Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves and involves two main phases: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. In the dark reactions, also called the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose in three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for essentially all life on Earth.
Photosynthesis is a major process which all should know. For this only this ppt has been made to understand the basics as well as more about it . It will help all students in their project submission. Hope find well.
-LALIT KUMAR
Photosynthesis is a major process which all should know. For this only this ppt has been made to understand the basics as well as more about it . It will help all students in their project submission. Hope find well.
-LALIT KUMAR
This presentation describes the process of photosynthesis on plants. In order for plants to grow, they need inputs of Carbon dioxide (CO2), water and energy. The chemical process by which plants use these resources to manufacture glucose, the building blocks of plants, is called photosynthesis.
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
Photosynthesis overview
A. Purpose
B. Location
The light vs. the “dark” reaction
Chloroplasts pigments
A. Light absorption
B. Types
Light reactions
A. Photosystems
B. Photophosphorylation
V. The light independent reaction (“dark” reaction)
A. Carbon “fixation”
B. Reduction
C. Regeneration
VI. Alternative plants
In this presentation we explore what personas are, why we build them, and the importance of identifying the right personas to build. We then take you through a real life example of how we used primary market research techniques to build a persona for an enterprise software product.
This presentation describes the process of photosynthesis on plants. In order for plants to grow, they need inputs of Carbon dioxide (CO2), water and energy. The chemical process by which plants use these resources to manufacture glucose, the building blocks of plants, is called photosynthesis.
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
Photosynthesis overview
A. Purpose
B. Location
The light vs. the “dark” reaction
Chloroplasts pigments
A. Light absorption
B. Types
Light reactions
A. Photosystems
B. Photophosphorylation
V. The light independent reaction (“dark” reaction)
A. Carbon “fixation”
B. Reduction
C. Regeneration
VI. Alternative plants
In this presentation we explore what personas are, why we build them, and the importance of identifying the right personas to build. We then take you through a real life example of how we used primary market research techniques to build a persona for an enterprise software product.
PowerPoint for the webinar. Review of the basic workflows in Navigator and give you a brief introduction into both the staff and patron sides of the Navigator interface.
Presentatie gegeven door John Leek tijdens "training mediawijsheid voor interne cultuurcoordinatoren PO". Deze was georganiseerd door Cultuurnetwerk Nederland bij Beeld en Geluid in Hilversum.
Preparing Your Data for an Affirmative Action Plan: Workforce SnapshotThomas Econometrics
Preparing your data for an Affirmative Action Plan is an essential component of your overall compliance strategy. In this presentation, we'll focus on how to prepare your workforce snapshot. Specifically, we'll discuss the kinds of data required, and talk about how and why bad or missing workforce snapshot data can render a data set useless for analysis purposes. Simple techniques for scrubbing data will be presented, and the webinar will conclude with a summary of common data validation tools.
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdfarihantgiftgallery
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.
2 Outline the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle.
Solution
1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of
photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy
in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions
(Calvin\'s cycle). NADPH and ATP are produced from the combined work of protein complexes
and pigment molecules.
PRODUCTION OF ATP & NADPH
This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane
of the chloroplast consists of two photosystems. They are the, Photosystem I (P680) and
Photosystem II (P700).
PHOTOSYSTEMS
These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and
electrons during photosynthesis.
Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400
chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid
membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
STEPS INVOLVED
Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water
into 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen molecule.
Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the
molecule to a higher level. As the state of the eletron is highly unstable, the electron is
transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain
(ETC).
Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy
and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy
is transmitted to the PS I reaction centre known as P700 which gets oxidized and sends a high
energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product.
ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation.
Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are
Cyclic photophosphorylation
This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient
across the membrane that is used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis (movement of
ions from higher to lower concentration) which helps in the conversion of ADP to ATP. Hence
the electrons travel in a cylic manner back to the PS I, this reaction is called as cyclic
photophosphoryltaion.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I and II are used in a series in non-cyclic photophosphorylation. P680 is the
reaction centre invovled in this process and the electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner.
Photolysis .
Study Guide Chapter 10-Answers!10.1 Photosythesis_______________.docxhanneloremccaffery
Study Guide Chapter 10-Answers!
10.1 Photosythesis_______________________________________________________
1A. Write the overall reaction (major reactants and major products) for photosysthesis:
sunlight + water + CO2 ( O2 and glucose
B. Where is each reactant used (light reactions or Calvin cycle?)
Sunlight= light reactions
Water= light reactions (when it is “split” the electrons in the bonds of water are used to replace the electrons lost from the P680 reaction center)
CO2= Calvin cycle
C. Where is each product produced (light reactions or Calvin cycle?)
O2= light reactions (when water is “split”)
Glucose= Calvin cycle
2. Compare and contrast Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.
Auto- make their own food
Hetero- rely on autotrophs for food
3. A. Where would you most likely find mesophyll cells in a tree?
Any photosynthetic part of the tree. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in the tree.
B. How many chloroplasts does a typical mesophyll cell hold? 30-40
C. What pigment gives a leaf its green color? chlorophyll
D. Where exactly is this pigment located? Within chloroplasts
E. How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf? Through stomata in the leaves
4. Chloroplast structure: Name all components of the chloroplast and describe their orientation relative to one another. Start at the outer membrane and end inside a thylakoid.
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid space
5. Identify the two main stages of photosynthesis and where these stages occur respectively. Also describe how the two stages are dependent on one another.
Stage 1= Light reactions- in thylakoid membranes and thylakoid space, the main products of this stage are some the main reactants of the next stage
Stage 2= Calvin cycle- in stroma, some of the products of this stage are some of the main reactants for stage 1.
10.2 Light Rxns. Chemical Energy of Sun ( ATP and NADPH____________________
6. Green light is _____reflected______________ (reflected/absorbed) by a chloroplast, giving it its green color.
7. What wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis?
Violet and red
Briefly describe the experiment (discussed in the chapter and powerpoint for this chapter) that identified these wavelengths of light.
The plants produced high levels of oxygen (one of the major products of photosynthesis) when exposed to violet and red light and produced little to no oxygen when exposed to other wavelengths of light. This makes sense. Think about the photosystem reaction centers in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. P680 and P700, the letter “P” represents “photosystem” and the numbers refer to the wavelengths of light the photosystems absorb. Wavelengths 680 and 700 are both in the red range!
8. Describe what happens when chlorophyll absorbs light?
Electrons in chlorophyll absorb energy and are “jumped” to higher energy level.
9. Photosystems: What are they and where are they located?
Light harvesting comp.
Pokok Bahasan: Keanekaragaman mahluk hidup dan persebarannya.
Sub Pokok Bahasan: Biosfer dan MH, asal mula kehidupan di bumi, keanekaragaman MH, persebaran dan sejarah perkembangan MH
BUMI DAN ALAM SEMESTA
Pokok Bahasan: Memahami bumi dan alam semesta.
Sub Pokok Bahasan: Metode ilmiah sebagai dasar IPA, perkembangan ilmu IPA, ruang lingkup IPA dan pengembangannya, konsep materi dan energi
Pembentukan alam semesta dan tata surya, bumi sebagai planet, struktur bumi,dan pembentukan benua dan samudera.
3. Photosynthesis in Overview Process by which plants and other autotrophs store the energy of sunlight into sugars. Requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Overall equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H20 C6H12O6 + 6 O2
5. Leaf Structure Most photosynthesis occurs in the palisade layer. Gas exchange of CO2 and O2 occurs at openings called stomata surrounded by guard cells on the lower leaf surface. Palisade Spongy
6. 6 Nucleus Cell Wall Chloroplast Central Vacuole Mesophyll Cell of Leaf Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!
7. Chloroplast Structure Inner membrane called the thylakoid membrane. Thickened regions called thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. (Plural – grana) Stroma is a liquid surrounding the thylakoids.
9. 9 Chlorophyll Molecules Located in the thylakoid membranes Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-660 nm are most important) Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.
10. Pigments Chlorophyll A is the most important photosynthetic pigment. Other pigments called antenna or accessory pigments are also present in the leaf. Chlorophyll B Carotenoids (orange / red) Xanthophylls (yellow / brown) These pigments are embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast in groups called photosystems.
12. Photosynthesis: The Chemical Process Occurs in two main phases. Light reactions Dark reactions (The Calvin Cycle) Light reactions are the “photo” part of photosynthesis. Light is absorbed by pigments. Dark reactions are the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis. Trapped energy from the sun is converted to the chemical energy of sugars.
13. Light Reactions Light-dependent reactions occur on the thylakoid membranes. Light and water are required for this process. Energy storage molecules are formed. (ATP and NADPH) Oxygen gas is made as a waste product.
17. During the light reactions, there are two possible routes for electron flow: cyclic and noncyclic. Noncyclic electron flow, the predominant route, produces both ATP and NADPH. When photosystem II absorbs light, an excited electron is captured by the primary electron acceptor, leaving the reaction center oxidized. An enzyme extracts electrons from water and supplies them to the oxidized reaction center. This reaction splits water into two hydrogen ions and an oxygen atom which combines with another to form O2.
18. Photoexcitedelectrons pass along an electron transport chain before ending up at an oxidized photosystem I reaction center. As these electrons pass along the transport chain, their energy is harnessed to produce ATP. The mechanism of noncyclicphotophosphorylation is similar to the process on oxidative phosphorylation.
19. 5. At the bottom of this electron transport chain, the electrons fill an electron “hole” in an oxidized P700 center. 6. This hole is created when photons excite electrons on the photosystem I complex. The excited electrons are captured by a second primary electron acceptor which transmits them to a second electron transport chain. Ultimately, these electrons are passed from the transport chain to NADP+, creating NADPH. NADPH will carry the reducing power of these high-energy electrons to the Calvin cycle.
20. 20 e- Primary Electron Acceptor SUN e- ATP produced by ETC e- Photons e- P700 Accessory Pigments Photosystem I Cyclic Electron Flow Pigments absorb light energy & excite e- of Chlorophyll a to produce ATP
21. Dark Reactions Dark reactions (light-independent) occur in the stroma. Carbon dioxide is “fixed” into the sugar glucose. The actual sugar product of the Calvin cycle is not glucose, but a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). For the net synthesis of one G3P molecule, the cycle must take place three times, fixing three molecules of CO2. To make one glucose molecules would require six cycles and the fixation of six CO2 molecules. ATP and NADPH molecules created during the light reactions power the production of this glucose.
22. The Calvin cycle has three phases. 1. In the carbon fixation phase, each CO2 molecule is attached to a five-carbon sugar, ribulosebisphosphate (RuBP). This is catalyzed by RuBPcarboxylase or rubisco. The six-carbon intermediate splits in half to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate per CO2.
24. During reduction, each 3-phosphoglycerate receives another phosphate group from ATP to form 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate. A pair of electrons from NADPH reduces each 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to G3P. The electrons reduce a carboxyl group to a carbonyl group.
26. If our goal was to produce one G3P net, we would start with 3 CO2 (3C) and three RuBP (15C). After fixation and reduction we would have six molecules of G3P (18C). One of these six G3P (3C) is a net gain of carbohydrate. This molecule can exit the cycle to be used by the plant cell. The other five (15C) must remain in the cycle to regenerate three RuBP.
27. In the last phase, regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP), these five G3P molecules are rearranged to form 3 RuBP molecules. To do this, the cycle must spend three more molecules of ATP (one per RuBP) to complete the cycle and prepare for the next.
28.
29. For the net synthesis of one G3P molecule, the Calvin recycle consumes nine ATP and six NAPDH. It “costs” three ATP and two NADPH per CO2. The G3P from the Calvin cycle is the starting material for metabolic pathways that synthesize other organic compounds, including glucose and other carbohydrates.