Photosynthesis Pres
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The document summarizes the process of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane. The pigments absorb light energy which is used to transfer electrons along the membrane. This powers the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, providing chemical energy. The light reactions are followed by the dark reactions, where carbon dioxide is fixed and organic molecules like glucose are produced in the Calvin cycle within the chloroplast stroma.
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Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves and involves two main phases: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. In the dark reactions, also called the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose in three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for essentially all life on Earth.
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The document summarizes photosynthesis, including both the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. It explains that the light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH through the absorption of light by photosystems. The light-independent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma and use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose through the Calvin cycle. The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to efficiently carry out these two stages of photosynthesis through the stacking of thylakoids and positioning of the stroma.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from sunlight to produce food from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in two main stages:
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1) Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates like glucose, providing energy for plants and all life.
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Photosynthesis is a major process which all should know. For this only this ppt has been made to understand the basics as well as more about it . It will help all students in their project submission. Hope find well.
-LALIT KUMAR
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from sunlight to produce food from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in two main stages:
1. Light-dependent reactions trap light energy from the sun using chlorophyll and use it to split water molecules and produce ATP and NADPH. This takes place in the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts.
2. Light-independent reactions use the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic carbohydrates like glucose. This occurs in the chloroplast stroma and is known as the Calvin cycle. The overall equation is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
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There are two categories of plants: vascular and nonvascular. Vascular plants have tubes that carry water and nutrients throughout the plant, allowing them to grow larger. Most common plants are vascular.
Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis. During photosynthesis in the leaves, chlorophyll uses light energy from the sun to turn carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar (chemical energy).
Vascular plants have two tube systems - xylem carries water and phloem carries food. The process of photosynthesis is essential for both plants and animals, as plants produce oxygen and food, while animals produce carbon dioxide that plants need.
Bryophyte
Bryophyte are intermediate between thallophyta and pteridophyta. They are known as plant amphibians and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes reproduce via spores and have a life cycle with both a gametophyte and sporophyte phase in alternation of generations. They can be found growing in a wide range of habitats.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES
Bryophytes can serve as bioindicators of soil, water, and air pollution due to their simple structure and sensitivity. They absorb heavy metals and retain pollutants, allowing them to indicate the level of pollution in the environment. Specific bryophyte species tolerate or are sensitive to different types and levels of pollution, making them useful for monitoring changes. Bryophytes growing near water absorb and show effects of water pollution, while terrestrial bryophytes are impacted by air pollution levels and acidification. Their habitat and growth is altered in response to pollution.
Economical importance of bryophytes
Bryophytes play important ecological, economic, and medicinal roles. Ecologically, they help form peat, provide seed beds and shelter for animals, recycle nutrients, indicate soil pH and acid rain levels, and conserve soil. Economically, bryophytes are used as fuel, horticultural additives, construction materials, household items, and in fiber, moss, and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinally, bryophytes are used to treat skin diseases, respiratory illnesses, wounds, and as herbal medicines.
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are the oldest land plants and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They lack true vascular tissues and have non-lignified structures like rhizoids instead of roots. Bryophytes reproduce both sexually through the formation of gametes and asexually by forming spores. They exhibit alternation of generations where the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant. Bryophytes are ecologically important in forming peat, providing food and shelter, and indicating soil pH and acid rain levels. They also have economic uses as fuel, horticultural additives, preservatives, construction materials, and traditional medicines.
Bryophyte
The document describes the three divisions of bryophytes: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Bryophytes lack vascular tissues and lignified tissues. They have rhizoids and their gametophyte generation is dominant. Liverworts include thalloid and leafy forms. Mosses include true mosses like Polytrichum that have photosynthetic leaves and transport tissues. Hornworts have sunken antheridia and archegonia on their dorsal gametophyte surface and their sporophyte provides energy.
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Bryophytes
Bryophytes are the oldest land plants that have been around for over 400 million years. They are non-vascular plants that do not have true roots but have rhizoids. There are around 2,000 species of bryophytes divided into three groups: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses are typically small, soft plants that grow in moist areas. Liverworts are also small flowerless plants that can cover patches of ground and produce spores in capsules. Hornworts have spores produced in horn-like capsules and there are only around 100 species.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, which contain thylakoid membranes housing the light-dependent reactions. During the light reactions, pigments in the thylakoid membrane absorb light and transfer energy to excite electrons. This builds up proton gradients and reduces NADP+ to NADPH. The dark reactions then use NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into organic compounds like glucose, in a process called the Calvin cycle. The fixed carbon can then be used to build biomass or be stored as starch.
Photosynthesis.a2ppt
The document describes the structure and function of chloroplasts and the two light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis:
1) The light reactions take place in the grana of chloroplasts and use solar energy captured by photosystems I and II to generate ATP and NADPH.
2) Photosystem II absorbs light and uses it to excite electrons that are passed through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing ATP. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
3) Photosystem I then absorbs light and excites electrons that reduce NADP+ to NADPH through another electron transport chain.
LIGHT AND DARK REACTION.pptx
photosynthesis is defined as the process of making food in the presence of light water and Carbondioxide
The process of photosynthesis can be completed in two steps
a. light reaction/Hill's reaction
b. dark reaction/ Calvin Cycle
In light reaction , the light is used to make the assimilatory powers i.e., Formation of ATP and NADPH
In dark reaction, the assimilatory powers are used to fix the Co2 & making of glucose which is the food for the plants
LIGHT AND DARK REACTION.pptx
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants make their own food by utilizing the Co2 from Air, light from sun & water from soil
Photosynthesis can b done in 2 steps
Light reaction: it takes place in thylakoid of chloroplast & in the presence of light & generate ATPs & NADPH molecules
Dark reaction: it takes place in the absence of light & in stroma region of chloroplast, it is also called as Calvin Cycle here Co2 is fixed
Chapter 3-photosynthesis aa
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH through a process called photophosphorylation. The light-independent reactions, also called the Calvin cycle, use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. The Calvin cycle is an enzyme-driven process where carbon is first fixed into the three-carbon molecule phosphoglycerate then reduced, regenerated, and used to produce glucose and other carbohydr
Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Light reactions or photochemical phase is directly depends on light
Light reaction phase include
Light absorption
Splitting of water molecule
Release of oxygen molecule
Formation of high energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH)
Several protein complexes are involved in the process
The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II).
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
When PS Il absorbs red light of 680 nm wavelength, electrons are excited and transferred to an electron acceptor.
The electron acceptor passes them to a chain of electrons transport system.
Electron transport system consist of Pheophytin Plastoquinone Cytochrome complex Plastocyanin
This movement of electrons is downhill, in terms of redox potential scale
The electrons are transferred to the pigments of PS I.
Simultaneously, electrons in PS I are also excited when they receive red light of 700 nm and are transferred to another accepter molecule having a greater redox potential.
These electrons are moved downhill to a molecule of NADP+.
Iron sulphur proteins and ferredoxin helps electron reach to NADP+ Reductase. As a result, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH + H+
Transfer of electrons from PS II to PS I and finally downhill to NADP+ is called the Z scheme, due to its zigzag shape.
This shape is formed when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a redox potential scale.
SPLITTING OF WATER
The water splitting complex in PS II is located on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane.
Water is split into H+, O and electrons.
So PS Il can supply electrons continuously by replacing electrons from water splitting.
Thus PS II provides electrons needed to replace those removed from PS I.
O2, is liberated as by-product of photosynthesis.
PHOTO - PHOSPHORYLATION
The synthesis of ATP by cells (in mitochondria & chloroplasts) is called phosphorylation.
Photo-phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chloroplasts in presence of light.
It occurs in 2 ways:
Non- cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Reference:-
https://rajusbiology.com/photosynthesis-in-higher-plants-class-11-notes/
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant leaves using the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight which is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose through a pair of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. This process provides a crucial source of food for plants and oxygen for animals and is essential for life on Earth.
Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorilation
Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are two types of photophosphorylation involved in photosynthesis. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involves both photosystem I and II and uses electrons from the splitting of water, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Cyclic photophosphorylation only involves photosystem I and cycles electrons back without splitting water or producing oxygen. Both mechanisms use the electron transport chain to produce ATP, but only non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH in addition to ATP.
Photosynthesis
This document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Light energy is captured and used to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars, with oxygen as a byproduct. The process takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the dark reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars. Pigments like chlorophyll and accessory pigments harvest light energy which is used to power electron transport and produce chemical energy carriers.
8.2 photosynthesis
Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. It consists of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use chlorophyll to absorb light and generate ATP and NADPH through electron transport. The light-independent reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon and produce glucose. Limiting factors like light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration can affect the rate of photosynthesis.
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.
2 Outline the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle.
Solution
1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of
photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy
in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions
(Calvin\'s cycle). NADPH and ATP are produced from the combined work of protein complexes
and pigment molecules.
PRODUCTION OF ATP & NADPH
This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane
of the chloroplast consists of two photosystems. They are the, Photosystem I (P680) and
Photosystem II (P700).
PHOTOSYSTEMS
These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and
electrons during photosynthesis.
Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400
chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid
membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
STEPS INVOLVED
Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water
into 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen molecule.
Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the
molecule to a higher level. As the state of the eletron is highly unstable, the electron is
transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain
(ETC).
Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy
and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy
is transmitted to the PS I reaction centre known as P700 which gets oxidized and sends a high
energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product.
ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation.
Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are
Cyclic photophosphorylation
This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient
across the membrane that is used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis (movement of
ions from higher to lower concentration) which helps in the conversion of ADP to ATP. Hence
the electrons travel in a cylic manner back to the PS I, this reaction is called as cyclic
photophosphoryltaion.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I and II are used in a series in non-cyclic photophosphorylation. P680 is the
reaction centre invovled in this process and the electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner.
Photolysis .
Photosynthesis/Cell Resp.
The document discusses the flow of energy through organelles during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It explains that photosynthesis captures solar energy to produce glucose in chloroplasts, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy in mitochondria. It describes the electron transport chain which establishes a proton gradient to produce ATP through chemiosmosis in both organelles.
gen-biology-photosythesis.pptx
The document summarizes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It traces the movement of electrons through linear and cyclic electron flow during the light reactions. Linear electron flow involves both photosystem I and II and produces both ATP and NADPH using light energy. Cyclic electron flow only uses photosystem I and produces ATP. Both processes generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis, similar to how mitochondria produce ATP but using different energy sources. The light reactions ultimately produce ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for sugar production.
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Photophosphorylation
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
OXIDATIVE PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYCLIC &NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
ASSIMILATORY POWERS - ATP & NADPH
Chapter 10
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and certain microorganisms, which use light energy to synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. The two main stages are the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle, which uses these products to fix carbon into sugars like glucose.
Fotosíntesis` final2009
1) Light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds, such as glucose.
2) The process of photosynthesis takes place in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into sugars.
3) In the light-dependent reactions, light is absorbed by antenna pigments like chlorophyll which transfer electrons to the photosystems. This powers the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
Light reaction of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light reaction. Light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where photosystems use light to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP and NADPH. There are two photosystems - PSII uses water as the electron donor and evolves oxygen, while PSI and cytochrome b6f complex generate a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Both oxygenic and anoxygenic bacteria perform similar light reactions, though they use different electron donors and may contain only one photosystem. Light reaction is essential for providing the energy required for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
photosynthesis ppt.pdf
1. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through two stages - the light-dependent reactions which produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll, and the light-independent Calvin cycle which uses these products to fix carbon and produce glucose.
2. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and involve the absorption of light by photosystems and electron transport chains to generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
3. The light-independent Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to reduce carbon dioxide and produce glucose through a series of reduction
photosynthesispowerpoint-100505183032-phpapp02.pdf
1. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. 2. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH through electron transport. 3. The light-independent Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into organic three-carbon sugars like G3P.
Photosynthesis -light reaction
PHOTOSYNTHESIS- introduction and Light reaction,
photosystem I & II
Non cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation.
Similar to Photosynthesis Pres (20)
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Photophosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Photophosphorylation
photosynthesispowerpoint-100505183032-phpapp02.pdf
photosynthesispowerpoint-100505183032-phpapp02.pdf
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Reprod hormones
Human reproductive processes are regulated by hormone cycles. Eggs mature and are released during the menstrual cycle, which has three phases - flow, follicular, and luteal. Fertilization occurs when a sperm joins an egg to form a zygote. Sperm production in males is also regulated by hormones. Sexually transmitted diseases can impact fertility and overall health if not treated.
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201 reproduction
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2) It describes the male and female reproductive systems and their functions, including spermatogenesis and the ovarian cycle.
3) Key parts of the female reproductive cycle are explained, including the follicular phase dominated by estrogen, ovulation triggered by an LH surge, and the luteal phase supported by progesterone from the corpus luteum. Changes in the endometrium driven by estrogen and progesterone in preparation for potential implantation are also summarized.
Thermo adapt
Van't Hoff's Rule states that biochemical reaction rates double for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature, up to a point. Animals regulate their body temperature through physiological and behavioral adaptations. Endotherms like birds and mammals generate their own body heat through metabolism, while ectotherms rely on environmental heat sources. Smaller animals have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger animals due to greater surface area to volume ratios and heat loss. Increased stamina through endothermy provided evolutionary advantages over ectothermy.
Factors affecting photosynthesis
The rate of photosynthesis is affected by light intensity, temperature, water availability, and carbon dioxide concentration. The rate increases with higher light intensity up to the saturation point, increases with temperature up to the optimal temperature for enzymes, and increases with more carbon dioxide available for the reactions. Lack of sufficient water causes stomata to close, limiting carbon dioxide intake and slowing photosynthesis.
Eye
The eye contains the cornea, lens, retina, rods, and cones. Light enters through the cornea and lens, and the inverted image is projected onto the retina. The retina contains photoreceptors called rods and cones that convert light into electrical signals sent through the optic nerve to the brain. Cones provide color vision and see in bright light, while rods see in low light with less resolution and color. Different wavelengths of light stimulate the pigments in the cones, allowing us to see red, blue, and green colors.
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The document summarizes the main parts and functions of the human brain. It describes the brain stem as the oldest part that controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It then discusses the cerebellum which coordinates movement. The two main parts of the forebrain are the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the cerebrum, which is the largest part and controls higher functions through its four lobes and cortex. Motor and sensory functions are localized in different areas of the cortex.
Action potential
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Human reproductive processes are regulated by hormone cycles. Eggs mature and are released from the ovaries in a cycle controlled by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone. Sperm production is also regulated by hormones in the testes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg to form a zygote. Sexually transmitted diseases can impact fertility and overall health by infecting reproductive organs.
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Typesof photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis Pres
- 3. Membrane holding together Thylakoids & Grana is called the LAMELLAE
- 4. THYLAKOID MEMBRANE THYLAKOID SPACE or LUMEN
- 5. PIGMENTS ARE IMBEDDED IN THE MEMBRANE IN CLUSTERS CALLED PHOTOSYSTEMS
- 6. THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN LIGHT IS DETERMINED BY ITS WAVELENGTH THIS ALSO DETERMINES THE COLOUR OF LIGHT
- 9. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW LIGHT REACTIONS DARK REACTIONS
- 10. LIGHT REACTIONS
- 14. ENERGY HAS BEEN TRANSFERRED FROM SOLAR OR RADIANT ENERGY (light) INTO CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY ( PQ ) JUST AS IN THE ETC IN RESPIRATION THE ELECTRONS ARE THEN MOVED FROM ONE PROTEIN TO ANOTHER ALONG THE MEMBRANE THIS CAUSES H+ TO BE PUMPED INTO THE LUMEN
- 15. EVENTUALLY THE ELECTRONS REACH NADPH REDUCTASE – WHICH ATTACHES THE ELECTRONS AND SOME H+ TO NADP+ CREATING NADPH H+ THAT BUILDS UP IN THE LUMEN CREATE AN ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT . AS THIS EQUALIZES THE H+ PASS THROUGH ATP Synthase AND CATALYZE ADP + Pi ATP
- 16. “ Z DIAGRAM” A B
- 17. “ Z DIAGRAM”
- 21. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW LIGHT REACTIONS DARK REACTIONS
- 22. DARK REACTIONS
- 24. C-FIXATION RUBSICO REDUCTION REGENERATION C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS