Urine analysis provides information for diagnosing renal and systemic diseases. Urine should be collected in clean containers and examined freshly, especially first morning urine. Physical examination of urine includes measuring volume, color, odor, appearance, pH and specific gravity. Abnormal findings in these properties can indicate conditions like dehydration, UTI, kidney diseases and diabetes. Urine analysis also involves chemical examination to detect substances like proteins, glucose, ketones, bilirubin etc. and microscopic examination of urine sediment. Together these examinations aid in medical diagnosis.
Stool/feces is the end product of digestive system of the body. Following digestion and absorption of the essential food ingredients in the stomach and intestine, the undigested food and unabsorbed secretions of stomach, liver, pancreas and intestine appear in stool.
It is fluid which is present in
the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity is a potential
space lined by mesothelium of the
visceral n parietal peritoneum.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), a lecture for medical lab technicians at Baquba Technical Institute, Middle Technical University. All theoretical and practical notes about the test.
Stool/feces is the end product of digestive system of the body. Following digestion and absorption of the essential food ingredients in the stomach and intestine, the undigested food and unabsorbed secretions of stomach, liver, pancreas and intestine appear in stool.
It is fluid which is present in
the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity is a potential
space lined by mesothelium of the
visceral n parietal peritoneum.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), a lecture for medical lab technicians at Baquba Technical Institute, Middle Technical University. All theoretical and practical notes about the test.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Urine is an excretory product of the body.
• It is formed in the kidney.
• Urine examination helps in the diagnosis of
various renal as well as systemic diseases.
12/6/2017 SUNIL KUMAP P 4
5. Collection of urine
• Done in clean container
• Should be examined freshly
• Best sample early morning
• Culture-sterile containers are used
12/6/2017 5SUNIL KUMAP P
7. Types of sample
• Random sample-ordinary qualitative test
• Early morning sample –nephritis
• 2hr post prandial sample-DM
• Mid stream urine collection-culture
• 24hrurine sample-quantitative analysis
12/6/2017 7SUNIL KUMAP P
8. Collection method
• 24hr urine –void & discard urine at particular
time. Collect all urine for next 24hr.
• Mid stream urine-initial portion of urine
should be discard. only the mid stream urine
should be collected.
• Catheterized specimen-insertion of tube or
catheter through the ureter into the bladder
12/6/2017 8SUNIL KUMAP P
9. Preservatives of urine
Preservative Concentration limitation
toluene 2ml/100ml Floats on the surface of the urine.
good for constituent
formalin 3drops /100ml urine Good for sediment. Precipitate
protein.
thymol 1crystal/100ml Interfere with acid precipitation
test for protein
chloroform 5ml/100ml Forms upper layer. changes
cellular sediment charactrestics.
Boric acid 0.3gm/120ml of
urine
Yeast can still grow .uric acid
crystal get precipitated.
Conc.HCL 10ml/24hr urine Best preservative for all chemical
examination, especially for ca,uric
acid ,crea,urea.
12/6/2017 9SUNIL KUMAP P
24. odor
• Fresh urine-aromatic odour
• Urine allow to stand-strong ammonic smell
because of decomposition of urea with
liberation of ammonia.
• Ketone bodies-fruity odor
• Infants with phenylketonuria-musty odour
• Putrid odor-UTI
• Fecal odor –E.coli cystitis
12/6/2017 24SUNIL KUMAP P
25. Appearance
• Normal-clear
• Cloudy due to
-amorphous phosphate(neutral or alkaline
condition)
-amorphous urates(acidic urine)
• Which disappear on heating.
• In disease – urine cloudy due to
-presents of WBC
-presents of bacteria or fungi
-colloidal suspension of fat or chyle
12/6/2017 25SUNIL KUMAP P
26. pH
• Average - 4.6-8.0
• Average pH -6.0-presents of sulphates,
phoshate,chloride.
• Alkaline urine-vegetarian &urine on standing
• Measurements of pH-
1.litmus paper
2.pH paper or nitrazine paper
3.Dip stick method
12/6/2017 26SUNIL KUMAP P
27. Dip stick method
• Reagent
0.2% w/w methyl red
2.8%w/w bromo thymol blue
97.0%w/w non reactive ingradiant
• Principle:-
- Based on double indicator principle.
-gives broad range of colors covering entire urinary PH.
-color change from
orange-yellow-green-blue
(Acidic) (alkaline)
12/6/2017 27SUNIL KUMAP P
28. Acidic urine
High protein intake and ingestion of acidic
fruits.
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis-uremia, diabetes mellitus,
starvation .
E.coli infection
12/6/2017 28SUNIL KUMAP P
29. Alkaline urine
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis(excessive vomiting)
• UTI due to proteus and pseudomonas
12/6/2017 29SUNIL KUMAP P
30. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• Normal specific gravity-1.015-1.025
• Urines of low specific gravity are called
hyposthenuric (<1.007) while urines of fixed
sp.gravity of about 1.010 are known as
isothenuric.
12/6/2017 30SUNIL KUMAP P
32. urinometer
• This is a bulb shaped instrument that has a
cylindrical stem ,which contains a scale
calibrated in sp.gravity reading. This instrument
is floated in a cylinder containing urine.
• The depth to which it sinks in the urine indicates
the sp.gravi
of urine
• Stem reading-1.000 to
1.060.
12/6/2017 32SUNIL KUMAP P
34. Urinometer method
• Principle:-The method of measuring
sp.gravity of urine is based on the principle of
buoyancy. An increased solute concentration or
increased sp.gravity increases the upthrust of
the solution correspondingly.
12/6/2017 34SUNIL KUMAP P
35. procedure
• Mix the urine & pour into the cylinder of 25ml
capacity.
• Carefully float the urinometer by grasping the
stem of urinometer at the top and inserting
slowly into the urine.
• Swirl the urinometer slightly as it is inserted.make
sure the instrument floats freely away from the
sides of container.
• Take the reading from the graduation gives on the
stem at lower meniscus formed at eye level.
12/6/2017 35SUNIL KUMAP P
37. Correction for temperature
• To correct the Sp.gravity reading for
temp, place the thermometer in the urine &
note the exact temp.
• Then add 0.001 to the reading for each 3ºC
above the temperature for which the
urinometer is calibrated.
• Subtract 0.001 from the reading for each 3ºC
which the urine is below the temp of
calibration.
12/6/2017 37SUNIL KUMAP P
38. • Eg:-
Temp of urine is 32ºC
calibration temp is20ºC
sp.gravity of the urine is measure at 1 .011
corrected sp.gravity =
[(32-20)×0.001] +1.011=1.015
3
12/6/2017 38SUNIL KUMAP P
39. Correction for abnormal solute
concentration
• Albumin :- for each gram of albumin/100ml,
sp.gravity rises by 0.003 and this is subtracted
.
• Glucose :- for each gram of glucose /100ml,
sp.gravity raises by 0.004 and this must be
subtracted.
12/6/2017 39SUNIL KUMAP P
40. Correction for dilution
• If the volume of urine is insufficient for
measuring Sp.gravity, urine can be diluted
with distilled water.
• Multiply the last two numbers of the
recorded Sp.gravity by the dilution factor.
• Eg:- urine dilution is1:5 , record Sp.gravity is
1.003
corrected Sp.gravity is 1.003×5=1.015
12/6/2017 40SUNIL KUMAP P
41. Disadvantages of urinometer
• Large amount of urine is required.
• Turbid urine may make reading of the scale
difficult.
12/6/2017 41SUNIL KUMAP P
42. Refractometer
• To determine the Sp.gravity of urine by this
method require only few drops of urine.
• PRINCIPLE:-
The refractive index of a solution is related to
the content of dissolved solids present in
solution.
µ=Va/Vs
This ratio varies directly with
the number of dissolved parti-
cles in the solution .
12/6/2017 42SUNIL KUMAP P
43. Conti……….
Although the instrument measures the
refractive index of a solution , scale reading is
generally calibrated in terms of sp.gravity.
12/6/2017 43SUNIL KUMAP P
44. Dipstick method
• Reagent
2.8% w/w bromothymol blue
28.4% w/w NaoH
• Principle
PH change of pretreated polyelectrolyte in
relation to ionic strength, the released hydrogen
ion is indicated by PH indicator.
• Colour changes from a dark blue at a low
sp.gravity to yellow green at high sp.gravity
12/6/2017 44SUNIL KUMAP P
45. • High sp.gravity
excessive sweating
glycosuria
acute nephritis
albuminuria
all causes of oliguria
12/6/2017 45SUNIL KUMAP P
46. • Low specific gravity(less than 1.010)
-excessive water intake
-chronic nephritis
-dibeticincipidus
-all causes of polyuria except DM
• Low or fixed Sp.gravity(1.010-1.012)
-chronic nephritis
-ADH deficiency
-arteroscerotic kidney
12/6/2017 46SUNIL KUMAP P