2. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
Basis of Gender
Male & Female roles can be
considered as different
approaches to gamete
creation, because typical roles, or
structures don’t hold across
animal kingdom
Males – quantity
Females – quality
3. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal
cycles.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) and lutenizing
hormone (LH) regulate egg
production.
– meiosis produces eggs
and polar bodies
– meiosis is completed at
fertilization
4. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
• FSH, LH, and estrogen stimulate the release of eggs.
– follicle ruptures at ovulation
– egg travels into fallopian tube
– ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum
fallopian uterus
tube
5 to 7 days to uterus
follicle
ovary
egg cell
egg released uterine wall
corpus luteum
5. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal
cycles.
• The menstrual cycle has three
phases.
– flow phase: endometrium
sheds
– follicular phase: ovulation
occurs
– luteal phase: corpus luteum
forms
6. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell.
• Sperm penetrates an egg.
– membrane keeps out other sperm
– nucleus of sperm joins with egg
– zygote formed
8. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
• The menstrual cycle stops at menopause.
– cycle continues until a woman’s mid-40’s or 50’s
– decline in hormone levels make cycles irregular
– eventually, cycle stops altogether
9. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
Sperm production in the testes is controlled by
hormones.
• Testosterone, FSH, and LH
stimulate sperm production.
– one sex cell divides into
four sperm
– each sperm has 23
chromosomes
potential
sperm
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
4 sperm cells
10. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
• Sperm cells fully mature in the epididymis.
– head contains acrosome
– midpiece contains ATP acrosome
nucleus with 23
– tail allows mobility chromosomes
head
mitochondria
midpiece
tail
11. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
Sexually transmitted diseases affect fertility and overall
health.
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are passed from one
person to another during sexual contact.
– bacterial STDs include chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea
– viral STDs include hepatitis B, genital herpes, human
papillomavirus, and HIV
HIV
12. 34.2 Reproductive Processes
• Bacterial STDs can be treated, and in many cases, cured
with antibiotics
• Viral STDs can be
treated, but there is no cure
for these diseases.
• STDs attack reproductive
organs.
– can cause infertility
– untreated, some can be
fatal
• STDs can be avoided by
A parasite causes trichomoniasis, which can
abstinence or by using a affect fertility.
condom.
