The document discusses Planck's quantum theory of blackbody radiation. It begins by explaining the failures of classical physics to accurately describe blackbody radiation experiments. Planck introduced the idea that electromagnetic radiation exists in discrete quantized energy levels (quanta). He proposed that the energy of radiation is proportional to its frequency, and depends on Planck's constant. This quantum theory successfully explained blackbody radiation experiments across all wavelengths, resolving issues with prior classical models. Einstein later supported Planck's theory by suggesting electromagnetic radiation itself is quantized into particle-like photons.
This presentation covers basics of thermoelectrics with major effects. It also includes applications part of thermoelectrics and some selection criterias for designing TE devices for maximum efficiency.
Nuclear Isomerism
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons). "
"Metastable" refers to the property of these nuclei whose excited states have half-lives longer than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). As a result, the term "metastable" is usually restricted to isomers with half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer.
Augar Effect
The transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Ee =E - EBThe transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Thankyou....
This presentation covers basics of thermoelectrics with major effects. It also includes applications part of thermoelectrics and some selection criterias for designing TE devices for maximum efficiency.
Nuclear Isomerism
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons). "
"Metastable" refers to the property of these nuclei whose excited states have half-lives longer than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). As a result, the term "metastable" is usually restricted to isomers with half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer.
Augar Effect
The transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Ee =E - EBThe transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Thankyou....
Maxwell's equation and it's correction in Ampere's circuital lawKamran Ansari
In this presentation, you will get the detailed information about the problem with Ampere's circuital law and how Maxwell corrected Ampere's circuital law in the case of changing electric field or electric flux and also about Maxwell's equation of electrodynamics.
PART V - Continuation of PART III - QM and PART IV - QFT.
I intended to finish with the Hydrogen Atom description and the atomic orbital framework but I deemed the content void of a few important features: the Harmonic Oscillator and an introduction to Electromagnetic Interactions which leads directly to a formulation of the Quantization of the Radiation Field. I could not finish without wrapping it up with a development of Transition Probabilities and Einstein Coefficients which opens up the proof of the Planck distribution law, the photoelectric effect and Higher order electromagnetic interactions. I believe this is the key contribution: making it more understandable up to, but not including, quantum electrodynamics!
Maxwell's equation and it's correction in Ampere's circuital lawKamran Ansari
In this presentation, you will get the detailed information about the problem with Ampere's circuital law and how Maxwell corrected Ampere's circuital law in the case of changing electric field or electric flux and also about Maxwell's equation of electrodynamics.
PART V - Continuation of PART III - QM and PART IV - QFT.
I intended to finish with the Hydrogen Atom description and the atomic orbital framework but I deemed the content void of a few important features: the Harmonic Oscillator and an introduction to Electromagnetic Interactions which leads directly to a formulation of the Quantization of the Radiation Field. I could not finish without wrapping it up with a development of Transition Probabilities and Einstein Coefficients which opens up the proof of the Planck distribution law, the photoelectric effect and Higher order electromagnetic interactions. I believe this is the key contribution: making it more understandable up to, but not including, quantum electrodynamics!
The chapter contains fundamentals of Modern physics, the Quantumtheory explanation of Black body radiation photoelectric effect and Compton effect, and the beginning of the de-Broglie hypothesis, wave-like properties of matter, and its proof explained in detail. It is highly useful for first-year B.Tech and BE students.
3.1 Discovery of the X Ray and the Electron
3.2 Determination of Electron Charge
3.3 Line Spectra
3.4 Quantization
3.5 Blackbody Radiation
3.6 Photoelectric Effect
3.7 X-Ray Production
3.8 Compton Effect
3.9 Pair Production and Annihilation
60508_paticle like properties of waves.pptxClaireSadicon
Discussion of Properties of Waves
The particle-like properties of electromagnetic radiation
Classical Postulates
Einstein theory
Black Body Radiation
Stefan's radiation law
Wein's displacement law
Rayleigh-Jeans Formula
Planck’s Theory and Radiation Law
The Compton Effect
Bremsstrahlung and X-Ray Production
Pair production
Electron-Positron Annihilation
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Free Complete Python - A step towards Data Science
Phy 310 chapter 1
1. CHAPTER 1:
Blackbody Radiation
(3 Hours)
Dr. Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman
(DR ATAR)
School of Physics & Material Studies
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia
Campus of Negeri Sembilan
72000 Kuala Pilah
Negeri Sembilan
064832154 / 0123407500 / ahmadtaufek@ns.uitm.edu.my
2. Learning Outcome:
Planck’s quantum theory
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
•
Explain briefly Planck’s quantum theory and
classical theory of energy.
•
Write and use Einstein’s formulae for photon energy,
E hf
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
hc
PHY310 - Modern Physics
2
3. Need for Quantum Physics
Problems remained from classical mechanics that the special theory of
relativity didn’t explain.
Attempts to apply the laws of classical physics to explain the behavior of
matter on the atomic scale were consistently unsuccessful.
Problems included:
– Blackbody radiation
• The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a heated object
– Photoelectric effect
• Emission of electrons by an illuminated metal
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PHY310 - Modern Physics
3
4. Quantum Mechanics Revolution
Between 1900 and 1930, another revolution took place in physics.
A new theory called quantum mechanics was successful in explaining
the behavior of particles of microscopic size.
The first explanation using quantum theory was introduced by Max
Planck.
– Many other physicists
developments
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
were
involved
PHY310 - Modern Physics
in
other
subsequent
4
5. Blackbody Radiation
An object at any temperature is known to emit thermal radiation.
– Characteristics depend on the temperature and surface properties.
– The thermal radiation consists of a continuous distribution of
wavelengths from all portions of the em spectrum.
At room temperature, the wavelengths of the thermal radiation are mainly
in the infrared region.
As the surface temperature increases, the wavelength changes.
– It will glow red and eventually white.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
5
6. Blackbody Radiation, cont.
The basic problem was in understanding the observed distribution in the
radiation emitted by a black body.
– Classical
physics
didn’t
adequately
describe
the
observed
distribution.
A black body is an ideal system that absorbs all radiation incident on it.
The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body is called
blackbody radiation.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
6
7. Blackbody Approximation
A good approximation of a black
body is a small hole leading to the
inside of a hollow object.
The
hole
acts
as
a
perfect
absorber.
The nature of the radiation leaving
the cavity through the hole depends
only on the temperature of the
cavity.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
7
8. Blackbody Experiment Results
The total power of the emitted radiation increases with temperature.
– Stefan’s law:
P = s A e T4
– The emissivity, e, of a black body is 1, exactly
The peak of the wavelength distribution shifts to shorter wavelengths as
the temperature increases.
– Wien’s displacement law
maxT = 2.898 x 10-3 m . K
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
8
9. Intensity of Blackbody
Radiation, Summary
The
intensity
increases
with
increasing temperature.
The amount of radiation emitted
increases
with
increasing
temperature.
– The area under the curve
The peak wavelength decreases
with increasing temperature.
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9
10. Rayleigh-Jeans Law
An early classical attempt to explain blackbody radiation was the
Rayleigh-Jeans law.
I λ,T
2π c kBT
λ4
At long wavelengths, the law matched experimental results fairly well.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
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10
11. Rayleigh-Jeans Law, cont.
At short wavelengths, there
was a major disagreement
between the Rayleigh-Jeans
law and experiment.
This
mismatch
known as the
catastrophe.
became
ultraviolet
– You would have infinite
energy as the wavelength
approaches zero.
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PHY310 - Modern Physics
11
12. Max Planck
1858 – 1847
German physicist
Introduced the concept of “quantum
of action”
In 1918 he was awarded the Nobel
Prize for the discovery of the
quantized nature of energy.
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12
13. Planck’s Theory of Blackbody
Radiation
In 1900 Planck developed a theory of blackbody radiation that leads to
an equation for the intensity of the radiation.
This equation is in complete agreement with experimental observations.
He assumed the cavity radiation came from atomic oscillations in the
cavity walls.
Planck made two assumptions about the nature of the oscillators in the
cavity walls.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
13
14. Planck’s Assumption, 1
The energy of an oscillator can have only certain discrete
values En.
– En = n h ƒ
• n is a positive integer called the quantum number
• ƒ is the frequency of oscillation
• h is Planck’s constant
– This says the energy is quantized.
– Each discrete energy value corresponds to a different
quantum state.
• Each quantum state is represented by the quantum
number, n.
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14
15. Planck’s Assumption, 2
The oscillators emit or absorb energy when making a transition from one
quantum state to another.
– The entire energy difference between the initial and final states in the
transition is emitted or absorbed as a single quantum of radiation.
– An oscillator emits or absorbs energy only when it changes quantum
states.
– The energy carried by the quantum of radiation is E = h ƒ.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
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15
16. Energy-Level Diagram
An energy-level diagram
shows the quantized energy
levels
and
allowed
transitions.
Energy is on the vertical axis.
Horizontal lines represent the
allowed energy levels.
The double-headed arrows
indicate allowed transitions.
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16
17. More About Planck’s Model
The average energy of a wave is the average energy difference between
levels of the oscillator, weighted according to the probability of the wave
being emitted.
This weighting is described by the Boltzmann distribution law and gives
the probability of a state being occupied as being proportional to e E k T
B
where E is the energy of the state.
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17
19. Planck’s Wavelength Distribution
Function
Planck generated
distribution.
a
theoretical
expression
for
the
wavelength
2πhc 2
I λ,T 5 hc λk T
B
λ e
1
– h = 6.626 x 10-34 J.s
– h is a fundamental constant of nature.
At long wavelengths, Planck’s equation reduces to the Rayleigh-Jeans
expression.
At short wavelengths, it predicts an exponential decrease in intensity with
decreasing wavelength.
– This is in agreement with experimental results.
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19
20. Einstein and Planck’s Results
Einstein re-derived Planck’s results by assuming the oscillations of the
electromagnetic field were themselves quantized.
In other words, Einstein proposed that quantization is a fundamental
property of light and other electromagnetic radiation.
This led to the concept of photons.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
20
21. Planck’s quantum theory
Classical theory of black body radiation
• Black body is defined as an ideal system that absorbs all the
radiation incident on it. The electromagnetic (EM) radiation
emitted by the black body is called black body radiation.
• From the black body experiment, the distribution of energy in
black body, E depends only on the temperature, T.
E k BT
(1.1)
where k B : Boltzmann'
s constant
T : temperature in kelvin
• If the temperature increases thus the energy of the black body
increases and vice versa.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
21
22. • The spectrum of EM radiation emitted by the black body
(experimental result) is shown in Figure.
Experimental
result
Rayleigh -Jeans
theory
Wien’s theory
Classical
physics
• From the curve, Wien’s theory was accurate at short
wavelengths but deviated at longer wavelengths whereas the
reverse was true for the Rayleigh-Jeans theory.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
22
23. • The Rayleigh-Jeans and Wien’s theories failed to fit
the experimental curve because this two theories
based on classical ideas which are
– Energy of the EM radiation is not depend on its
frequency or wavelength.
– Energy of the EM radiation is continuously.
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PHY310 - Modern Physics
23
24. • In 1900, Max Planck proposed his theory that is fit
with the experimental curve in Figure at all
wavelengths known as Planck’s quantum theory.
• The assumptions made by Planck in his theory are :
– The EM radiation emitted by the black body is in
discrete (separate) packets of energy. Each
packet is called a quantum of energy. This
means the energy of EM radiation is quantised.
– The energy size of the radiation depends on its
frequency.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
24
25. • According to this assumptions, the quantum of the
energy E for radiation of frequency f is given by
E hf
where
(1.2)
h : Planck' s constant 6.63 10 34 J s
• Since the speed of EM radiation in a vacuum is
c f
then eq. (1.2) can be written as
E
hc
(1.3)
• From eq. (1.3), the quantum of the energy E for
radiation
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS is inversely proportional to its wavelength.
PHY310 - Modern Physics
25
26. • It is convenient to express many quantum energies in
electron-volts.
• The electron-volt (eV) is a unit of energy that can be
defined as the kinetic energy gained by an electron
in being accelerated by a potential difference
(voltage) of 1 volt.
19
J
Unit conversion: 1 eV 1.60 10
• In 1905, Albert Einstein extended Planck’s idea by
proposing that electromagnetic radiation is also
quantised. It consists of particle like packets (bundles)
of energy called photons of electromagnetic radiation.
Note:
For EM radiation of n packets, the energy En is given
by
(1.4)
En nhf
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
where
n : real numberPhysics
1,2,3,...
PHY310 - Modern
26
27. Photon
• Photon is defined as a particle with zero mass
consisting of a quantum of electromagnetic
radiation where its energy is concentrated.
• A photon may also be regarded as a unit of energy
equal to hf.
• Photons travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. They
are required to explain the photoelectric effect and
other phenomena that require light to have particle
property.
• Table shows the differences between the photon and
electromagnetic wave.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
27
28. EM Wave
•
Photon
Energy of the EM wave
depends on the intensity of
the wave. Intensity of the
wave I is proportional to the
squared of its amplitude A2
where
2
•
Its energy is continuously
and spread out through the
medium as shown in Figure
9.2a.
•
Energy of a photon is
proportional
to
the
frequency of the EM wave
where
E f
IA
•
Its energy is discrete as
shown in Figure 9.2b.
Photon
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
28
29. Example 1 :
A photon of the green light has a wavelength of 740 nm.
Calculate
a.
the photon’s frequency,
b.
the photon’s energy in joule and electron-volt.
(Given
c
the
=3.00108
speed
m
of
light
s1 and
in
the
Planck’s
vacuum,
constant,
h =6.631034 J s)
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
29
30. Solution :
740 10 9 m
a. The frequency of the photon is given by
c f
3.00 108 740 10 9 f
f 4.05 1014 Hz
b. By applying the Planck’s quantum theory, thus the photon’s
energy in joule is
E hf
E 6.63 10 34 4.05 1014
E 2.69 10 19 J
and its energy in electron-volt is
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
2.69 10 19
E
E 1.66 eV
19
1.60 10 - Modern Physics
PHY310
30
31. Example 2 :
For a gamma radiation of wavelength 4.621012 m
propagates in the air, calculate the energy of a photon
for gamma radiation in electron-volt.
(Given the speed of light in the vacuum, c =3.00108 m s1 and
Planck’s constant, h =6.631034 J s)
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
31
32. Solution :
4.62 10
12
m
By applying the Planck’s quantum theory, thus the energy
of a photon in electron-volt is
E
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
hc
6.63 10 3.00 10
E
34
8
4.62 10 12
E 4.31 10 14 J
4.31 10 14
1.60 10 19
E 2.69 10 5 eV
PHY310 - Modern Physics
32