The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
Abstract— The content of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) which is excessive in the soil could affects on the soil and plants health. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the ability of selected indigenous plants in stabilizing Cd. The study was conducted at an agricultural production center in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. There were two stages of this study, namely: (1) analysis of nutrient and heavy metal contamination, and (2) phytoremediation experiment by using five types of indigenous plants. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Once the plants were harvested, the plant materials then were analyzed the heavy metal content remaining in the soil and absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal content analysis used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Subsequently, the analysis result data were calculated for the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and heavy metal reduction. The initial content of heavy metal Cd in the soil prior phytoremediation had passed the threshold value (2.26 mg kg-1). The five indigenous plants tested on the contaminated soil showed a good growth pattern, especially in the fourth week after planting. The average ability of this selected plant to reduce heavy metals Cd was up to 71.2%. The reductions of heavy metals Cd obtained by each plant were Vetiveria zizanioides (71.2%), Eleusine indica, L. (58.9%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (52.2%), Euphorbia hirta (51.8%) and Chromolaena odorata (22.1%).
Abstract— An experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize performance in an Ultisoil in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated five times. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS software in RCBD and significant difference dictated using F-LSD. Soil samples were collected and analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases and exchangeable acidity while crop performance measured were maize height and maize grain yield. Results of the study showed that biochar amended plots had significant (P < 0.05) higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, carbon storage, maize height and maize grain yield than control. Also, there was an increase in the magnitude of the parameters with an increase in the rate of biochar applied. This study recommends that biochar should be used as soil amendments to increase soil productivity and carbon storage in the soil to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
It is about the importance of Soil carbon.The ways for enhancing the soil carbon and how these soil carbon changes over period of time under different land use systems.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Abstract— The content of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) which is excessive in the soil could affects on the soil and plants health. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the ability of selected indigenous plants in stabilizing Cd. The study was conducted at an agricultural production center in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. There were two stages of this study, namely: (1) analysis of nutrient and heavy metal contamination, and (2) phytoremediation experiment by using five types of indigenous plants. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Once the plants were harvested, the plant materials then were analyzed the heavy metal content remaining in the soil and absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal content analysis used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Subsequently, the analysis result data were calculated for the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and heavy metal reduction. The initial content of heavy metal Cd in the soil prior phytoremediation had passed the threshold value (2.26 mg kg-1). The five indigenous plants tested on the contaminated soil showed a good growth pattern, especially in the fourth week after planting. The average ability of this selected plant to reduce heavy metals Cd was up to 71.2%. The reductions of heavy metals Cd obtained by each plant were Vetiveria zizanioides (71.2%), Eleusine indica, L. (58.9%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (52.2%), Euphorbia hirta (51.8%) and Chromolaena odorata (22.1%).
Abstract— An experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize performance in an Ultisoil in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated five times. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS software in RCBD and significant difference dictated using F-LSD. Soil samples were collected and analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases and exchangeable acidity while crop performance measured were maize height and maize grain yield. Results of the study showed that biochar amended plots had significant (P < 0.05) higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, carbon storage, maize height and maize grain yield than control. Also, there was an increase in the magnitude of the parameters with an increase in the rate of biochar applied. This study recommends that biochar should be used as soil amendments to increase soil productivity and carbon storage in the soil to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
It is about the importance of Soil carbon.The ways for enhancing the soil carbon and how these soil carbon changes over period of time under different land use systems.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Variability of some physicochemical properties on Lithosequence in Funtua, Northwestern, Nigeria were studied to determine the extent of variation in physical and chemical properties within and between soils developed on basement complexes, loess over basement complexes and loess parent materials. Variability was more pronounced in chemical than in physical properties. Particle density (CV = 0.23%) and exchangeable sodium percentage (CV = 2.23) were the least variable physicochemical properties. Physicochemical properties with highest variability are Si/C ratio (CV =88.29%) and AP (CV = 149%). Less variability (CV ≤ 15%) irrespective of soils were recorded in particle density, bulk density and pH, and therefore required similar management for all the soils. Silt, AWHC, CEC, CEC clay and base saturation were consistently moderately variable (CV: >15 ≤ 35%). Silt/clay ratio, K, OC, TN, AP and AS were consistently highly variable CV > 35%). Large proportion of properties of the soils were highly variable in all the soils with 10 (42%) of physicochemical properties of soils on BC, 9 (38%) on LBC and 13 (54%) on LS. The highly variable status was attributed to difference in land use types, management and cultural practices occurring within the study area. Properties significantly influenced by Lithosequence include available water holding capacity, magnesium, potassium, CEC and TEA. They were significantly highest in soils on loess and contributed to variation in pattern of nutrient and exchangeable bases retention.
STPM Chemistry Coursework/Project PBS Power Point Presentation (2016) Weiss Lee
STPM Chemistry Coursework/Project PBS Power Point Presentation (2016)
Title:The study of soil in agriculture use
Method:Loss on ignition(LOI) , pH test and filtration
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Abstract: Soil contamination with heavy metals is a serious global concern due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation property. The present investigation was aimed to assess heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil around the polluted zone of the Chambal River at Nagda, Ujjain (M.P, India). Soil samples were collected at three sites S1, S2, and S3 alongside of Chambal River in December 2019 and analyzed for heavy metals like Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) methods. The Igeo results revealed that the study area has fallen in the category of uncontaminated and moderately contaminated with Cd and Pb in all study stations. Essential compositions were evaluated through the estimation of geochemical accumulation indices to find out the heavy metal contamination of soil. Significant enrichment of the soil with Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb was observed in all study stations. The S1 station exhibited the highest concentrations of heavy metals in soil. The present outcome is useful for mitigating the impact of metallic pollution on environmental health and required strategies to prevent such effects.
Keywords: Chambal River, Geo-Accumulation Index, Heavy Metals, Industrial Pollution, Soil Quality.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Use of date syrup as alternative carbon source for microbial cultivationPremier Publishers
In the present work, date syrup and date fruit soaked water as alternative carbon source for biomass production of Bacillus megaterium as model organism was optimized. Maximum biomass production was obtained on 2.8, 4.1 g/l for molasses and date fruits soaked respectively. This source was substantially greater than could be attained on media that used various other carbon sources. The optimal medium for producing the biomass was a mineral medium formulated with 8% of date syrup as the carbon source and 0.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4as the nitrogen source. At optimal fermentation time of 48 hrs, at 30oC.Water soaked and date syrup can be used to inexpensively produce biomassin batch fermentations using B. megaterium as phosphorus solubilizing soil bacteria. Farther more studies should be focused on agriculture cheapest sources as nature alternatives for carbon ear nitrogen sources.
Resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and ...Premier Publishers
This experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (40 X 10m plot) to evaluate cacao clones for resistance and tolerance against Meloidogyne incognita in infested field. The ten cocoa clones evaluated are MXC67, T86/2, PA150, LCTEEN, T12/11, T53/5, T101/15, T65/7, ICS1 and AMAZ 15-15. Pre-planting survey revealed ten genera of phytonematodes, these were; Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp. Paralongidorus spp., Eutylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Hemicyclophora spp., Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., Anguillulina spp., Psilenchus spp., and Tetylenchus spp. Meloidogyne spp. had the highest frequency of occurrence and highest population in 250g soil (40 and 28,234 respectively), Paralongidorus spp. was next in population. Based on gall index, nematode reproduction factor and growth parameters, MXC67, T86/2, PA150, T101/15 and T53/5 were susceptible to the nematode. Two other clones, T65/7 and ICS1 were tolerant. A high degree of resistance was exhibited by LCTEEN, T12/11 and AMAZ 15-15. Compared with F3 Amazon and Amelonado varieties, the two most famous cocoa varieties in Nigeria, four clones (LCTEEN, T65/7, ICSI and AMAZ 15-15) were superior to F3 Amazon and Amelonado. This study showed that planting of resistance/tolerant cacao clones in nematode infested soil will drastically reduce seedling failure experienced by farmers. This tolerant and resistant clones identified should be included in breeding programme for resistance.
A technique to construct linear trend free fractional factorial design using...Premier Publishers
Sometimes, an experimental situation may arise where experimental units are following smooth pattern of trend over time and space. In that situation, to eliminate the effect of uncontrollable variables that are correlated with the time, we use systematic run order instead of randomising the run order. An ordering of treatments, thus obtained is known as Trend free design. This article presents a method for constructing trend free fractional factorial design using parity check matrix of a linear code. The method provides a systematic approach to construct fractional and blocked fractional factorial design with trend free main effects and some two- factor interactions.
Variability of some physicochemical properties on Lithosequence in Funtua, Northwestern, Nigeria were studied to determine the extent of variation in physical and chemical properties within and between soils developed on basement complexes, loess over basement complexes and loess parent materials. Variability was more pronounced in chemical than in physical properties. Particle density (CV = 0.23%) and exchangeable sodium percentage (CV = 2.23) were the least variable physicochemical properties. Physicochemical properties with highest variability are Si/C ratio (CV =88.29%) and AP (CV = 149%). Less variability (CV ≤ 15%) irrespective of soils were recorded in particle density, bulk density and pH, and therefore required similar management for all the soils. Silt, AWHC, CEC, CEC clay and base saturation were consistently moderately variable (CV: >15 ≤ 35%). Silt/clay ratio, K, OC, TN, AP and AS were consistently highly variable CV > 35%). Large proportion of properties of the soils were highly variable in all the soils with 10 (42%) of physicochemical properties of soils on BC, 9 (38%) on LBC and 13 (54%) on LS. The highly variable status was attributed to difference in land use types, management and cultural practices occurring within the study area. Properties significantly influenced by Lithosequence include available water holding capacity, magnesium, potassium, CEC and TEA. They were significantly highest in soils on loess and contributed to variation in pattern of nutrient and exchangeable bases retention.
STPM Chemistry Coursework/Project PBS Power Point Presentation (2016) Weiss Lee
STPM Chemistry Coursework/Project PBS Power Point Presentation (2016)
Title:The study of soil in agriculture use
Method:Loss on ignition(LOI) , pH test and filtration
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Abstract: Soil contamination with heavy metals is a serious global concern due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation property. The present investigation was aimed to assess heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil around the polluted zone of the Chambal River at Nagda, Ujjain (M.P, India). Soil samples were collected at three sites S1, S2, and S3 alongside of Chambal River in December 2019 and analyzed for heavy metals like Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) methods. The Igeo results revealed that the study area has fallen in the category of uncontaminated and moderately contaminated with Cd and Pb in all study stations. Essential compositions were evaluated through the estimation of geochemical accumulation indices to find out the heavy metal contamination of soil. Significant enrichment of the soil with Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb was observed in all study stations. The S1 station exhibited the highest concentrations of heavy metals in soil. The present outcome is useful for mitigating the impact of metallic pollution on environmental health and required strategies to prevent such effects.
Keywords: Chambal River, Geo-Accumulation Index, Heavy Metals, Industrial Pollution, Soil Quality.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Use of date syrup as alternative carbon source for microbial cultivationPremier Publishers
In the present work, date syrup and date fruit soaked water as alternative carbon source for biomass production of Bacillus megaterium as model organism was optimized. Maximum biomass production was obtained on 2.8, 4.1 g/l for molasses and date fruits soaked respectively. This source was substantially greater than could be attained on media that used various other carbon sources. The optimal medium for producing the biomass was a mineral medium formulated with 8% of date syrup as the carbon source and 0.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4as the nitrogen source. At optimal fermentation time of 48 hrs, at 30oC.Water soaked and date syrup can be used to inexpensively produce biomassin batch fermentations using B. megaterium as phosphorus solubilizing soil bacteria. Farther more studies should be focused on agriculture cheapest sources as nature alternatives for carbon ear nitrogen sources.
Resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and ...Premier Publishers
This experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (40 X 10m plot) to evaluate cacao clones for resistance and tolerance against Meloidogyne incognita in infested field. The ten cocoa clones evaluated are MXC67, T86/2, PA150, LCTEEN, T12/11, T53/5, T101/15, T65/7, ICS1 and AMAZ 15-15. Pre-planting survey revealed ten genera of phytonematodes, these were; Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp. Paralongidorus spp., Eutylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Hemicyclophora spp., Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., Anguillulina spp., Psilenchus spp., and Tetylenchus spp. Meloidogyne spp. had the highest frequency of occurrence and highest population in 250g soil (40 and 28,234 respectively), Paralongidorus spp. was next in population. Based on gall index, nematode reproduction factor and growth parameters, MXC67, T86/2, PA150, T101/15 and T53/5 were susceptible to the nematode. Two other clones, T65/7 and ICS1 were tolerant. A high degree of resistance was exhibited by LCTEEN, T12/11 and AMAZ 15-15. Compared with F3 Amazon and Amelonado varieties, the two most famous cocoa varieties in Nigeria, four clones (LCTEEN, T65/7, ICSI and AMAZ 15-15) were superior to F3 Amazon and Amelonado. This study showed that planting of resistance/tolerant cacao clones in nematode infested soil will drastically reduce seedling failure experienced by farmers. This tolerant and resistant clones identified should be included in breeding programme for resistance.
A technique to construct linear trend free fractional factorial design using...Premier Publishers
Sometimes, an experimental situation may arise where experimental units are following smooth pattern of trend over time and space. In that situation, to eliminate the effect of uncontrollable variables that are correlated with the time, we use systematic run order instead of randomising the run order. An ordering of treatments, thus obtained is known as Trend free design. This article presents a method for constructing trend free fractional factorial design using parity check matrix of a linear code. The method provides a systematic approach to construct fractional and blocked fractional factorial design with trend free main effects and some two- factor interactions.
Adoption of good agricultural practices for sustainable maize and cowpea prod...Premier Publishers
This paper presents a comparative evaluation of maize and cowpea grain yields of 24 farmers in the Forest-Savannah Transition (Atebubu-Amantin) and Guinea Savannah (West-Mamprusi) zones of Ghana for 2012 and 2014 respectively at the inception and completion of the sustainable intensification of crop-livestock integration project. While only 7 and 2 farmers planted maize in rows at project inception, 12 and 9 farmers were recorded at project completion in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. During 2012 cropping season, when farmers had access to fertilizer in the form of subsidy, only a farmer in each district did not apply fertilizer. However, the reverse was observed in 2014 where there was no subsidy. Comparing 2012 and 2014 cropping season results, revealed a 25% and 27% increase in maize grain yield in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. Economic analysis revealed a high benefit cost ratio in maize and cowpea production in 2014 than in 2012 for both locations. The study has demonstrated that, enabling environment that encourages access to tools and implements for row planting and fertilizer in the form of subsidy would complement good agronomic technology packages introduced to farmers in order to ensure sustainable cereal and legume production.
Estimation of Beta values of Indian power generation projectsPremier Publishers
In this paper, a fuzzy logic based application tool has been developed for power plant project’s systematic risk assessment and expert judgments have been used to design it. The application tool for systematic risk analysis involves a decision making approach which provides a flexible and easily understood way to analyze systematic risks of projects. The systematic risks, which are deeply influenced by the market scenarios, have been considered in the model. The relative importance (impact) of risk factors was determined from the survey results. The survey was completed with the experts that have experience in various power projects. The proposed risk analysis will give investors a more rational basis on which to make decisions. Furthermore, an effort has been made to determine Beta of a power project by estimating other factors related with the project such as Estimated Systematic Risk Factor (Determined by Fuzzy Logic), Debt Equity Ratio, 5 year Net Profit Margin, 5 year Sales Growth Rate, Interest Coverage Ratio and Annual Sales. This would help power projects to determine relevant return on equity required, analyze true NPV of project as well as set accurate Hurdle rate for any new project.
Antimalarial metabolization: what have we learnt so far?Premier Publishers
Considering malaria is a highly devastating disease of mankind, total eradication of malaria seems to be an uphill task, the only relief from this disease is achieved by usage of antimalarial drugs. Since malaria is associated with humans from time immemorial, usage of traditional substances to most presently effective antimalarial have been recorded to cure this disease. With the advent of modern biological techniques aided the understanding of the biochemical pathways of antimalarial metabolism thereby helping in designing successful usage of many antimalarials. Nevertheless, improper usages of certain drugs have led to the origin and spread of drug resistant malaria parasites (chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum). Also, the genetic basis of antimalarial metabolism in humans is now well understood and frequent mutations in genes of malarial parasites are well associated with drug resistance. The entire scenario of antimalarial usage in the field have become complicated, partly due to poor understanding between antimalarial metabolism in humans and drug fighting mechanism in parasites, by which resistance to even combined therapy (e.g. Artemisinin Combination Therapy) have started emerging. Vital basic understanding from human and parasite population genetics (involving antimalarial both metabolizing genes in human and resistant genes in parasite) could be an ideal starting point to malaria control.
Risk of toxic metal contamination in gold mining and processing areas of Borg...Premier Publishers
The study reviews artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in Nigeria and the status of gold (Au) ore extraction and processing in Borgu and Mashegu Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Niger State, Nigeria. The processing methods used and the potential environmental impacts of the practice are analysed. Toxic metals like mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) are products of Au mining and processing and pose tremendous health risks for miners and other people within the vicinity as evidenced by the Pb poisoning saga that took place in Zamfara State in 2010. Strategies for reducing mercury emissions in ASGM are also discussed and recommendations are made regarding the detailed study and reduction of toxic wastes from ASGM in the LGAs.
The contradictions of church-state partnership in education and the future of...Premier Publishers
Contradictions of church-state partnership in education has been a historical concern for local intellectuals and international agencies. However, the focus has been exclusively the schools management while religious education was marginally explored. The current review analyzes these contradictions with reference to religious education. It is more than a century since religious education has been introduced in Lesotho by the missionaries. However, it has not changed its chief aim of evangelistic perspective. This type of religious education has been accepted as having a statutory position in the curriculum. At the same time such religious education is not taught in government schools as it is believed that it does not comply with what can be referred to as civic education. The problem is that the professional religious education teachers who teach religious education are not evangelists. It is also not by choice that students attend church schools where they are provided with proselytism religious education or the government schools where they do not receive it. The paper theoretically analyzes these contradictions and finally recommends pluralistic approach to the teaching of religious education as a means to counteract these contradictions.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
Motions for systems and structures in space, described by a set denoted Avd. ...Premier Publishers
In order to describe general motions and matter in space, functions for angular velocity and density are assumed and denoted Avd, as an abbreviation. The framework provides a unified approach to motions at different scales. It is analysed how Avd enters and rules, in terms of results from equations, in field experiments and observations at Earth. Chaos may organize according to Avd, such that more order, Cosmos, appear in complex nonlinear dynamical systems. This reveals that Avd may be governing and that deterministic systems can be created without assuming boundaries and conditions for initial values and forces from outside. A mathematical model for the initiation of Logos (when a paper accelerates into a narrow circular orbit), was described, and denoted local implosion; Li. The theorem for dl, provides discrete solutions to a power law, and this is related to locations of satellites and moons.
Although rural development has been a priority area for external donors its importance has increased in the second half of the last 50 years as concerns about food security, the population explosion, environment and climatic changes, as well as poverty, equality and social justice have come to be increasingly perceived as being in the purview of global, rather than national policy agendas. Rural development stood at the cross-cutting path of these concerns. However, the multiplicity of the objectives which rural development was expected to achieve often deprived it of a central focus and often contributed to its failure. It is well experimented through various strategic interventions by both developed and developing countries and highlights the various paradigm shifts in the rural development concepts. Rural development generally denotes economic development and community development actions and initiatives taken to improve the standard of living in non-urban neighborhood, remote villages. Against this backdrop, the paper, examine the changing global trends in rural development and further it explores the potential areas of rural sector as a growth engine towards inclusive development.
Domestication of the English Language in Nigeria: An Examination of Morpho-Sy...Premier Publishers
This paper examined certain developmental patterns Nigerian English (NigE) demonstrates in recent times, particularly at the linguistic levels of morphology and syntax. While studying these current trends, a sociolinguistic approach, as enunciated and popularized by Labov (1966), was adopted. The principal source of data for the corpus was the use of 100 questionnaires containing 11 objective tests administered to the respondents. The first part of the work provided an overview of the place of NigE as one of the World Englishes, today, while the second part which is the core of the work is an examination of the nature of foray the typology has made on the construction and use of English by Nigerians of a broad social spectrum. The study established that the uniqueness of NigE is considerably realized in such linguistic features as conversion, acronym, composition, redundancy, coinage and reduplication. It was, as well, observed that some NigE forms exhibit the same morphological and syntactic patterns as those of Standard English (SE) while some exhibit significant variations.
Causes and possible solutions of seasonal food insecurity (Monga) perceived b...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in Guabari and Hasilkandi village of Saghata upazila and dewlabari char and Khatamari char village of Fulcchari upazila under Gaibandha district to determine the causes of seasonal food insecurity (Monga) of char dwellers. The study was aimed to ascertain the probable ways for alleviating seasonal food insecurity (Monga) faced by the char dwellers in Bangladesh. One hundred char dwellers were selected randomly of which 25 from each village. Data were collected during January-March, 2015 through interview schedule. Among the 39 causes of seasonal food insecurity (Monga) Lack of job opportunity in Monga season especially September to December in every year, river bank erosion in the char area, frequent flood inundation, no agricultural work, no business activities due to excessive rainfall, dense fogs, hailstorms, severe cold, etc are the main causes of seasonal food insecurity (Monga). Among 31 possible ways of achieving seasonal food security, Creation of year round job opportunities for char dwellers, diversified crop cultivation practices should be introduced, a huge arable land should be brought under cultivation by proper soil management, educational facilities etc came out as the main ways. The study will help policy makers and NGOs to address and analyze the issues for achieving seasonal food security of char dwellers.
Morphological studies of Female Simulium damnosum s.l. in Akamkpa Local Gover...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out between February 2014 and January 2015 to investigate the morphology of Simulium damnosum s.l. populations along Kwa Falls and Rhoko river in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, in relation to the strain of Onchocerca volvulus transmitted in the study area. Two fly boys working on shift of 6 hours captured Simulium flies settling on them for blood meals by inverting specimen vials over them. Simulium flies were preserved in 70% ethanol and transported to the Biological Science Laboratory of Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, for entomological studies. Of the 265 Simulium species studied, 29 species were identified as savanna-dwellers, 98 species as transition zone dwellers and 138 species as forest-dwellers. There was significant difference (p<0.001)>0.05) between blackflies from these rivers. Mean thorax/antenna ratios of 2.4143, 1.9673, and 2.033 were recorded for savanna dwellers, transition zone dwellers and forest species respectively. Based on the morphology of Simulium damnosum s.l. studied, it could be inferred that there are likely four Simulium sibling species related to Simulium sirbanum, S. squamosum, S. yahense and S. damnosum sensu stricto in the study area.
Factors of climate extremes hyperactivity: a study on MENAPremier Publishers
It is hard to say that all climate events are entirely related to global warming. In this regard, models usually used for global warming predictions are not appropriate for some of climate trends. For instance, prolonged drought in MENA region could not be analyses by global warming predictions. It seems the climate condition in this region is better understood by using the new concept “climate hyperactivity” rather than using the usual global warming predictions. Drought in MENA region is different with other precipitation and temperature rates throughout the world. On one hand, MENA drought is not nonlinear and is not a sudden climate change. On the other hand, there is no sign of reversibility or temporality of climate change in MENA; therefore it is not a macro-climate change either. In fact, MENA drought is a type of hyperactivity of normal behavior of climate factors which leads to a new normal climate in the region. According to Paleo-climate studies, in previous millennia, some kinds of similar climate hyperactivity has led the region to a drier and hotter climate. Rather than focusing on epistemology of climate change, this article compares MENA’s drought with the dominant paradigm of climate change which is concentrated on global warming and greenhouse effect. According to climate factors, the region’s climate change is more effected by natural and climate factors than greenhouse effects.
Treatment of aged transformer oil using dry sludge in lab-scale refining unitPremier Publishers
Experimental analysis of drinking water treatment sludge revealed that it is enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides which are the most metal oxides used in reclamation of transformer insulating oils. The potential use of inexpensive and available water treatment dry sludge as sorbent material for the removal of acidity, water content and some impurities from aged transformer oil by adsorption methodology was investigated using lab-scale refining unit. Dry sludge was found to improve the electrical and physical properties of aged transformer oils.High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed from 15 to 72 kV/ cm. Also some improvements have been achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9 ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mg KOH/g of oil.Viscosity, specific gravitywere improved. Also, some undesirable gases in aged oil(more than ten years in service) were removed. Furthermore the use of dry sludge as sorbent material renders the treated oil to some extent like new one. Also Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with no costs (waste product). Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by ignition and used in further treatment processes.
Reduction of toxicity from aqueous solution by low cost adsorbent: RSM method...Premier Publishers
Heavy metal pollution of waste water is a common environmental hazard, since the toxic metal ions dissolved can ultimately reach the top of the food chain and thus become a risk factor for human health. Chromium is present in waste water as trivalent and hexavalent. Trivalent chromium is relatively less toxic and less mobile while hexavalent chromium is toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic to animals as well as humans. Therefore, the removal of Cr (VI) from industrial waste water has been a research topic of great interest. In the present study carried out the comparative study of removal of the chromium (VI) from waste water by adsorption method. The search for new technologies involving the removal of toxic metals from wastewaters has directed attention to adsorption, based on metal binding capacities of various materials.
An improved method for RNA extraction from woody legume species Acacia koa A....Premier Publishers
It is difficult to extract high-quality RNA of sufficient quantity from the stem tissues of tree legumes, such as Acacia koa and Leucaena leucocephala, because they contain high amounts of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides. The objective of this study was to develop an improved protocol that produces high-quality RNA from the stem tissues of these tree legumes. We developed a modified method that utilizes a lysis buffer containing a mixture of two commercially available reagents, RLT buffer from Qiagen RNeasy Kit and Fruit-mate™ from Takara. Comparison of the modified method with four other RNA extraction methods (Qiagen RNeasy, Fruit-mate™, TRIzol, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) showed that the modified method was far superior to the other methods. The extracted RNA produced reproducible DNA products in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This improved protocol is rapid and easy, and it will facilitate genetic studies of A. koa, L. leucocephala, and other woody plants.
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
Long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and ava...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— To study the long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and available nutrients, surface and subsurface soil samples were drawn from the long-term field experiment (LTFE) which is in progress on a Typic Hapludalfs at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India since Rabi, 1972. The rotation followed was maize-wheat and the treatments included various combinations of N, P, K, Zn, lime, hand weeding and farm yard manure. Results from the study showed that integrated nutrient management over the years resulted in improvement in the soil properties as well as status of available nutrients in the soil at both the depths. Continuous application of urea as a source of N has resulted in acidification of soils (pH 4.3) while lime application increased the pH to 6.2 in the surface soil and 6.0 in subsurface soil. The treatment 100 % NPK + FYM resulted in 66 per cent increase in soil organic carbon content over initial value. Similar effects were recorded on cation exchange capacity and available nutrients. It can be concluded from the study that integrated nutrient management is essential to maintain soil health.
Acceleration of Lead Phytostabilization by Maize (Zea mays) in Association wi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil where shooting practices are conducted is extremely contaminated with heavy metals, exclusively by Pb, due to the bullets and bullet fragments. These extreme concentrations of Pb, generate an unfavourable surroundings for agriculture and human health through phytoaccumulation. This study was conducted to assess the possibility of particular bio-amendment, phytostabilization on the reduction of bioavailable Pb in such contaminated soil. Biomass (BM) produced from Gliricidiasepium was used to see its ability to be used in soil remediation together with Maize (Zea mays) as phytostabilizer. A pot experiment was conducted with Maizeby adding BM at three different percentages, 1, 2.5 and 5% (w/w). Soil without amendments served as the control and arranged in a complete randomized design. By maize, translocation rate of heavy metals into crop were determined. After sixth week, grown maize were harvested and analyzed followed by digestion with con.HNO3. The most significant immobilization (p<0.05)>TF in maize. For the treatment 5% BM, PF and TF for Pb are 1.22 and 0.15 respectively. Thereby maize can be considered as a potential phytostabilizer. At the same time efficiency of phytostabilizing nature of maizecan increase together with the application of soil amendment – BM.
Enhancement of phosphorus utilization and availability in the mountainous reg...Open Access Research Paper
The soil has a large reserve of phosphorus. However, phosphorus availability for plant nutrition is limited, and mostly in ferralitic tropical soils, determined by the geochemical distribution of elements. In the mountainous region of Man, West Côte d’Ivoire, the geology and geomorphology constitute a particular characteristic which, more or less, could significantly influence soil phosphorus distribution and availability. A study was thus setup to assess soil oxides and mineralogy, and their influence on soil phosphorous content in Man. Four different rice producing sites were selected for soil sampling; Krikouma, Dompleu, Blolé and Petit-Gbêpleu (PG). Within each site, three composite samples were taken at 0 – 20cm depth from 3 plot of 25m2, each. The results of the X-ray fluorescence analysis showed the presence of large quantities of iron and aluminium oxides in the soil. In addition, these soils were rich in SiO2. The mineralogical matrix had two dominant mineral species Berlinite and Quartz, dividing the soils into two categories. This study provides scientific base for developing strategies for a sustainable phosphorous fertilization of rice cropping soils.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil of Phaltan Tahsil In Satara District From M...inventionjournals
Soil is natural body of mineral and organic material. It serves as more reliable index for productivity. In the present study, ten samples are collected from different places of Phaltan Tahasil and physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductance, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were analyzed in the month of January 2017. pH indicates that almost all the sample soil are alkaline. The concentration of organic carbon and nitrogen are below the moderate limit. While concentration of phosphorous and potassium is found to be moderate and greater than moderate limit.
About 20 topsoil samples collected from different locations of Gazipur industrial area were analyzed
to specify the elements by XRF. Soil pH, moisture content, organic carbon, organic matter, elements were
investigated by following proper procedure to find out the actual scenario of the soil status. Most soil samples
pH is tend to neutral which is most favorable for up taking nutrients. Moisture Content, Organic Carbon and
Organic Matter are enriched in the soil for plant growth. Speciation analysis are showing concentration trend
as Al>Fe>K>Mg>Ca>Rb>Mn>Si>P. Most of the elements are used as fertilizer for soil nutrient supplement
and also used as raw material in process industries. Though they are required for improving soil quality excess
amount is also harmful for soil biota. Soil chemical reaction with the surroundingis largely controlled by the
components present in soil matrix. Multivariate statistical analysis e.g: hierarchical cluster analysis showing 2
main clusters in the soil matrix which components are similar in characteristics or source.Group 1 and 2
formed by following different factors like common sources, attraction of the elements, similarity in
characteristics. Correlation matrix is exhibiting significant positive relationship among the components.
Different components have distinct positive relation with distinct components which differ from each other.
Principal component analysis denotes 3 principal components for composing soil matrix significantly.
Assessment of Zinc and Copper Status of Fadama Soils In Borgu Local Governmen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The status of Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) of fadama soils under cultivation at Borgu Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria was studied. Soil samples were purposely collected from three extension blocks, namely; Wawa, Babana and Goffanti. Particle size distribution of the soils showed sandy loam texture. The soils pH were either slightly acidic or neutral with a range between 6.05 and 6.93. The level of Organic Carbon (OC) ranged between low and medium, total nitrogen were rated high, available phosphorus were low while exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg) were all rated high. Though soil content of Zn and Cu were very low, values were not significantly (P<0.05) different for all locations. The mean values for Zn ranged between 0.496 and 0.592 mg/kg, while Cu ranged between 0.550 and 0.945 mg/kg. This result implies that soil amendments in the form of organic manure and/or supplement of Zn and Cu would enhance nutrient availability for optimum yields of crops for the resource-poor farmers in the study area.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
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2. Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil
Haque et al. 079
Table 1. Chemical composition of different manures
Manure C
(%)
N
(%)
P
(%)
K
(%)
S
(%)
C:N C:P C:K C:S
Cowdung (CD) 38.6 1.70 0.88 2.02 0.41 22.8 43.8 19.1 95.3
CD slurry 29.3 1.84 1.30 0.93 0.42 16.0 22.6 31.6 69.4
Poultry manure (PM) 34.9 2.28 1.48 2.23 0.53 15.3 23.5 15.6 65.7
PM slurry 19.2 1.70 2.52 0.67 0.67 11.3 7.6 28.5 28.5
Unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers has an adverse
effect on soil. To achieve improved and sustainable soil
fertility and crop yield, judicial use of chemical fertilizers
coupled with organic manure is essential (FRG 2012).
Organic manure in Bangladesh includes cowdung,
poultry manure, compost and green manure.
Karim et al. (2010) reported that there are 22.9 million cattle
and 262.62 million poultry birds in Bangladesh which
produce manure at 68700 and 10505 mt day
-1
, respectively
with effort of both GO and NGOs. Recently in this country,
biogas technology has been introduced to meet the energy
crisis. Cowdung and poultry manure are commonly used in
biogas plant. After extraction of biogas (50-70% CH4, 30-
40% CO2), bio-slurry comes out of the digester as an
anaerobically decomposed manure (Mosquera et al.,
2000).
Nutrient mineralization potential and decomposition
patterns of organic residues are variable depending on
the chemical composition (Mtambanengwe and
Kirchmann, 1995). During decomposition, organic
material changes in both its physical and chemical
structure. Easily decomposable part of soil organic matter
undergoes quick mineralization and becomes a part of
soil humus, a small portion of which may remain in soil
for thousands of years (Reddy et al., 2002).
There have some differences in the mineralization of
organic manure under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
The most striking difference between anaerobic and
aerobic decompositions lies in the nature of end
products. In normal, well drained soils, the main end
products are CO2, water, nitrate, sulphate and resistant
humus; in submerged soils they are CO2, water, H2, CH4,
NH3, mercaptans, H2S and partially humified residues.
Despite recent literature provides valuable information on
many aspects of phosphorus (P) mineralization, the
interaction between the kind of organic manures and P
mineralization under aerobic and anaerobic conditions is
not well understood. The present paper comparatively
discusses the P mineralization pattern in the bio-slurry and
other manure amended soils under aerobic and anaerobic
conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The incubation experiment was conducted in the
laboratory of the Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh
Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Bangladesh
Agricultural University (BAU) located 24.75° N latitude
and 90.5° E longitude with an elevation of 18 m from the
sea level. The experimental location is characterized by
sub-tropical humid weather conditions. The mean annual
rainfall of the experimental area during 2011-2012 was
around 2500 mm and five months from May through
September receives more than 2000 mm rainfall. March
is the peak evaporation month, soil moisture stress
continues from December through April. The monthly 208
mm average rainfall, 20.1°C minimum temperature,
29.5
°
C maximum temperature and 73.2% relative
humidity were recorded at BAU during study period. The
BAU soil belongs to ‘Sonatala’ soil series an Inceptisol
(Brammer 1980; FAO 1988) under the AEZ 9 (Old
Brahmaputra Floodplain) and characterized by Non-
Calcareous Dark Grey Floodplain Soil.
Soils were collected from the BAU farm, Mymensingh at
0-15 cm depth of a field and were thoroughly mixed. The
soil sample was brought to the laboratory and spread on
brown paper for air-drying. The air-dry soils were ground
and passed through a 2-mm sieve to remove roots and
other debris. The soil was silt loam, with 1.14 % O.C., 6.5
pH, 1.17 % N, 6.0 mg kg
-1
NaHCO3 extractable P, 0.12
cmol kg
-1
NH4OAc extractable K, and 14.0 mg kg
-1
CaCl2-
extractable S. The elements were determined by some
standard methods, as outlined by Page et al., (1982).
Four types of organic manure viz. cowdung, cowdung
slurry, poultry manure and poultry manure slurry were
used in this study. The manures were air-dried, ground
and passed through a 2-mm sieve. The chemical
composition of various manures is presented in Table 1.
An amount of 100g air-dry soil was weighed into a series
of small plastic containers. Air dry finely ground cowdung,
cowdung slurry, poultry manure and poultry manure
slurry at 1.5, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g kg
-1
(equivalent to 3, 5,
10 and 20 t ha
-1
, respectively) were thoroughly mixed with
soil in separate containers. A control container (without
organic manure) was run along with each set of
incubation. Two moisture levels – one field
capacity/aerobic (25% soil moisture) and another
submerged/anaerobic condition (1 cm standing water
above soil) were maintained. The containers were
incubated at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) for 12 weeks.
3. Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 080
All the treatments were replicated twice.
Every week soil moisture contents were monitored. The
weight loss due to evaporation of moisture was
minimized by adding required amount of water and was
mixed with soil properly to maintain specific moisture
content (field capacity and saturated condition) of the soil.
Destructive sampling was done in this experiment. The
first sampling was done just the next day of incubation
and this analysis was used as initial content of the soil.
The second measurement was taken at 7 days after
incubation, thereafter at 7-day intervals and after 8 weeks
measurement was done at 2-week intervals. Available P
was extracted from soil by 0.5M NaHCO3 solution at pH
8.5 (Olsen and Sommers, 1982). The data were
corrected for moisture content and reported on oven dry
basis.
Net P mineralization data was fitted to the first-order
kinetic model. The equation for P was Pt = P0 (1-e
-kt
),
where Pt is the net phosphorus mineralized at time t, P0 is
the potentially mineralizable phosphorus and k is the rate
constant. The fits and kinetic parameters were carried out
using the Sigma Plot 12.0 software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phosphorus mineralization was varied by the types and
rates of manure, soil moisture content and incubation
time (Figure 1). Among the manures, P release from
poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure
and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of
available P. Among the four different types of manure,
cowdung recorded the lowest amount of available P
(Figure 1). Figure 1 further confirms that cowdung slurry
and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P
compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry
manure).
Comparing the effects of manure rates, the 3 t ha
-1
recorded the lowest amount of P mineralization and it
progressively increased with increasing rates of manure
application and accordingly the highest P mineralization
was noted with the highest rate of manure application (20
t ha
-1
). There was a remarkable variation in P
mineralization between aerobic and anaerobic soil
conditions. Under anaerobic condition the P
mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic
condition (Figure 1). The maximum P mineralization of
9.1, 11.9, 26.3 and 40.4 mg kg
-1
at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha
-1
manure rates, respectively was recorded under aerobic
soil condition; these values in anaerobic condition were
12.1, 18.4, 27.1 and 44.9 mg kg
-1
, respectively. Such
result reveals that anaerobic condition is favorable for P
mineralization than aerobic condition. The reason can be
attributed to the attainment of neutral soil pH during
submergence which condition favored P availability in
soils.
A distinct variation in P mineralization was observed
across the incubation times. Phosphorus mineralization
progressively increased with passage of time and
reached its peak within 4
th
to 6
th
week of incubation and
thereafter it gradually decreased until expiry of incubation
time (Figure 1). Naher et al. (2004) reported that the P
mineralization of fresh poultry manure, partially
decomposed cowdung and rice straw took place after 15
days of application and with the passing of time it
increased steadily. They found higher P mineralization in
the cowdung and poultry manure treated soils. Abbasi et
al. (2015) reported that integrated use of phosphate
solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and poultry manure (PM) with
rock phosphate (RP) treatment stimulated P
mineralization by releasing a maximum of 25 mg P kg−1
that was maintained at high levels without any loss.
These results suggest that use of PSB and PM with
insoluble RP or with soluble P fertilizers (SPF) could be a
promising management strategy and viable technology to
utilize both PM or low-grade RP and SPF efficiently for
crop production and nutrient improvement in the cropping
systems.
The net P mineralization data were fitted to different
kinetic functions. The best fit was using a first-order
kinetic model Pmin= P0 (1-e
-kt
), being Pmin the phosphorus
mineralized from soil in a given time, P0 the potentially
mineralizable pool of P, k the mineralization rate
constant, and t the time. The parameter values and
coefficients of determination for the P mineralization
kinetics are presented in Table 2. The P mineralization
data fitted strongly in the first order kinetic model, the r
value being found from 0.7001 to 0.8117 across the
manure types and manure application rates. Across the
manure types and rates the P0 value (mineralization
potential) was always higher in anaerobic condition
compared to respective aerobic condition, which
indicates the higher scope of P mineralization under
anaerobic soil system. Among the manures, the highest
of 10.65, 12.93, 20.92 and 39.23 mg kg
-1
P0 was
recorded by poultry manure slurry at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha
-1
rates, respectively under anaerobic condition. In this
moisture condition second, third and forth position was
ranked by poultry manure, cowdung slurry and cowdung,
respectively across the manure rates. Regarding aerobic
condition, considering P0 value poultry manure slurry
further ranked the first position in all the manure rates.
Poultry manure ranked second position in 3 and 20 t ha
-1
rates, cowdung slurry being second in 5 and 10 t ha
-1
rates. In most of the cases, slurry whether cowdung and
poultry manure had the higher mineralization potential
compared to their original state. The overall results
indicate that poultry manure source is able to supply
more P compared to cowdung source in relation to
mineralization potential values.
The mineralization rate constant (k value) of first order
kinetic model was found higher in cowdung source
4. Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil
Haque et al. 081
Aerobic condition Anaerobic condition
Figure 1. Trend of net P mineralization from manures under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
CD- Cowdung, CD sl- Cowdung slurry, PM-Poultry manure, PM sl-Poultry manure slurry
compared to poultry manure source across the soil
moisture conditions (Table 2). It indicates that cowdung
source mineralize faster and require less time to
mineralization than the poultry manure source. When
slurries and their original state were considered it found
that maximum cases slurries had the lower k value than
their original state. The results clearly indicate that
slurries had lower rate of mineralization but had
potentiality to supply higher P to the soil compared to
their original state.
0
3
6
9
12
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12
CD CD sl PM PM sl
Mineralization(mg/kg)
a. Manure 3 t/ha
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12
CD CD sl PM PM sl
Mineralization(mg/kg)
c. Manure 5 t/ha
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12
CD CD sl PM PM sl
Mineralization(mg/kg)
e. Manure 10 t/ha
0
8
16
24
32
40
48
56
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12
CD CD sl PM PM sl
Mineralization(mg/kg)
g. Manure 20 t/ha
Weeks
0
3
6
9
12
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12
CD CD sl PM PM sl
Mineralization(mg/kg)
b. Manure 3 t/ha
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12
CD CD sl PM PM sl
Mineralization(mg/kg)
d. Manure 5 t/ha
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12
CD CD sl PM PM sl
Mineralization(mg/kg)
f. Manure 10 t/ha
0
8
16
24
32
40
48
56
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12
CD CD sl PM PM sl
Mineralization(mg/kg)
h. Manure 20 t/ha
Weeks
5. Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 082
Table 2. Parameter values and coefficients of determination for the P mineralization kinetics of different manures
Rates
of
manure
Types of manure Aerobic condition Anaerobic condition
P0 k r adj* F P0 k r adj* F
3 t ha
-1
Cowdung 2.749 0.1350 0.7001 10.6(P<0.0098) 4.768 0.2058 0.7628 7.51(P<0.0228)
Cowdung slurry 2.439 0.1281 0.7015 4.73(P<0.0577) 5.724 0.1497 0.7673 4.40(P<0.0653)
Poultry manure 3.949 0.1173 0.7647 8.20(P<0.0187) 7.363 0.1201 0.7687 9.98(P<0.0116)
Poultry manure slurry 6.995 0.0991 0.8117 20.3(P<0.0015) 10.65 0.1174 0.7982 18.6(P<0.002)
5 t ha
-1
Cowdung 4.482 0.2027 0.7690 10.1(P<0.0113) 5.843 0.2877 0.7686 3.06(P<0.1143)
Cowdung slurry 4.748 0.1401 0.7675 9.40(P<0.0134) 10.19 0.1468 0.7684 10.0(P<0.0115)
Poultry manure 4.059 0.1777 0.7672 9.26(P<0.0139) 8.126 0.1879 0.7423 13.3(P<0.0054)
Poultry manure slurry 9.274 0.1097 0.7370 12.9(P<0.0058) 12.93 0.1124 0.7692 4.88(P<0.0544)
10 t ha
-1
Cowdung 8.774 0.2135 0.7624 7.40(P<0.0236) 8.765 0.3642 0.7649 3.85(P<0.0814)
Cowdung slurry 10.71 0.1504 0.7293 7.56(P<0.0225) 10.29 0.1446 0.7520 14.0(P<0.0046)
Poultry manure 8.749 0.1925 0.7581 6.11(P<0.0355) 14.13 0.1816 0.7930 17.9(P<0.0022)
Poultry manure slurry 18.79 0.2047 0.7671 4.35(P<0.0667) 20.92 0.1035 0.7583 6.08(P<0.0358)
20 t ha
-1
Cowdung 16.08 0.1782 0.7379 3.61(P<0.090) 17.41 0.2374 0.7475 2.35(P<0.1593)
Cowdung slurry 22.54 0.1753 0.7632 7.66(P<0.0218) 18.66 0.1443 0.7631 7.64(P<0.0220)
Poultry manure 25.48 0.1303 0.7972 18.4(P<0.0020) 22.59 0.1232 0.7721 15.8(P<0.0033)
Poultry manure slurry 32.43 0.1350 0.7516 15.7(P<0.0033) 39.23 0.1056 0.7292 12.4(P<0.0066)
Here, P0 - potentially mineralizable pool of P, k -mineralization constant rate, r-correlation coefficient F- F value of ANOVA table, P-probability level
*r value: 0.0 to 0.2- very weakly fit, 0.2 to 0.4- weakly fit, 0.4 to 0.7 -moderately fit, 0.7 to 0.9 - strongly fit, 0.9 to 1.0 - very strongly fit
CONCLUSION
Poultry manure source was found as a better source of P
for plant in soil. Both poultry manure slurry and cowdung
slurry have ability to supply P steadily, thus plant may
uptake it for long time compared to their original state
(poultry manure and cowdung).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the World Bank funded
Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project
(HEQEP). The first author specially acknowledges the
World Bank funded HEQEP for giving PhD fellowship.
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