Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, which contain thylakoid membranes housing the light-dependent reactions. During the light reactions, pigments in the thylakoid membrane absorb light and transfer energy to excite electrons. This builds up proton gradients and reduces NADP+ to NADPH. The dark reactions then use NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into organic compounds like glucose, in a process called the Calvin cycle. The fixed carbon can then be used to build biomass or be stored as starch.
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Science 24-7 is another affiliate of sciencetutors and webscience. Please see more resources at www.sciencetutors.zoomshare.com
Email for all science24-7 correspondence is: sciencetutorshelpdesk@gmail.com
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This presentation covers complete glycolysis pathway with step wise animated reactions and it includes clinical aspects also. This presentation is good for MBBS students.
Glycolysis (10 Steps) By: Asar Khan
Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy. It involves 10 steps that ultimately produce 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Glucose is phosphorylated and undergoes isomerization and phosphorylation reactions. It is then split into two 3-carbon molecules which are oxidized to form NADH. Phosphorylation reactions use the energy of oxidation to form ATP. In anaerobic conditions, glycolysis yields 2 net ATP per glucose. In aerobic conditions, the NADH produced can generate up to 6 additional ATP through the electron transport chain.
GLYCOLYSIS & ITS REGULATION
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and has three phases: energy investment, splitting of molecules, and energy generation. Glycolysis is regulated by three key enzymes - hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. It yields two ATP per glucose under anaerobic conditions when pyruvate is reduced to lactate, and eight ATP when pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions.
Nitrogen Cycle Powerpoint
The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle, which is a process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms and circulated among air, land, water, and living organisms. Nitrogen is essential for all life and comprises 70-71% of the atmosphere. It enters organisms through eating, drinking, and breathing and is converted to forms such as ammonium, nitrates, and urea that can be used by plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle is linked to the water cycle as nitrogen is absorbed by plants from the soil and returns to the atmosphere.
Nitrogen cycle
1. The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between its various forms and moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.
2. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia or nitrates through nitrogen fixation, which allows plants and animals to use it.
3. Nitrification and ammonification convert ammonia into other nitrogen forms that plants can use, and denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the cycle.
Nitrogen fixation
Carbon is the major constituent element in plants after water. It is found in important biomolecules like chlorophyll, cytochromes, alkaloids, and many vitamins. Nitrogen plays an important role in plant metabolism, growth, reproduction and heredity. Plants cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen directly and require nitrogen-fixing bacteria to convert it into bioavailable forms like nitrates, nitrites and ammonia. Nitrogen fixation can occur through both biological and non-biological means, with biological nitrogen fixation involving symbiotic associations between plants and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms like Rhizobium bacteria.
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Similar to Photosynthesis
LIGHT AND DARK REACTION.pptx
photosynthesis is defined as the process of making food in the presence of light water and Carbondioxide
The process of photosynthesis can be completed in two steps
a. light reaction/Hill's reaction
b. dark reaction/ Calvin Cycle
In light reaction , the light is used to make the assimilatory powers i.e., Formation of ATP and NADPH
In dark reaction, the assimilatory powers are used to fix the Co2 & making of glucose which is the food for the plants
LIGHT AND DARK REACTION.pptx
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants make their own food by utilizing the Co2 from Air, light from sun & water from soil
Photosynthesis can b done in 2 steps
Light reaction: it takes place in thylakoid of chloroplast & in the presence of light & generate ATPs & NADPH molecules
Dark reaction: it takes place in the absence of light & in stroma region of chloroplast, it is also called as Calvin Cycle here Co2 is fixed
Ps12 Manjula Agg
The document summarizes the process of photosynthesis. It discusses that photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells using sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll to produce glucose and oxygen. The two main stages are the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into glucose. It also describes the structures involved like the chloroplast, thylakoid membranes and photosystems as well as factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
This document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Light energy is captured and used to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars, with oxygen as a byproduct. The process takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the dark reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars. Pigments like chlorophyll and accessory pigments harvest light energy which is used to power electron transport and produce chemical energy carriers.
Phs 08 09
The document discusses photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. It describes how photosynthesis involves two main processes - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed and sugars are produced. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and utilize chlorophyll to harvest light energy which is converted to chemical energy carriers. The dark reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma and use the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions to convert CO2 into glucose through the Calvin cycle. The document also compares C3, C4, and CAM pathways which differ in how they fix
Photosynthesis : Dr. Tushar Wankhede
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It begins with an introduction to photosynthesis, noting that it occurs in chloroplasts and uses light to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. It then discusses the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, including the roles of ATP and NADPH. The document also describes the Calvin cycle and how it fixes carbon into glucose. It concludes with an introduction to cellular respiration and the different types and mechanisms, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Photosynthesis preeti 12th h.sc
1. Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
2. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and involve the absorption of light by chlorophyll and the splitting of water to produce oxygen, protons, and electrons.
3. The electrons are used to produce ATP and NADPH via a process called photophosphorylation. The light-independent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma and use the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars like glucose.
Photosynthesis Chapter/Notes
Disha Publication provides you Photosynthesis Chapter which is taken from “NEET Biology 40 Days Score Amplifier”
Chapter 10
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and certain microorganisms, which use light energy to synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. The two main stages are the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle, which uses these products to fix carbon into sugars like glucose.
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.
2 Outline the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle.
Solution
1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of
photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy
in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions
(Calvin\'s cycle). NADPH and ATP are produced from the combined work of protein complexes
and pigment molecules.
PRODUCTION OF ATP & NADPH
This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane
of the chloroplast consists of two photosystems. They are the, Photosystem I (P680) and
Photosystem II (P700).
PHOTOSYSTEMS
These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and
electrons during photosynthesis.
Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400
chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid
membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
STEPS INVOLVED
Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water
into 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen molecule.
Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the
molecule to a higher level. As the state of the eletron is highly unstable, the electron is
transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain
(ETC).
Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy
and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy
is transmitted to the PS I reaction centre known as P700 which gets oxidized and sends a high
energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product.
ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation.
Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are
Cyclic photophosphorylation
This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient
across the membrane that is used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis (movement of
ions from higher to lower concentration) which helps in the conversion of ADP to ATP. Hence
the electrons travel in a cylic manner back to the PS I, this reaction is called as cyclic
photophosphoryltaion.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I and II are used in a series in non-cyclic photophosphorylation. P680 is the
reaction centre invovled in this process and the electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner.
Photolysis .
Photosynthesis slides
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves two stages - the light dependent reaction where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light independent Calvin cycle where glucose is produced. Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb sunlight which is used to drive these reactions that ultimately convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds.
Photosynthesisslides 130528050523-phpapp01
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves two stages - the light reaction which converts solar energy to chemical energy through electron transport and photophosphorylation, and the Calvin cycle which uses the chemical energy to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides food and oxygen for all living organisms.
Photosynthesisslides 130528050523-phpapp01
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves two stages - the light dependent reaction where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light independent Calvin cycle where glucose is produced. Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb sunlight which is used to drive these reactions that ultimately convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through a series of complex reactions. Chlorophyll and other pigments in chloroplasts absorb light which is used to split water and produce oxygen. This provides electrons and hydrogen used to reduce NADP and produce ATP through an electron transport chain. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose or other carbohydrates as food for the plant. Environmental factors like light, temperature, and water availability can impact the rate of photosynthesis. Some plants have evolved C4 or CAM pathways to more efficiently fix carbon dioxide.
Metabolisme 3
Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves and involves two main phases: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. In the dark reactions, also called the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose in three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for essentially all life on Earth.
Chapter 13 photosynthesis in higher plants
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
Photosynthesis power point
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
Wk 9 Photosynthesis.pptx. Basic photosynthesis explained
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in chloroplasts through two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide is fixed using these products to make glucose. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments which absorb light and drive the transfer of electrons to generate a proton gradient and ultimately ATP through chemiosmosis. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of splitting water during the light reactions.
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Photosynthesis C3 and C4 cycle, Dr.Kamlesh shah, PSSHDA,KADI
Bacterial photosynthesis involves light-harvesting pigments that capture light energy and transfer it to reaction centers. The energy is converted to electrons that are fed into an electron transport chain, generating a proton motive force used by ATPases to make ATP. There are five photosynthetic bacterial groups classified based on 16S rRNA, including oxygenic cyanobacteria/prochlorophytes and anoxygenic purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria, and green gliding bacteria. Oxygenic photosynthesis results in O2 release and CO2 removal using two photosystems, while anoxygenic photosynthesis uses bacteriochlorophyll and one photosystem to generate ATP without O2 production.
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1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
Wk 9 Photosynthesis.pptx. Basic photosynthesis explained
Wk 9 Photosynthesis.pptx. Basic photosynthesis explained
Photosynthesis C3 and C4 cycle, Dr.Kamlesh shah, PSSHDA,KADI
Photosynthesis C3 and C4 cycle, Dr.Kamlesh shah, PSSHDA,KADI
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Reprod hormones
Human reproductive processes are regulated by hormone cycles. Eggs mature and are released during the menstrual cycle, which has three phases - flow, follicular, and luteal. Fertilization occurs when a sperm joins an egg to form a zygote. Sperm production in males is also regulated by hormones. Sexually transmitted diseases can impact fertility and overall health if not treated.
Krebs
After glycolysis, pyruvate undergoes anaerobic or aerobic breakdown. Aerobically, pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondrion to form acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is a series of redox reactions that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and fully breaks down glucose, producing CO2, NADH, FADH2, and GTP which can be converted to ATP. Oxygen is not required for glycolysis or the Krebs cycle reactions themselves but is needed to oxidize the NADH and FADH2 produced to generate the most ATP.
Action Potential
A nerve is composed of a bundle of neurons connected by synapses, with glial cells and blood vessels providing support. Action potentials travel along axons when a stimulus depolarizes the neuron's membrane enough to open voltage-gated sodium channels, flooding the intracellular space with sodium ions and causing a rapid increase in membrane potential. This wave of depolarization then propagates along the axon. Myelin sheaths allow the impulse to "jump" between nodes of Ranvier, increasing conduction velocity.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
The document discusses factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants, including light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, and temperature. It states that initially increasing levels of these factors increases the photosynthesis rate, but the rate levels off at their maximum. Temperature peaks and then the rate decreases if it is too high. The role of the enzyme rubisco is also discussed, which incorporates carbon dioxide but can also incorporate oxygen if levels are high.
201 reproduction
1) The document discusses the endocrine system and reproduction, including sexual differentiation, gamete formation, and the roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in controlling reproduction.
2) It describes the male and female reproductive systems and their functions, including spermatogenesis and the ovarian cycle.
3) Key parts of the female reproductive cycle are explained, including the follicular phase dominated by estrogen, ovulation triggered by an LH surge, and the luteal phase supported by progesterone from the corpus luteum. Changes in the endometrium driven by estrogen and progesterone in preparation for potential implantation are also summarized.
Thermo adapt
Van't Hoff's Rule states that biochemical reaction rates double for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature, up to a point. Animals regulate their body temperature through physiological and behavioral adaptations. Endotherms like birds and mammals generate their own body heat through metabolism, while ectotherms rely on environmental heat sources. Smaller animals have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger animals due to greater surface area to volume ratios and heat loss. Increased stamina through endothermy provided evolutionary advantages over ectothermy.
Factors affecting photosynthesis
The rate of photosynthesis is affected by light intensity, temperature, water availability, and carbon dioxide concentration. The rate increases with higher light intensity up to the saturation point, increases with temperature up to the optimal temperature for enzymes, and increases with more carbon dioxide available for the reactions. Lack of sufficient water causes stomata to close, limiting carbon dioxide intake and slowing photosynthesis.
Eye
The eye contains the cornea, lens, retina, rods, and cones. Light enters through the cornea and lens, and the inverted image is projected onto the retina. The retina contains photoreceptors called rods and cones that convert light into electrical signals sent through the optic nerve to the brain. Cones provide color vision and see in bright light, while rods see in low light with less resolution and color. Different wavelengths of light stimulate the pigments in the cones, allowing us to see red, blue, and green colors.
Brain
The document summarizes the main parts and functions of the human brain. It describes the brain stem as the oldest part that controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It then discusses the cerebellum which coordinates movement. The two main parts of the forebrain are the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the cerebrum, which is the largest part and controls higher functions through its four lobes and cortex. Motor and sensory functions are localized in different areas of the cortex.
Action potential
An action potential is a rapid change in the electrical potential of a neuron's membrane. When a stimulus reaches the threshold level, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to rush into the neuron. This reversal of the membrane potential propagates along the axon as it triggers adjacent sodium channels. Once the peak is reached, voltage-gated potassium channels open to return the membrane potential to its resting state. The sodium-potassium pump then restores the ion concentrations, and the neuron enters a refractory period where it cannot fire again. Myelin sheaths allow the action potential to propagate rapidly along the axon.
Reproductive Hormones
Human reproductive processes are regulated by hormone cycles. Eggs mature and are released from the ovaries in a cycle controlled by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone. Sperm production is also regulated by hormones in the testes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg to form a zygote. Sexually transmitted diseases can impact fertility and overall health by infecting reproductive organs.
Control of Metabolism
The thyroid gland regulates basal metabolic rate, long-term stress, and response to cold through thyroid hormones. The thyroid contains follicles that produce thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) from iodine and amino acid precursors in the blood. Hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which causes the thyroid to release T3 and T4. Disorders can result from low iodine intake leading to goiter, or lack of thyroid hormones in infancy causing cretinism. Hypothyroidism is characterized by reduced metabolic rate, fatigue, cold sensitivity, while hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate and
Response to Stress
Stress causes demands on the body and non-specific responses that can cause temporary or permanent physiological changes. The adrenal cortex releases cortisol and aldosterone in response to stress, with cortisol breaking down fats and proteins to raise blood glucose levels while suppressing the immune and inflammatory responses, and aldosterone retaining sodium and water through the kidneys to increase blood volume and pressure. Prolonged high cortisol exposure can lead to Cushing's disease.
Regulation of blood sugar
The pancreas regulates blood sugar levels through the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin is released when blood sugar is high and promotes the uptake of glucose into cells. Glucagon is released when blood sugar is low and breaks down glycogen to release glucose. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels. There are different types of diabetes diagnosed through blood tests and managed through insulin injections, diet, exercise and monitoring of blood sugar levels. Diabetes is a growing global health problem.
Typesof photosynthesis
There are three main types of photosynthesis: C3, C4, and CAM. C3 photosynthesis is most efficient under normal conditions and is used by most plants. C4 photosynthesis is faster under high heat/light and avoids photorespiration. C4 plants include many grasses and desert plants. CAM photosynthesis stores CO2 at night and is most efficient for water use; it is used by plants like cacti and bromeliads.
Controlling cell respiration
Cellular respiration is regulated through feedback mechanisms that control the activity of enzymes. Phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis, is inhibited by ATP and citrate but stimulated by AMP. This allows the rate of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to increase when ATP levels drop and more ATP needs to be produced, and decrease when ATP levels are high. Overall, feedback inhibition and control of enzyme activity allows cells to efficiently regulate their metabolism based on energy demands.
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Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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Photosynthesis
- 3. Membrane holding together Thylakoids & Grana is called the LAMELLAE
- 4. THYLAKOID MEMBRANE THYLAKOID SPACE or LUMEN
- 5. PIGMENTS ARE IMBEDDED IN THE MEMBRANE IN CLUSTERS CALLED PHOTOSYSTEMS
- 6. REMEMBER THAT VISIBLE LIGHT IS ONLY A SMALL PORTION OF THE ENERGY COMING FROM THE SUN THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN LIGHT IS DETERMINED BY ITS WAVELENGTH THIS ALSO DETERMINES THE COLOUR OF LIGHT
- 7. THE JOB OF PIGMENTS IS TO ABSORB SPECIFIC WAVELENGTHS OR PHOTONS OF LIGHT. THIS ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED TO ELECTRONS THESE ‘catching’ PIGMENTS ARE CALLED ANTENNA COMPLEXES
- 9. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW LIGHT REACTIONS DARK REACTIONS
- 10. LIGHT REACTIONS
- 11. THE EXCITED ELECTRONS THEN TRANSFER ENERGY FROM PIGMENT TO PIGMENT IN THE PHOTOSYSTEM UNTIL IT REACHES A REACTION CENTRE (chlorophyll a) AN ELECTRON IS THEN ‘KICKED’ TO A HIGHER E-LEVEL REDOX REACTIONS THEN MOVE THE ELECTRON TO A “PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR” CALLED PLASTOQUINONE or PQ I.O.U. CONCEPT !!!!!
- 14. ENERGY HAS BEEN TRANSFERRED FROM SOLAR OR RADIANT ENERGY (light) INTO CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY ( PQ ) JUST AS IN THE ETC IN RESPIRATION THE ELECTRONS ARE THEN MOVED FROM ONE PROTEIN TO ANOTHER ALONG THE MEMBRANE (PQ CYTOCHROME COMPLEXES PLASTOCYANIN Pc P700 FERREDOXIN Fd) THIS CAUSES H+ TO BE PUMPED INTO THE LUMEN
- 15. EVENTUALLY THE ELECTRONS REACH NADPH REDUCTASE – WHICH ATTACHES THE ELECTRONS AND SOME H+ TO NADP+ CREATING NADPH H+ THAT BUILDS UP IN THE LUMEN CREATE AN ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT . AS THIS EQUALIZES THE H+ PASS THROUGH ATP Synthase AND CATALYZE ADP + Pi ATP
- 17. “ Z DIAGRAM” A B
- 18. “ Z DIAGRAM”
- 23. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW LIGHT REACTIONS DARK REACTIONS
- 24. DARK REACTIONS
- 28. THE ENZYME RUBISCO CATALYZES THE FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 INTO THE TWO 3-PG MOLECULES IT WORKS VERY SLOWLY AND MANY COPIES ARE NEEDED TO MAKE THE PROCESS POSSIBLE RUBISCO MAY ACCOUNT FOR UP TO ½ THE PROTEIN IN A LEAF EXTREMELY ABUNDANT
- 29. C-FIXATION RUBSICO REDUCTION REGENERATION
- 31. C-FIXATION RUBSICO REDUCTION REGENERATION
- 33. C-FIXATION RUBSICO REDUCTION REGENERATION C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 35. TWISTS
- 37. IN PLANTS WHERE H20 LOSS IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM (DESERT PLANTS) CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS LEAVES OPEN AT NIGHT AND STORE C02, DO C-FIXATION AND THEN STORE THE C4 PRODUCTS TO BE USED DURING THE DAY IN THE CALVIN CYCLE (C3)
- 38. THE END