- A phylogenetic tree depicts the evolutionary relationships among biological species or entities, showing how they are related through common ancestry based on physical or genetic similarities and differences.
- Charles Darwin first published phylogenetic trees in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species" to represent evolutionary descent. Today, evolutionary biologists still use tree diagrams to depict evolution.
- Phylogenetic trees can be used to understand the origin of humans, biogeography, the origin of traits, molecular evolution, and the origin of diseases. They aim to depict the evolutionary relationships that best fit the available data.
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms based on the similarities and differences in their genetic and evolutionary characteristics
The pattern of branching in a phylogenetic tree reflects how species or other groups evolved from a series of common ancestors.
The phylogenetic tree is also called the “Tree of Life” or “Dendrogram”
lecture for doctorate students while I was working as researcher assisstance about phylogenetic science, definition,
Understand the most basic concepts of phylogeny
Understand the difference between orthology, paralogy and xenology.
Be able to compute simple phylogenetic trees
Understand what bootstrapping means in phylogeny
The evolutionary development or history of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms (The phylogeny of a group of taxa (singular: taxon) (species, etc.) is its evolutionary history)
Evolutionary tree or physlogenetic tree and it's types like rooted and unrooted labeled or unlabelled. How to construct physlogenetic tree and limitations of physlogenetic tree.
• Biosystematics is simply known as “the study of biodiversity and its origins”. In a broader sense, it is a science through which organisms are discovered, identified, named and classified with their diversity, phylogeny, spatial and geographical distributions.
• Biosystematics is a synthetic branch which uses the characters and data from many disciplines like morphology, anatomy, cytology, genetics, palynology, embryology, ecology, plant geography, phylogeny, physiology, phytochemistry, evaluation and paleobotany. Hence, biosystematics is an integrative and unifying science.
IDENTIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVED SEQUENCE INDELS (SIGNATURES) FOR UNDERSTANDING MICROBIAL CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY. Importance of INDELS in humans, with uses as well as limitations both in humans and microbes. There is use of Molecular systematic approach towards identification and classification.
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms based on the similarities and differences in their genetic and evolutionary characteristics
The pattern of branching in a phylogenetic tree reflects how species or other groups evolved from a series of common ancestors.
The phylogenetic tree is also called the “Tree of Life” or “Dendrogram”
lecture for doctorate students while I was working as researcher assisstance about phylogenetic science, definition,
Understand the most basic concepts of phylogeny
Understand the difference between orthology, paralogy and xenology.
Be able to compute simple phylogenetic trees
Understand what bootstrapping means in phylogeny
The evolutionary development or history of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms (The phylogeny of a group of taxa (singular: taxon) (species, etc.) is its evolutionary history)
Evolutionary tree or physlogenetic tree and it's types like rooted and unrooted labeled or unlabelled. How to construct physlogenetic tree and limitations of physlogenetic tree.
• Biosystematics is simply known as “the study of biodiversity and its origins”. In a broader sense, it is a science through which organisms are discovered, identified, named and classified with their diversity, phylogeny, spatial and geographical distributions.
• Biosystematics is a synthetic branch which uses the characters and data from many disciplines like morphology, anatomy, cytology, genetics, palynology, embryology, ecology, plant geography, phylogeny, physiology, phytochemistry, evaluation and paleobotany. Hence, biosystematics is an integrative and unifying science.
IDENTIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVED SEQUENCE INDELS (SIGNATURES) FOR UNDERSTANDING MICROBIAL CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY. Importance of INDELS in humans, with uses as well as limitations both in humans and microbes. There is use of Molecular systematic approach towards identification and classification.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. WHAT IS A PHYLOGENETIC TREE USED
FOR?
• A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or
tree showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among
various biological species or other entities their phylogeny based
upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic
characteristics. The taxa joined together in the tree are implied to
have descended from a common ancestor. Phylogenetic trees are
central to the field of phylogenetic.
• A phylogenetic tree is used to help represent evolutionary
relationships between organisms that are believed to have some
common ancestry.
• The name “ dendogram ” is the broad term for trees.
3. WHERE DID THE IDEA FOR A TREE COME
FROM?
• Charles Darwin (1859) is credited with the earliest representation of
a phylogenetic tree published in his book The Origin of Species. Over a
century later
, evolutionary biologists still use tree diagrams to
depict evolution.
4. PURPOSES OF PHYLOGENETIC
TREE
• Understanding human origin
• Understanding biogeography
• Understanding the origin of particular traits
• Understanding the process of molecular evaluation
• O rigin of disease
• The aim ofphylogenetic tree construction, is to find the tree which
best describes the relationships between objects in a set. Usually the
objects are species.
5. WHAT DOES THIS TREE LOOK LIKE?
• There are many different ways to represent the information found in a
phylogenetic tree.
• The basic format of a tree is generally in one of the two forms shown,
although there are other ways to represent the data.
6. WHAT DO THE LINES REPRESENT?
• Eachline on the tree represents one particular organism of interest.
• The distanceof the lines is usedto determine how closely two
organismsarerelatedto oneanotheror how longagothemayhave
had acom
m
onancestor
.
• The line that connect all the other lines is the representation of the
com
m
onancestor that isbeinglooked at to com
pare other
organism
sto.
7. ROOTED PHYLOGENETIC TREE
• A rooted phylogenetic tree serves asauseful diagram which
shows the evolutionary history. It hasabasal node which is
called the root, representing the common ancestor of all
the groups of the tree.The root of atree isconsidered as
the oldest point in the tree which represents the last
common ancestor of all groups included in the tree. Hence,
arooted tree shows the direction of evolutionary time.
Since the rooted tree depicts the direction of evolutionary
time, it iseasyto find the older or newer groupsit has.A
rooted tree canbe used to study the entire groups of
organisms.
8. UN ROOTED PHYLOGENETIC
TREE
• An un rooted phylogenetic tree is aphylogenetic diagram
which lacks acommon ancestor or abasal node. This type
of atree does not indicate the origin of evolution of the
groups of interest. It depicts only therelationship
between organisms irrespective of the direction of the
evolutionary time line
9. THE “ROOTED” VS. “UNROOTED”
TREE
• A rooted tree isused to make inferences about the m
ost
common ancestor of the leaves or branchesof the tree.
• An un rooted tree is used to makeanillustration about
the leaves or branches, but not makeassumption
regardingacommon ancestor
.
10. THE BIFURCATING TREE
• A tree that bifurcates hasamaximumof 2descendantsarising
fromeachof the interior nodes.
11. THE MULTI-FURCATING TREE
• A tree that multi-furcates has multiple descendants arising
from each of the interior nodes.
12. WHAT CRITERIA IS IMPORTANT
WHEN BUILDING A TREE?
• There are many different things that you should consider
as you get set to build your tree.
• Some examples are;
• Efficiency
• Power
• Consistency/Reliability
• Robustness
• Are underlying assumptions ever violated
13. WHERE DO I GO TO MAKE A
TREE?
• Many computational biology programs have dendogram
programs.
• An example of a free program that is available via the
EMBL-EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) called
ClutsalW or ClustalX.
14. APPLICATIONS OF
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
• The inference of phylogenies with computational methods
has many important applications in medical and biological
research, such as drug discovery and conservation
biology.
• Phylogenetic trees have already witnessed applications in
numerous practical domains,such as in conservation
biology (illegal whale hunting), epidemiology (predictive
evolution), forensics (dental practice HIV transmission),
gene function prediction and drug development.
15. APPLICATIONS OF
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
• O ther applications of phylogenies include multiple
sequence alignment, protein structure prediction, gene
and protein function prediction and drug design.
• The computation of the tree-of life containing
representatives of all living beings on earth is considered
to be one of the grand challenges in Bioinformatics.
16. LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF
TREES
• It isimportant to remember that trees do have
lim
itations. For exam
ple, trees are meant to provide
insight into aresearch questionandnot intendedto
represent anentire species history.
• Several factors, like genetransfers, mayaffect the output
placed into atree.
• All knowledge of limitations related to DNA degradation
over time mustbe considered, especially in the case of
evolutionary trees aimedat ancient or extinct organisms.
