The document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from agricultural lands in Bharthani, India to assess soil fertility levels based on physicochemical properties. The samples were tested for pH, organic carbon, and phosphorus content. Results showed that most samples had very high pH levels, making the soil alkaline. Organic carbon levels were satisfactory. Phosphorus levels were found to be high or very high in most samples, indicating excessive phosphorus that could leach into water sources. The study concludes that soil fertility is impacted by high pH and phosphorus levels, and recommends practices like adding organic matter to improve conditions.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Why to use phytoremediation?
Solar-driven Sustainable green technology improves air quality and sequesters greenhouse gases.
Controls erosion, runoff, infiltration, and fugitive dust emissions
Passive and in-situ.
Applicable to remote locations, potentially without utility access
Can be used to supplement other remediation approaches or as a polishing step.
Can be used to identify and map contamination.
Lower maintenance, resilient, and self-repairing.
Provides restoration and land reclamation during clean up and upon completion. Can be cost competitive.
Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Green Manure of Leucaena leucoceph...BRNSS Publication Hub
White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) was planted in the abandoned quarry to determine the growth and yield effects of mycorrhizal fungi, green manure, and other soil amendments. Seed yams were planted on the heaps (1 m × 1 m) in three replicates and three blocks. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, green manure of Gliricidia sepium (GS), poultry manure, and NPK fertilizer influence yam’s shoot, root, and tuber weights. It was further observed that the combined treatments of GS and Leucaena leucocephala had better enhancement of growth and yield characters of yam. Biofertilizers together with plant and animal remains are therefore recommended for the bioremediation of quarry and other areas affected by natural, human, or ecological activities.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Why to use phytoremediation?
Solar-driven Sustainable green technology improves air quality and sequesters greenhouse gases.
Controls erosion, runoff, infiltration, and fugitive dust emissions
Passive and in-situ.
Applicable to remote locations, potentially without utility access
Can be used to supplement other remediation approaches or as a polishing step.
Can be used to identify and map contamination.
Lower maintenance, resilient, and self-repairing.
Provides restoration and land reclamation during clean up and upon completion. Can be cost competitive.
Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Green Manure of Leucaena leucoceph...BRNSS Publication Hub
White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) was planted in the abandoned quarry to determine the growth and yield effects of mycorrhizal fungi, green manure, and other soil amendments. Seed yams were planted on the heaps (1 m × 1 m) in three replicates and three blocks. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, green manure of Gliricidia sepium (GS), poultry manure, and NPK fertilizer influence yam’s shoot, root, and tuber weights. It was further observed that the combined treatments of GS and Leucaena leucocephala had better enhancement of growth and yield characters of yam. Biofertilizers together with plant and animal remains are therefore recommended for the bioremediation of quarry and other areas affected by natural, human, or ecological activities.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Effects of Bradyrhizobia and Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on soybean (Glyc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A field experiment was conducted in Summer-Spring cropping season 2016 at Cujut district, DakNong province, Vietnam to study the effects of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on soybean (cv. Cujut) cultivated on ferralsols. The experiment consisted of six treatments as follows: control (no fertilizer, no inoculant), 240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15, rhizobial inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 20 kg N/ha applied at 10 days after sowing [DAS], PSB inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS, rhizobial and PSB inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 400 kg fertilizer/ha + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS and endophytic bacteria inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 400 kg fertilizer/ha + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS from June to August, 2016. The results showed that application of rhizobial inoculant and/or PSB inoculant produced significantly higher yield component, grain yield than control and did not differ from 240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15. Consequently, application of rhizobia and PSB improved soil fertility after harversting however using mixture of rhizobia and PSB inoculation plus 400 kg biofertilizer/ha +20 kg N/ha for soybean cultivation supported yield component, grain yield and oil, protein in seed than control and equivalent with treatment of chemical fertilizer (240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15). This technique not only increased grain yield, incomes for farmers but also improved soil fertility.
ABSTRACT- The effects of water deficit induced by withholding water in soil pots were examined on the activities of various key enzymes i.e. nitrate reductase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, α-amylase and invertase in Commiphora wightii. Drought stress induced decrease in the activities of nitrate reductase, peroxidase, α-amylase and invertase was observed in leaves of C. wightii. The decreased activity of peroxidase enzyme in C. wightii plants under water stress condition indicates that the plant is capable of maintaining growth vigour despite adverse conditions. On the other hand, acid phosphatase activity increased continuously in the leaves of C. wightii plants subjected to water stress. The results clearly indicate that regulation of enzymatic activity under drought is an essential biochemical process, which prevents the plants from drought-induced damage.
Key-words- Drought, Commiphora wightii, Nitrate reductase, Peroxidase, Acid phosphatase, α-amylase, Invertase
Alleviation of Salinity Effects by Poultry Manure and Gibberellin Application...IJEAB
Capsicum is one of the most widely consumed vegetables and is also used as a spice for its pungency. Many species of Capsicum are being cultivated worldwide. Capsicum is considered as a commercial crop for their economic value. However, the yield of the crop suffers severely due to salt stress, Soil salinity reduces water availability of plant roots via negative (low) osmosis potential, as well as decrease of germination dynamics of plant seeds by ionic toxicity of Na and Cl , Significant differences in fruit-set, yield, photo synthetic rates, stomata conductance, total chlorophyll content, proline, In general, salinity affects almost every aspect of the physiology and biochemistry of plants. The aim of this study was to determine the salt tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum L) under salinity stress by saline irrigation water, Poultry and gibberellins applications were used to alleviated the negative effects on growth parameters and yield of Pepper under salinity stress. The water salinity levels led to a significant elevation in the values of electrical conductivity of the soil with the peroxidase activity, and Sodium and proline contents in leaves, while resulting in decrease in growth parameters and leave contents of ( NPK),The poultry and gibberellins applications increased the growth parameters ( Dry weight of shoot and root &fruit weight) and (NPK) contents in leaves with slight dropping of peroxidase activity in leaves while a clear dropping of sodium and proline contents in leave. That possible to mitigation the negative affect of salt stress by some application like exogenous hormones and Decomposed organic matter to solve the disruption of endohormons and lack of available nutrients under salt stress, and elevation of osmotic stress in soil solution in roots area. The GA & poultry application improved the growth and it has increased the Pepper tolerance to the abiotic stress which was exerted by saline irrigation water.
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Effects of Bradyrhizobia and Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on soybean (Glyc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A field experiment was conducted in Summer-Spring cropping season 2016 at Cujut district, DakNong province, Vietnam to study the effects of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on soybean (cv. Cujut) cultivated on ferralsols. The experiment consisted of six treatments as follows: control (no fertilizer, no inoculant), 240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15, rhizobial inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 20 kg N/ha applied at 10 days after sowing [DAS], PSB inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS, rhizobial and PSB inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 400 kg fertilizer/ha + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS and endophytic bacteria inoculant [with liquid cover seeds] + 400 kg fertilizer/ha + 20 kg N/ha at 10 DAS from June to August, 2016. The results showed that application of rhizobial inoculant and/or PSB inoculant produced significantly higher yield component, grain yield than control and did not differ from 240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15. Consequently, application of rhizobia and PSB improved soil fertility after harversting however using mixture of rhizobia and PSB inoculation plus 400 kg biofertilizer/ha +20 kg N/ha for soybean cultivation supported yield component, grain yield and oil, protein in seed than control and equivalent with treatment of chemical fertilizer (240 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15). This technique not only increased grain yield, incomes for farmers but also improved soil fertility.
ABSTRACT- The effects of water deficit induced by withholding water in soil pots were examined on the activities of various key enzymes i.e. nitrate reductase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, α-amylase and invertase in Commiphora wightii. Drought stress induced decrease in the activities of nitrate reductase, peroxidase, α-amylase and invertase was observed in leaves of C. wightii. The decreased activity of peroxidase enzyme in C. wightii plants under water stress condition indicates that the plant is capable of maintaining growth vigour despite adverse conditions. On the other hand, acid phosphatase activity increased continuously in the leaves of C. wightii plants subjected to water stress. The results clearly indicate that regulation of enzymatic activity under drought is an essential biochemical process, which prevents the plants from drought-induced damage.
Key-words- Drought, Commiphora wightii, Nitrate reductase, Peroxidase, Acid phosphatase, α-amylase, Invertase
Alleviation of Salinity Effects by Poultry Manure and Gibberellin Application...IJEAB
Capsicum is one of the most widely consumed vegetables and is also used as a spice for its pungency. Many species of Capsicum are being cultivated worldwide. Capsicum is considered as a commercial crop for their economic value. However, the yield of the crop suffers severely due to salt stress, Soil salinity reduces water availability of plant roots via negative (low) osmosis potential, as well as decrease of germination dynamics of plant seeds by ionic toxicity of Na and Cl , Significant differences in fruit-set, yield, photo synthetic rates, stomata conductance, total chlorophyll content, proline, In general, salinity affects almost every aspect of the physiology and biochemistry of plants. The aim of this study was to determine the salt tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum L) under salinity stress by saline irrigation water, Poultry and gibberellins applications were used to alleviated the negative effects on growth parameters and yield of Pepper under salinity stress. The water salinity levels led to a significant elevation in the values of electrical conductivity of the soil with the peroxidase activity, and Sodium and proline contents in leaves, while resulting in decrease in growth parameters and leave contents of ( NPK),The poultry and gibberellins applications increased the growth parameters ( Dry weight of shoot and root &fruit weight) and (NPK) contents in leaves with slight dropping of peroxidase activity in leaves while a clear dropping of sodium and proline contents in leave. That possible to mitigation the negative affect of salt stress by some application like exogenous hormones and Decomposed organic matter to solve the disruption of endohormons and lack of available nutrients under salt stress, and elevation of osmotic stress in soil solution in roots area. The GA & poultry application improved the growth and it has increased the Pepper tolerance to the abiotic stress which was exerted by saline irrigation water.
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study was carried out to evaluate the improvement of soil fertility and crop yield using formulated organic fertilizers in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) from October 2008 to April 2015 and the test crop was tomato, eggplant, cabbage and cauliflower. The physicochemical properties, behavior and persistence of plant beneficial microorganisms including nitrogen fixing bacteria, (e.g. Rhizobium sp., Azotobacter sp.), phosphate solubilizing bacteria e.g. (Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria), Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp., in the amended/ non-amended block were evaluated each year. The soil beneficial microbial populations and health properties including pH, nitrogen content, organic matter, phosphorus, K, Ca, and S, increased significantly in the compost-amended soils compared to the conventional practices. The total nitrogen (N) content and the organic matter of compost amended soil were 215% and 200% higher respectively than that of conventional practices (CP). Furthermore, significant increase of available organic matter, N, P, & K was observed in the compost-amended soils compared to conventional and control block. Furthermore, microbial population showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils and yearly vegetables yield increased gradually and was reached to almost identical to conventional field within 5 years, implying that the soil amended with BIOFER compost increased the soil fertility, and vegetables yields. Thus, application of BAOFER compost at the rate of 15 t/ha/year was found adequate in improving the vegetable yields and soil health in open field cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.
Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions |...Innspub Net
To investigate the maize yield and nutrient concentration in its leaves as affected by biochar from different organic materials (wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse), a field experiment was conducted on maize crop during 2013 at koont research farm chakwal. The treatments were control, wheat straw biochar at 5t ha-1, and 10t ha-1, sugarcane bagasse biochar at 5t ha-1and 10t ha-1. The experiment was conducted in RCBD. Maize was grown in 4m × 6m sized plots. Soil samples were taken before sowing of crop for determination of soil pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and texture. The plant parameters were grain yield, plant biomass, macro nutrients and micro nutrients. Wheat straw biochar 10 t/ha showed an increase of 16.1% N, 38.8% P, 33% K, 28.9% biomass and 20.8% grain yield. Sugarcane bagasse biochar at a rate of 10 t/ha showed significant increase of 14.9% N, 27.7% P, 30% K, 27.6% biomass and 22.1% grain yield. None of the biochar treatment showed any significant increase in micronutrient concentration in the plant.
Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions|I...Innspub Net
To investigate the maize yield and nutrient concentration in its leaves as affected by biochar from different organic materials (wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse), a field experiment was conducted on maize crop during 2013 at koont research farm chakwal. The treatments were control, wheat straw biochar at 5t ha-1, and 10t ha-1, sugarcane bagasse biochar at 5t ha-1and 10t ha-1. The experiment was conducted in RCBD. Maize was grown in 4m × 6m sized plots. Soil samples were taken before sowing of crop for determination of soil pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and texture. The plant parameters were grain yield, plant biomass, macro nutrients and micro nutrients. Wheat straw biochar 10 t/ha showed an increase of 16.1% N, 38.8% P, 33% K, 28.9% biomass and 20.8% grain yield. Sugarcane bagasse biochar at a rate of 10 t/ha showed significant increase of 14.9% N, 27.7% P, 30% K, 27.6% biomass and 22.1% grain yield. None of the biochar treatment showed any significant increase in micronutrient concentration in plant.
Soil fertility analysis for rice production in the lowland areas of Diplahan,...Open Access Research Paper
The most important practice that contributes to rice production is nutrient management. However, if the nutrient plant required is insufficient, low production is unavoidable. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the soil fertility status of lowland areas in the municipality of Diplahan. Soil samples from each sampling site were collected in rice farms using a composite random soil sampling moving in a zigzag pattern. A depth of 0- 15cm soil samples were collected from 15 – 30 different places in 1-5 hectares. An air-drying procedure was done before it was carried to the laboratory for final testing. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium following the BSWM (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) procedures. Furthermore, a soil fertility map was outlined through ArcGIS software by plotting local coordinates in Google Map. Results showed that the areas in 10 selected barangays in the municipality have moderate soil acidity, with a pH level that falls below the desirable range of 5.5 – 7.0 but no lower than 4.5. According to the results of the soil organic carbon analysis, all barangays have insufficient SOC. Only four barangays have the optimal soil organic matter content for lowland rice production. The study also revealed that only two (2) barangays receive an adequate amount of nitrogen, while the rest are considered deficient. Phosphorous-rich soils were found in two (2) barangays; the five (5) barangays have a medium content; and the remaining three (3) barangays have a low content. Lastly, no barangay in the municipality obtains an adequate amount of exchangeable potassium ranging from 82-246 ppm. Problem of insufficient nutrient requirements for rice crop production is widespread in the municipality.
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
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Physio-Chemical Aspects for Assessing Agricultural Soil Fertility and Productivity
1. P: ISSN NO.: 2394-0344 RNI No.UPBIL/2016/67980 VOL-6* ISSUE-4* July-2021
E: ISSN NO.: 2455-0817 Remarking An Analisation
Physio-Chemical Aspects For
Assessing Agricultural Soil Fertility
And Productivity
Paper Submission: 05/07/2021, Date of Acceptance: 18/07/2021, Date of Publication: 25/07/2021
Abstract
The instant study is named as “Physio-Chemical Aspects for assessing
agricultural soil fertility and productivity.” was conducted with soil samples from the
agricultural farmlands of village Bharthani, tehsil Mariahu, district Jaunpur, U.P. to
observe presence and effects of physio-chemical parameters and thereby
analysing fertility levels in it.
The soil samples were freshly collected, cleaned and stored for the
study. The alluvial soil samples were subjected to tests which show the presence of
the physio-chemical parameters like p.H., content of organic carbon and
phosphorus content. The results obtained from these tests were then calculated
using specific formulas in order to ascertain the exact amount of soil organic
carbon and phosphorus. Through these tests relationships between soil fertility and
physical parameters were established and an idea was created for improving the
fertility levels in the soil, as well as the relation between soil fertility and soil
productivity was noted and analysed. Results show that there was an extreme
presence of organic carbon and phosphorus. Also some samples had high p.H.
value. In order to counteract the adverse effects some alternative ways are also
discussed here.
Ilika Kaushik
Student,
School of Biotechnology,
Gautam Buddha
University, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Keywords: Agricultural Soil, Physio-Chemical Properties, Soil
Fertility, Soil Productivity, Soil p.H., Soil Organic Carbon, Soil
Phosphorus Content.
Introduction
Since the birth of civilization, humans have been using agricultural
practices to complete the basic need of food. Agriculture history in India goes back
to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization Era and perhaps beyond that in some
Southern Indian parts. Indian agricultural systems are utilized strategically; keeping
in mind the suitability of the locations. Subsistence farming, organic farming and
industrial farming are significant farming systems which contribute greatly to Indian
agricultural practises. Naturally soil contains nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus,
organic carbon, calcium and potassium. These help the crops to grow. When such
nutrients are missing or are in shortage then plants suffer from nutrient deficiency
and have stunted growth; fertilisers are therefore added to the soil so that proper
health of the crops may be ensured. Although they fulfil the nutrient requirement yet
they pose serious threats and are used continuously over a long period of time.
Like:-
1. Such fertilisers are chemically made.
2. Expensive.
3. Not readily available in the hour of need and in required quantity.
4. Excessive use may deplete the natural content of the soil.
5. Chemicals in fertilizers may also enter in the underground water table and
may also enter in food chains. (Yudhisther et al., 2018).
6. Occurance of soil organic matter degradation, soil acidity and environmental
pollution. (Manoj et al, 2019)
For determining soil’s suitability for agriculture, various physical properties play an
important role. Physical properties like supporting capability, movement, retention,
availability of water, presence of nutrients, penetration speed, air and heat flow are
some of the properties which are related to the soil health directly. Physical
properties also tend to influence chemical and biological properties of the
soil.(Phogat et al. 2015).
Physcio-Chemical characteristics like moisture content, specific gravity,
p.H. measurement and evaluation of magnesium, phosphorus, organic carbon,
nitrogen, potassium, chloride, etc give us detailed information about soil health.
Most importantly, the fertility of soil greatly depends on concentration of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, organic material, inorganic materials and water. (Jain et al.
2014). Since soil is an end result of pedogenic processes resulting from weathering
of rocks, therefore they have high variability from depth to surface of earth and
hence provides medium for plant growth. Therefore in order to find out fertility, soil
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2. P: ISSN NO.: 2394-0344 RNI No.UPBIL/2016/67980 VOL-6* ISSUE-4* July-2021
E: ISSN NO.: 2455-0817 Remarking An Analisation
testing is very important. It can be mentioned here
that these properties are very sensitive and can
change with even minute disturbance.(Iram and
Khan, 2018).
The neutron method and the γ-radiation
method are the two methods for the assessment of
water content and were developed with the recent
advances in nuclear technology. pH of the soil is
nothing but the activity of hydrogen ions in the
soil-water system and mathematically it can be
expressed as:- p.H.= -log a H+ . Through p.H.
indication of soil reactivity is also indicated i.e. if the
soil is acidic, neutral or basic in nature.
The soil reaction greatly affects the
nutrient availability.(Thakur et al. 2011). Similarly,
various protocols including titrimetric methods,
spectroscopy methods and use of atomic
absorption spectroscopy are available for assessing
various physical, physcio-chemical properties.
Plant/crop roots that are deeply
embedded within the soil have a very huge range of
organic nutrients that send out signals to attract
various microbial populations, mostly have the
ability for metabolizing plant excluded compounds
and that can proliferate in the habitat. (Badri and
Vivanco, 2009)
Soil microbes can be divided into five
groups such as bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and
viruses. Each group has different features and
performs different functions within the soil.
Furthermore, the most important factor is that they
do not live in isolation but interact with each other
and hence influence soil fertility more or equal to
the organism’s own function.(Johns, 2017)
Unfortunately, with the occurrence of many
disturbing events like excessive land clearance,
stubble burning, inappropriate use of fertiliser, over
tilling of soil, etc has led to the damaging conditions
of salinity, acidification, soil structure decline and
soil desertification. These events turned to the
depletion of soil microbial community and hence
damaging the soil health.(Johns, 2017) Sometimes
in the absence of mineral nutrients, certain
microbes tend to act like that of higher plants. For
example., growth of Azotobacter or A. niger
indicates nutrient deficiency in soil.
Materials and Methods
Sample Collection
The soil sample was collected from the
agricultural farmlands of village Bharthani, tehsil
Mariahu, district Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh. A total of
11 samples were collected. The samples were
stored in a clean and dry plastic bag, packed and
moved to the lab for further testing. At the lab the
samples were removed from their package and
placed on a large plastic tray for sieving so as to
remove roots, twigs or other organic matter. Each
sample was sieved and stored in fresh and clean
plastic with proper labelling.
Determination of Soil p.H.
20 g of soil was taken and was mixed with
40 ml of DW in a 100ml beaker. This solution was
stirred with the help of a glass stirrer regularly for
30mins. Then by immersing the electrodes in
suspension the pH was measured and noted.
(Thakur et al. 2011) This procedure was performed
for all 11 soil samples.
Determination of Soil Organic Carbon%
1g of soil was mixed with 10ml of 1N
K2Cr2O7 in a 500ml conical flask. To this solution,
20ml of conc. H2SO4 was added and the flask was
swirled for 2-3 mins. The flask was allowed to stand
for further 30 mins. After this, to dilute the
suspension, 200ml of water was added. The
suspension was filtered. To the filtrate 10ml of 85%
of orthophosphoric acid was added and 1ml of
phenolphthalein indicator. This entire solution was
titrated against 0.5N ferrous ammonium sulphate
hexahydrate till the colour changes from violet
through blue to bright green. The volume of ferrous
ammonium sulphate hexahydrate used was noted.
A blank titration was also performed. This
procedure was followed for all 11 soil samples
(Thakur et al. 2011)
Organic Carbon%= (Blank − Reading) ×
10 × 0.003 × 100/ Blank × Weight of soil
Where:-
Weight of the sample = 1g
Normality of K2Cr2O7 = 1N
Volume of K2Cr2O7 = 10ml
Normality of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
Hexahydrate = 0.5N
(Thakur et al. 2011)
Determination of Phosphorus
1g of soil was taken and 20ml of 0.5N
extracting solution was added. This entire solution
was kept on a shaker incubator at 200 rpm for
30mins at room temperature. After incubation the
solution was filtered. OD was taken on a
spectrophotometer at 660 n.m. (Thakur et al. 2011)
This process was repeated for all 11 samples.
P(mg P per kg soil) = 0.020l(amount of extracting
solution)/ 0.001kg(amount of sample taken) × OD
Soil P.H. Value
The p.H. values of all 11 soil samples were
measured and are tabulated in the following table:-
Results and Discussion
Table 06:- Observed p.H. values of the Collected Samples
S.No. Sample p.H. Value Remarks
1 Sample 01 9.3 Very Strongly Alkaline
2 Sample 02 9.2 Very Strongly Alkaline
3 Sample 03 8.4 Moderately Alkaline
4 Sample 04 7.3 Neutral
5 Sample 05 7.4 Slightly Alkaline
6 Sample 06 7.3 Slightly Alkaline
7 Sample 07 8.0 Moderately Alkaline
8 Sample 08 8.8 Strongly Alkaline
9 Sample 09 6.6 Neutral
10 Sample 10 6.9 Neutral
11 Sample11 8.1 Moderately Alkaline
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E: ISSN NO.: 2455-0817 Remarking An Analisation
From the observed values it is very clear that
sample 04, 09 and10 are having neutral p.H.while the
rest are on alkaline side. Soil p.H. is said to be as a
main parameter or master parameter of soil fertility as
the chemical processes are somehow linked with it.
Increase in the alkalinity is due to weathering of silicate,
aluminosilicate and carbonate which may enter through
water having such mineral chemicals dissolved in them.
Certain external factors like arid conditions or poor
internal soil drainage can also result in high alkalinity of
soil.(Handbook of soil sciences- properties and
processes)
Soil Organic Carbon %
After performing titration the available organic
carbon of all 11 soil samples were measured and are
tabulated in the following table:
Table 07:- Observed titre values and calculated soil organic carbon% of the collected Samples .
Back Titration Value = 15.6 ml
S.No. Sample Titre Value
(ml)
Soil Organic
Carbon%
Remarks
1. Sample 01 5.9ml 1.86%
Satisfactory
2. Sample 02 7.5ml 1.55%
3. Sample 03 7.0ml 1.65%
4. Sample 04 6.9ml 1.67%
5. Sample 05 5.5ml 1.94%
6. Sample 06 5.0ml 2.03%
7. Sample 07 5.7ml 1.90%
8. Sample 08 8.0ml 1.46%
9. Sample 09 4.9ml 2.05%
10. Sample10 4.0ml 2.23%
11. Sample 11 4.5ml 2.13%
The levels of organic carbon in all the
samples were found to be satisfactory. Soil organic
carbon level is an important factor related to soil
health. Soil organic carbon levels are maintained
because of various ecological procedures like
photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration etc.
(Ontl, T. A. and Schulte, L. A., 2012)
Soil Phosphorus Content
After doing the spectrophotometric
analysis the observations for all 11 soil samples are
as
follows:-
Table 08:- Observed OD and calculated Soil Phosphorus Content of The Collected Samples
Blank = 0.00
S.No. sample OD at 660 n.m Calculated
Phosphorus Content
(mg P/Kg soil)
Remarks
1. Sample 01 1.268 25.36 (mg P/Kg soil) High
2. Sample 02 2.534 50.68 (mg P/Kg soil) Very High
3. Sample 03 2.273 45.46 (mg P/Kg soil) Very High
4. Sample 04 2.123 42.46 (mg P/Kg soil) Very High
5. Sample 05 2.592 51.84(mg P/Kg soil) Very High
6. Sample 06 1.662 33.24 (mg P/Kg soil) High
7. Sample 07 2.498 49.96 (mg P/Kg soil) Very High
8. Sample 08 1.203 24.06 (mg P/Kg soil) High
9. Sample 09 2.264 45.28 (mg P/Kg soil) Very High
10. Sample 10 2.102 42.04 (mg P/Kg soil) Very High
11. Sample 11 1.114 22.28 (mg P/Kg soil) High
The results clearly show that there is an
accumulation of phosphorus in soil and this can
also imply that the plants/crops are unable to take
up phosphorus from soil. Furthermore, excessive
phosphorus can be harmful for the environment and
can lead to leaching into nearby water bodies (Bai
et al, 2013). It can also reduce the ability of the
plant to intake iron, zinc and other micronutrients
from the soil.
Conclusions
It was seen that apart from few the other
soil samples were having very high p.H. and this is
a concerning factor. Soils having high p.H. on
becomes sodic and dispersive. They would have
slow infiltration rate and low hydraulic conductivity.
This could also result in poor available water
capacity.(Ellis and Foth, 2017) . Plants growing on
such type of soil would be restricted since the
aeration is poor and the soil mostly remains wet.
Slowly the soil would become hard and cloddy.
Reducing the p.H. of such soils to normal level is
done through many ways like use of grass cultures,
organic compost, organic garbage, etc. These
processes would ensure the incorporation of acid
material in the soil thereby, maintaining the balance
in it. (Chhabra, 1996)
During the course of study it was found
that the organic carbon% in all the samples were
satisfactory. This means the soil health is not in the
dangerous zone. But still if the levels need to be
changed then certain agricultural practices like
excessive use of chemically laden artificial
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4. P: ISSN NO.: 2394-0344 RNI No.UPBIL/2016/67980 VOL-6* ISSUE-4* July-2021
E: ISSN NO.: 2455-0817 Remarking An Analisation
fertilisers and stubble burning must be discouraged.
More and more use of organic matter or addition of
nitrogen fertilisers would maintain the level of
organic carbon in the soil.(Young and Young, 2001)
The phosphorus levels in the sol samples
were found to be in high concentration. This can
cause phosphorus leaching through soil and the
excessive phosphorus would be added in the water
streams. One of the major reasons for the high
levels of phosphorus in soil is the increased p.H.
level. At the normal range of p.H. would be
maximum uptake of phosphorus from the soil.
Contrary to this if the p.H. is on the higher side then
phosphorus uptake is hindered like most of the
other plant nutrients.(Penn and Camberato, 2019)
Apart from this, excessive use of inorganic, artificial
fertilisers can also result in the high phosphorus
levels. All this would only disrupt plant growth,
health and productivity. By maintaining the levels of
p.H., it would ensure that a proper amount of
phosphorus is being uptaken from the soil and no
accumulation is being made. Using organic
fertilisers would further maintain the phosphorus
levels and thereby maintain soil health and
productivity.
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1. Badri, D.V. and Vivanco, J.M. (2009)
Regulation and function of root exudates.
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2. Bai, Z., Li, H., Yang, X., Zhou, B., Xhi, X.,
Wang, B., Li, D., Shen, J., Chen, Q., Wei., W.,
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P levels for crop yield, soil fertility and
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3. Black, C.A. (1965) Methods of soil analysis
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Fertilisers and Organic Manures on Soil
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