FAILIURE DETECTION SYSTEM.

27. NOR GATE
AIM :
TO STUDY THE TRUTH TABLE OF NOR
GATE(IC 7402) and MEASURE THE INPUT

28. AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES.
MATERIALS REQUIRED :
IC 7402, BREADBOARD, CONNECTING
WIRES, BATTERY 6 V , MULTIMETER ,
CARBON RESISTORS , SMALL LED
BULB , SINGLE STRANDED WIRE .
THEORY :
THE NOR GATE HAS TWO OR MORE
INPUT SIGNALS BUT ONLY ONE
OUTPUT SIGNAL .IF ALL THE INPUTS
ARE 0 (LOW}THEN THE OUTPUT
SIGNAL IS 1 (HIGH).
BOOLEAN FORMULA:
Z=A+B
Z = A NOR B

29. OBSERVATION :
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT
VOLTAGE
(V)
A B Z OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(mV)
5.94 0 0 1 5.61
5.94 0 1 0 2.1
5.94 1 0 0 3.4
5.94 1 1 0 1.6
IC 7402

30. APPLICATIONS :
NOR GATE IS USED IN THE
WASHING MACHINE CONTROLLER.

31. XOR GATE
AIM :
TO STUDY THE TRUTH TABLE OF XOR
GATE(IC 7486)and MEASURE THE INPUT
AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES.
MATERIALS REQUIRED :
IC 7486, BREADBOARD, CONNECTING
WIRES, BATTERY 6 V , MULTIMETER ,
CARBON RESISTORS , SMALL LED
BULB , SINGLE STRANDED WIRE .
THEORY :
THE XOR GATE PRODUCES OUTPUT 1
FOR ONLYNTHOSE INPUT
COMBINATIONS THAT HAVE ODD

32. NUMBER OF 1's.
BOOLEAN FORMULA:
Y=A ⊕ B
Y = A XOR B
OBSERVATION :
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT
VOLTAGE
(V)
A B Z OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(mV)
5.78 0 0 1 2.7
5.78 0 1 0 1.7
5.78 1 0 0 2.1
5.78 1 1 1 41.3

33. IC 7486
APPLICATIONS :
XOR GATE IS USED TO DETECT
DISSIMILAR INPUTS. SO, IT IS USED IN
PARITY DETECTION CIRCUIT.

34. RESULT
WE HAVE STUDIED THE TRUTH
TABLE OF INTEGRATED LOGIC
GATES IC 7408 , 7432 ,7404 ,
7400 , 7402 , 7486 AND

35. MEASURED THE INPUT AND
OUTPUT VOLTAGES.
PRECAUTIONS
(1) POWER SUPPY SHOULD NOT
EXCEED ABOVE 5 V.
(2) CONNECTIONS SHOULD BE TIGHT.

36. (3) COMPONENTS SHOULD BE TESTED
BEFORE PERFORMING THE
PRACTICAL.
(4) MOUNT THE Ics ON THE
BREADBOARD GENTLY.
(5) MAKE SURE THAT SINGLE
STRANDED WIRE IS USED FOR
BETTER RESULTS.
CONCLUSION :
LOGIC GATES ARE USED TO
DEVELOP MANY IC CIRCUITS OR
MICROCHIPS IN TODAY ' S MODERN

37. WORLD.
NAND GATE and NOR GATE ARE
KNOWN AS UNIVERSAL GATES
BECAUSE WE CAN CONSTRUCT ALL
THE THREE BASIC GATES (AND
GATE, OR GATE, NOT GATE) USING
NAND AND NOR GATES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://www.electronics-

38. tutorials.ws/logic/logic_10.html
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logi
c_gate
3. https://whatis.techtarget.com/defi
nition/logic-gate-AND-OR-XOR-
NOT-NAND-NOR-and-XNOR