International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Herbicidal Activity of Imazapic (262.5 G / L) Associated With Imazapyr (87.5 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Merremia tridentata, Corchorus olitorus, Euphorbia heterophylla are weeds which cause significant damage to sugar cane. To remedy this, while saving the environment, a study of the biological efficacy of imazapic 262.65 g / l associated with Imazapyr 87,5g / l (CMT 505) and its secondary effects on soil agrochemical properties was done at Bérégadougou, in Burkina Faso. The biological efficacy of herbicides was evaluated by counting and weighing the dry biomass of weeds using a sampling square of 0.25 m² placed on four tufts diagonally on the 4 lines of the useful plot. The soil nitrogen nitrate and assimilable phosphorus contents were evaluated on a spectrophotometer, those of available potassium on a flame photometer. The biological efficiency coefficients of CMT 0.6l / ha varied from 80.96% to 100%. Those of CMT highest doses , phyto-toxic varied from 48.12% to 100%. The nitrogen nitrate, assimilable phosphorous soil contents in herbicides treatments were not different from those of manual weeding. The dose of CMT 0.6l / ha led to a reduction of 32.20% potassium available content compared to manual weeding at the end of tillering. All these factors have allowed CMT, applied at the rate of 0.6l / ha, a surplus of 11.03% cane yield, of 14.74% extractable sugar compared to the untreated control and equivalent to manual weeding. CMT 505 does not interfere, at studied doses, the dynamic evolution of soil agrochemical properties.
An efficient incentive of Nitrate and Fluoride on Organic highland cropping s...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exerting necessitated concentrations of Nitrate and fluoride to the organic highland cropping
systems is a vital management technique. All the chemical elements of the earth’s crust occur in widely differing
omnipresent concentrations, due to their different nuclear chemical formation and geochemical history. The use
of biological nitrogen and fluoride inputs complicates its balancing act due to dandier uncertainty in inorganic
Nitrogen and Fluoride availability. The growers to strike maintain Nitrogen provisioning to support crop
growth and retention of limit pollution followed by fluoride associated soils. Due to various activities of the man
in domestic field, agriculture area and industrial establishment the environment around us consisting soil, water
and air gets polluted. Fluoride inexhaustible concentrations forbid the growth of crop even though nitrates
reposit in the cultivated soils. The purpose of this project was to establish kinetics when nitro fluorides
associated in the highland soils to different crop systems towards environmental pollutions. Cordia Africana
and alfalfa are the plants which make soil to get enrichment of Nitrates and deescalate of concentrations of
fluorides from cultivated soils through its decomposition. This entire study went on its conventionally tilled
crops followed by Cordia Africana and alfalfa stems and leaf particles. Surface soil nitrate concentrations were
measured weekly, biweekly by volumetric analysis and nitrate leaching was estimated from tension Lysimeters
which were buried at the soil bedrock interface. Subsequently by using Orion 720A fluoride ion meter, deescalated
concentrations of fluorides have been measured. The demonstrated concentrations of Soil in NO3
variables, coefficients of variations from the mean concentrations across all samplings have been recorded
sporadically. The total area of the soil bed was maintained the same PH values until project was completed by
weigh Lysimeters. The timing of elevated Nitrate concentrations (10-15PPM) and the concentrations of fluoride
in deeper soil water corresponds with fallow periods. These dynamics will assist growers in adapting the timing
management operations and reduces nitrate departures.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Variations in phosphatase activity of crude oil and used crankase oil pollute...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of crude oil and used engine oil pollution on phosphatase enzyme activity in agricultural soil. The researchers divided an area of farmland into plots that were polluted with different concentrations of the two oil types. Soil samples were taken from each plot weekly for 8 weeks and tested for alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that phosphatase activity generally decreased in the topsoil layers and was lowest in plots with the highest oil concentrations. Specifically, alkaline phosphatase activity was lowest after 7-8 weeks in plots with 6 liters of each oil type, while acid phosphatase was lowest after 5 weeks in the most polluted plots. This suggests that oil pollution impaired the soil
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Metsulfuron Methyl - Effect On Soil Microfloratheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Herbicidal Activity of Imazapic (262.5 G / L) Associated With Imazapyr (87.5 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Merremia tridentata, Corchorus olitorus, Euphorbia heterophylla are weeds which cause significant damage to sugar cane. To remedy this, while saving the environment, a study of the biological efficacy of imazapic 262.65 g / l associated with Imazapyr 87,5g / l (CMT 505) and its secondary effects on soil agrochemical properties was done at Bérégadougou, in Burkina Faso. The biological efficacy of herbicides was evaluated by counting and weighing the dry biomass of weeds using a sampling square of 0.25 m² placed on four tufts diagonally on the 4 lines of the useful plot. The soil nitrogen nitrate and assimilable phosphorus contents were evaluated on a spectrophotometer, those of available potassium on a flame photometer. The biological efficiency coefficients of CMT 0.6l / ha varied from 80.96% to 100%. Those of CMT highest doses , phyto-toxic varied from 48.12% to 100%. The nitrogen nitrate, assimilable phosphorous soil contents in herbicides treatments were not different from those of manual weeding. The dose of CMT 0.6l / ha led to a reduction of 32.20% potassium available content compared to manual weeding at the end of tillering. All these factors have allowed CMT, applied at the rate of 0.6l / ha, a surplus of 11.03% cane yield, of 14.74% extractable sugar compared to the untreated control and equivalent to manual weeding. CMT 505 does not interfere, at studied doses, the dynamic evolution of soil agrochemical properties.
An efficient incentive of Nitrate and Fluoride on Organic highland cropping s...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exerting necessitated concentrations of Nitrate and fluoride to the organic highland cropping
systems is a vital management technique. All the chemical elements of the earth’s crust occur in widely differing
omnipresent concentrations, due to their different nuclear chemical formation and geochemical history. The use
of biological nitrogen and fluoride inputs complicates its balancing act due to dandier uncertainty in inorganic
Nitrogen and Fluoride availability. The growers to strike maintain Nitrogen provisioning to support crop
growth and retention of limit pollution followed by fluoride associated soils. Due to various activities of the man
in domestic field, agriculture area and industrial establishment the environment around us consisting soil, water
and air gets polluted. Fluoride inexhaustible concentrations forbid the growth of crop even though nitrates
reposit in the cultivated soils. The purpose of this project was to establish kinetics when nitro fluorides
associated in the highland soils to different crop systems towards environmental pollutions. Cordia Africana
and alfalfa are the plants which make soil to get enrichment of Nitrates and deescalate of concentrations of
fluorides from cultivated soils through its decomposition. This entire study went on its conventionally tilled
crops followed by Cordia Africana and alfalfa stems and leaf particles. Surface soil nitrate concentrations were
measured weekly, biweekly by volumetric analysis and nitrate leaching was estimated from tension Lysimeters
which were buried at the soil bedrock interface. Subsequently by using Orion 720A fluoride ion meter, deescalated
concentrations of fluorides have been measured. The demonstrated concentrations of Soil in NO3
variables, coefficients of variations from the mean concentrations across all samplings have been recorded
sporadically. The total area of the soil bed was maintained the same PH values until project was completed by
weigh Lysimeters. The timing of elevated Nitrate concentrations (10-15PPM) and the concentrations of fluoride
in deeper soil water corresponds with fallow periods. These dynamics will assist growers in adapting the timing
management operations and reduces nitrate departures.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Variations in phosphatase activity of crude oil and used crankase oil pollute...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of crude oil and used engine oil pollution on phosphatase enzyme activity in agricultural soil. The researchers divided an area of farmland into plots that were polluted with different concentrations of the two oil types. Soil samples were taken from each plot weekly for 8 weeks and tested for alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that phosphatase activity generally decreased in the topsoil layers and was lowest in plots with the highest oil concentrations. Specifically, alkaline phosphatase activity was lowest after 7-8 weeks in plots with 6 liters of each oil type, while acid phosphatase was lowest after 5 weeks in the most polluted plots. This suggests that oil pollution impaired the soil
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Metsulfuron Methyl - Effect On Soil Microfloratheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Phytoremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Marine Water with Halophytes endow...Kalyani Rajalingham
This document discusses using transgenic halophytic algae Macrocystis pyrifera for phytoremediation of naphthalene in marine oil spills. The objective is to insert genes for naphthalene degradation from Pseudomonas putida into M. pyrifera to create plants that can break down naphthalene. Experiments will transform M. pyrifera with these genes using agrobacterium, then test the transgenic plants' ability to degrade naphthalene from simulated oil spills in seawater tanks over 2 weeks, with or without additional P. putida on the leaves.
Evaluation of some properties of soils affected by diesel oil pollution in uy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of diesel oil pollution on soil properties in Uyo, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from plots treated with varying levels of diesel oil (0-5.06%) and analyzed at 2 and 18 weeks after application. Results at 2 weeks showed decreases in soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and basic cations with increasing diesel levels. Organic carbon and carbon/nitrogen ratios increased due to microbial breakdown of hydrocarbons. By 18 weeks, soil properties like pH, nutrients and ratios had begun to recover as microbial activity reduced toxicity. The diesel introduced contaminants that disrupted the soil environment but natural remediation processes helped restore properties over time.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and interZiziphus Jujubealleys cropping on ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to test the effects of intercropping and nitrogen fertilization on blue panic (panicum antidotale) yield, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of King Abdulaziz University, located at Hada Al-Sham during two consecutive seasons (2013 and 2014). Blue panic was intercropped between interspaces alleys of Ziziphus Jujube under three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 kg N/ha, 200 kg N/ha and 400 kg N/ha in the form of commercial Urea,46%) and three distances from the jujube tree (1m ,2m and 4m). Blue panic fresh and dry forage yield (tons/ha) and quality was assessed during ten cuttings harvests. The results exhibited significant effects of intercropping, nitrogen fertilization and distance from the tree on forage yield and quality. Forage yield across all ten harvests were higher under intercropped plots compared to sole crops and in plots treated with 200 and 400 kg N and 2-meter distance from the trees. Total fresh forage yield /ha/10 cuts of the intercropped blue panic under 400 kg N/ha and 2m distance reached 186 tons/ha/year. Whereas the highest protein content means overall the different cuts was 11.51% in plots fertilized with 400 kg N/ha at 1m distance from the trees. This current study highlights the importance of utilizing jujube alleysto maximize land use value of this widely planted arid land tree.
Keywords— Forage yield, Forage quality, Jujube tree, alley cropping.
Use of Stable isotope for soil plant nutrition studiesP.K. Mani
- Isotope techniques using 15N are useful for tracing nitrogen pathways and quantifying nitrogen use efficiency in soil-plant systems.
- 15N does not pose health hazards like radioactive isotopes and its use does not require special permitting. However, 15N-labeled fertilizers can be costly.
- Case studies have examined the effects of fertilizer type and application timing on nitrogen uptake and partitioning in crops like rice and corn using 15N labeling. These studies provide insights into nitrogen cycling and losses like ammonia volatilization.
- 15N techniques can distinguish nitrogen sources in the environment and agriculture, helping to identify causes of groundwater nitrate pollution. Overall, 15N isotopic tracing is a valuable tool
The document discusses strategies for sustainable agriculture through the use of smart fertilizers. It proposes that smart fertilizers with controlled nutrient release, such as nanofertilizers and slow-release fertilizers, can increase nutrient use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts compared to conventional fertilizers. Nanofertilizers may be synthesized nanoparticles, products with nanoscale coatings, or bulk products with nanoscale additives. Slow-release fertilizers use coatings, large particle sizes, or condensation products to delay nutrient availability. The document also discusses polymers, biodegradable polymers, stabilized fertilizers using nitrification or urease inhibitors, and other methods to precisely control nutrient release timing and rates.
1. The document discusses nanotechnology applications in fertilizers including encapsulation of nutrients in nanoparticles, use of nano-sized nutrients, and slow/targeted delivery of nutrients.
2. Key benefits of nan fertilizers are increased nutrient efficiency, dispersion of insoluble nutrients, constant nutrient release, and delivery of nutrients where needed.
3. Potential disadvantages include toxicity issues if nanoparticles enter the human body and environmental impacts that require further study.
This document discusses a study on the use of Azotobacter chroococcum as a bio-fertilizer to fix atmospheric nitrogen in mulberry gardens. The study found that applying A. chroococcum inoculants at a rate of 108-9 cells per gram of charcoal carrier material as a bio-fertilizer (Nitrofert) replaced 50% of the recommended nitrogen chemical fertilizer dose without negatively impacting mulberry leaf yield, total biomass, or leaf quality. The consistent effectiveness of A. chroococcum in fixing nitrogen and reducing chemical fertilizer needs was demonstrated. Mass culture techniques for producing the Nitrofert bio-fertilizer on a large scale
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improvement in biological characteristics of alkaline soils by using pressmudIAEME Publication
1) The study aimed to improve the biological properties of alkaline soils by adding pressmud, a byproduct of the sugar industry.
2) Adding pressmud increased the soil bacteria and fungi counts, lowered the soil pH, and increased nutrients. The optimum application rate was found to be 80 tons per hectare.
3) Pressmud improved the biological properties of the alkaline soil, making it more suitable for agriculture. However, electrical conductivity increased above safe levels at application rates over 80 tons per hectare.
Nanofertilizers are fertilizers synthesized using nanotechnology to improve their attributes and nutrient release properties. They can be synthesized through chemical, physical, or biological methods. Nanofertilizers exhibit controlled release of nutrients, higher nutrient uptake efficiency, and reduce nutrient losses compared to conventional fertilizers. Some examples discussed are zinc oxide nanoparticle fertilizers and urea-hydroxyapatite nanohybrid fertilizers. However, more research is still needed to fully understand their environmental impacts and toxicity.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of mulch on organic tomato cultivationSubhayan Das
EFFECT OF MANURES & MULCHING ON CONSERVATION OF SOIL & WATER ALONG WITH CROP PRODUCTIVITY OF TOMATO IN GANGETIC ALLUVIUM UNDER SHIMUL BASED AGRISILVICULTURE SYSTEM
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Soil is a wonderful gift of nature for living creatures. It supports crop growth. It is an important environmental factor, and has a close reciprocal relationship with the plants growing in it and the soil microbes that exist in it. The forest soil consists of high humus with variety of microbes. In this experiment forest area of Newasa was selected for evaluation of nutrient status and bacterial population. On the basis of density of grasses Iseilema prostratum L, Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult, Aristida hystrix L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd, Fimbriristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. were selected. 100 soil samples from different locations from rhizosphere of these monocots were collected and analyzed for soil nutrient status and nitrogen fixing bacterial population. It was recorded that, out of five plants, the rhizosphere soil of Setaria pumila L. showed maximum bacterial population (11700540.00). Available nitrogen (320 kg/ha) and % organic carbon (0.60 %) followed by Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult the bacterial population was (2558265.00), available nitrogen (203 Kg/ha) and % Organic Carbon (0.59%). Other soil nutrients were also measured.
Microbial community composition of different soil layers in an aged oil spill...Erhovwon Aggreh
The document summarizes a study on the microbial community composition of different soil layers from an aged oil spill site in Nigeria. Total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were higher in the top soil compared to the subsoil. A total of 24 bacterial species from 11 genera and 10 fungal species from 7 genera were isolated from both soil layers and confirmed to degrade oil. The top soil contained Proteus, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Bacillus and Corynebacterium, while the subsoil contained Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. Gammaproteobacteria
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of nano fertilizers in agriculture. It defines nano-fertilizers as fertilizers made of nano-sized nutrient molecules coated in a polymer coating that releases nutrients when needed. Some key advantages discussed are increased nutrient use efficiency, lower requirement for chemical fertilizers, and higher crop yields. Potential disadvantages include unknown health and environmental risks. The conclusion is that with further research and addressing of risks, nano-fertilizers have potential to help feed more people sustainably.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Este documento analiza el bullying o acoso escolar. Explica que el bullying implica maltrato psicológico, verbal o físico que se repite contra una víctima en el colegio. Señala que el acoso emocional es el más común y suele ocurrir en el aula o patio. También menciona el ciberacoso a través de redes sociales y el acoso que obliga a la víctima a pagar dinero.
Phytoremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Marine Water with Halophytes endow...Kalyani Rajalingham
This document discusses using transgenic halophytic algae Macrocystis pyrifera for phytoremediation of naphthalene in marine oil spills. The objective is to insert genes for naphthalene degradation from Pseudomonas putida into M. pyrifera to create plants that can break down naphthalene. Experiments will transform M. pyrifera with these genes using agrobacterium, then test the transgenic plants' ability to degrade naphthalene from simulated oil spills in seawater tanks over 2 weeks, with or without additional P. putida on the leaves.
Evaluation of some properties of soils affected by diesel oil pollution in uy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of diesel oil pollution on soil properties in Uyo, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from plots treated with varying levels of diesel oil (0-5.06%) and analyzed at 2 and 18 weeks after application. Results at 2 weeks showed decreases in soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and basic cations with increasing diesel levels. Organic carbon and carbon/nitrogen ratios increased due to microbial breakdown of hydrocarbons. By 18 weeks, soil properties like pH, nutrients and ratios had begun to recover as microbial activity reduced toxicity. The diesel introduced contaminants that disrupted the soil environment but natural remediation processes helped restore properties over time.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and interZiziphus Jujubealleys cropping on ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to test the effects of intercropping and nitrogen fertilization on blue panic (panicum antidotale) yield, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of King Abdulaziz University, located at Hada Al-Sham during two consecutive seasons (2013 and 2014). Blue panic was intercropped between interspaces alleys of Ziziphus Jujube under three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 kg N/ha, 200 kg N/ha and 400 kg N/ha in the form of commercial Urea,46%) and three distances from the jujube tree (1m ,2m and 4m). Blue panic fresh and dry forage yield (tons/ha) and quality was assessed during ten cuttings harvests. The results exhibited significant effects of intercropping, nitrogen fertilization and distance from the tree on forage yield and quality. Forage yield across all ten harvests were higher under intercropped plots compared to sole crops and in plots treated with 200 and 400 kg N and 2-meter distance from the trees. Total fresh forage yield /ha/10 cuts of the intercropped blue panic under 400 kg N/ha and 2m distance reached 186 tons/ha/year. Whereas the highest protein content means overall the different cuts was 11.51% in plots fertilized with 400 kg N/ha at 1m distance from the trees. This current study highlights the importance of utilizing jujube alleysto maximize land use value of this widely planted arid land tree.
Keywords— Forage yield, Forage quality, Jujube tree, alley cropping.
Use of Stable isotope for soil plant nutrition studiesP.K. Mani
- Isotope techniques using 15N are useful for tracing nitrogen pathways and quantifying nitrogen use efficiency in soil-plant systems.
- 15N does not pose health hazards like radioactive isotopes and its use does not require special permitting. However, 15N-labeled fertilizers can be costly.
- Case studies have examined the effects of fertilizer type and application timing on nitrogen uptake and partitioning in crops like rice and corn using 15N labeling. These studies provide insights into nitrogen cycling and losses like ammonia volatilization.
- 15N techniques can distinguish nitrogen sources in the environment and agriculture, helping to identify causes of groundwater nitrate pollution. Overall, 15N isotopic tracing is a valuable tool
The document discusses strategies for sustainable agriculture through the use of smart fertilizers. It proposes that smart fertilizers with controlled nutrient release, such as nanofertilizers and slow-release fertilizers, can increase nutrient use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts compared to conventional fertilizers. Nanofertilizers may be synthesized nanoparticles, products with nanoscale coatings, or bulk products with nanoscale additives. Slow-release fertilizers use coatings, large particle sizes, or condensation products to delay nutrient availability. The document also discusses polymers, biodegradable polymers, stabilized fertilizers using nitrification or urease inhibitors, and other methods to precisely control nutrient release timing and rates.
1. The document discusses nanotechnology applications in fertilizers including encapsulation of nutrients in nanoparticles, use of nano-sized nutrients, and slow/targeted delivery of nutrients.
2. Key benefits of nan fertilizers are increased nutrient efficiency, dispersion of insoluble nutrients, constant nutrient release, and delivery of nutrients where needed.
3. Potential disadvantages include toxicity issues if nanoparticles enter the human body and environmental impacts that require further study.
This document discusses a study on the use of Azotobacter chroococcum as a bio-fertilizer to fix atmospheric nitrogen in mulberry gardens. The study found that applying A. chroococcum inoculants at a rate of 108-9 cells per gram of charcoal carrier material as a bio-fertilizer (Nitrofert) replaced 50% of the recommended nitrogen chemical fertilizer dose without negatively impacting mulberry leaf yield, total biomass, or leaf quality. The consistent effectiveness of A. chroococcum in fixing nitrogen and reducing chemical fertilizer needs was demonstrated. Mass culture techniques for producing the Nitrofert bio-fertilizer on a large scale
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improvement in biological characteristics of alkaline soils by using pressmudIAEME Publication
1) The study aimed to improve the biological properties of alkaline soils by adding pressmud, a byproduct of the sugar industry.
2) Adding pressmud increased the soil bacteria and fungi counts, lowered the soil pH, and increased nutrients. The optimum application rate was found to be 80 tons per hectare.
3) Pressmud improved the biological properties of the alkaline soil, making it more suitable for agriculture. However, electrical conductivity increased above safe levels at application rates over 80 tons per hectare.
Nanofertilizers are fertilizers synthesized using nanotechnology to improve their attributes and nutrient release properties. They can be synthesized through chemical, physical, or biological methods. Nanofertilizers exhibit controlled release of nutrients, higher nutrient uptake efficiency, and reduce nutrient losses compared to conventional fertilizers. Some examples discussed are zinc oxide nanoparticle fertilizers and urea-hydroxyapatite nanohybrid fertilizers. However, more research is still needed to fully understand their environmental impacts and toxicity.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of mulch on organic tomato cultivationSubhayan Das
EFFECT OF MANURES & MULCHING ON CONSERVATION OF SOIL & WATER ALONG WITH CROP PRODUCTIVITY OF TOMATO IN GANGETIC ALLUVIUM UNDER SHIMUL BASED AGRISILVICULTURE SYSTEM
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Soil is a wonderful gift of nature for living creatures. It supports crop growth. It is an important environmental factor, and has a close reciprocal relationship with the plants growing in it and the soil microbes that exist in it. The forest soil consists of high humus with variety of microbes. In this experiment forest area of Newasa was selected for evaluation of nutrient status and bacterial population. On the basis of density of grasses Iseilema prostratum L, Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult, Aristida hystrix L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd, Fimbriristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. were selected. 100 soil samples from different locations from rhizosphere of these monocots were collected and analyzed for soil nutrient status and nitrogen fixing bacterial population. It was recorded that, out of five plants, the rhizosphere soil of Setaria pumila L. showed maximum bacterial population (11700540.00). Available nitrogen (320 kg/ha) and % organic carbon (0.60 %) followed by Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult the bacterial population was (2558265.00), available nitrogen (203 Kg/ha) and % Organic Carbon (0.59%). Other soil nutrients were also measured.
Microbial community composition of different soil layers in an aged oil spill...Erhovwon Aggreh
The document summarizes a study on the microbial community composition of different soil layers from an aged oil spill site in Nigeria. Total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were higher in the top soil compared to the subsoil. A total of 24 bacterial species from 11 genera and 10 fungal species from 7 genera were isolated from both soil layers and confirmed to degrade oil. The top soil contained Proteus, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Bacillus and Corynebacterium, while the subsoil contained Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. Gammaproteobacteria
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of nano fertilizers in agriculture. It defines nano-fertilizers as fertilizers made of nano-sized nutrient molecules coated in a polymer coating that releases nutrients when needed. Some key advantages discussed are increased nutrient use efficiency, lower requirement for chemical fertilizers, and higher crop yields. Potential disadvantages include unknown health and environmental risks. The conclusion is that with further research and addressing of risks, nano-fertilizers have potential to help feed more people sustainably.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Este documento analiza el bullying o acoso escolar. Explica que el bullying implica maltrato psicológico, verbal o físico que se repite contra una víctima en el colegio. Señala que el acoso emocional es el más común y suele ocurrir en el aula o patio. También menciona el ciberacoso a través de redes sociales y el acoso que obliga a la víctima a pagar dinero.
This document discusses aortic stenosis (AS), including its causes, effects on the heart, symptoms, diagnosis, and management. It causes left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, leading to pressure overload hypertrophy and eventual heart failure if left untreated. Calcific aortic valve disease is the most common cause in adults. Symptoms typically manifest in the 6th or 7th decade of life and include chest pain, syncope, and heart failure. Echocardiography is the main diagnostic test used to evaluate severity based on aortic valve area and transvalvular pressure gradient. Treatment involves managing symptoms medically or replacing the stenotic valve surgically with either bioprosthetic or mechanical valves.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on automatic text detection and removal from images using morphological operations and image inpainting. It presents a technique for detecting text regions using morphological filters, edge detection, thresholding and connected component analysis. Text regions are then removed by generating a mask and applying exemplar-based image inpainting to fill in the masked regions. The technique is shown to accurately detect and remove text from sample images, leaving intact the underlying image content.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of treated and untreated Jatropha curcas seed meals used to formulate diets for rats. Proximate analysis showed the food intake and growth parameters like growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and food transformation index of rats were significantly better for diets made from treated seed meals compared to untreated meals. The differences were attributed to reductions in anti-nutrients like phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors achieved through various treatments. This suggests treatments that reduce anti-nutrients can improve the nutritional value of Jatropha seeds and support animal growth without negative effects.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Srinivasarao Addanki has over 15 years of experience in application development, project management, business development, and service delivery management in the telecom and insurance domains. He has successfully delivered large-scale IT projects for global clients and led teams of over 100 resources. Some of his key roles and responsibilities include managing transitions, releases, testing, and providing support for telecom applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document discusses a method for detecting defects in oil pipelines using image analysis and processing. A camera is sent through the pipeline to capture images, which are then analyzed using an unsupervised learning algorithm. The images are converted to raster images and the pixel groups are read. Blurred or unclear pixel groups would indicate defects in the pipeline at that location. The unsupervised algorithm clusters pixels into foreground and background to assess intensity values and more accurately detect defects, even in spots with imperfections. This method provides a way to automatically detect pipeline cracks and holes using computer vision to avoid costly manual inspections.
El documento compara las competencias necesarias para maestros y estudiantes en el siglo XXI. Indica que ambos deben desarrollar competencias como la fluidez tecnológica, la gestión de la información, la comunicación y colaboración, la creatividad e innovación y el pensamiento crítico. Para los maestros, el Ministerio de Educación propone competencias adicionales como la pedagógica, comunicativa, investigativa y de gestión. El documento concluye que aunque las competencias básicas son las mismas,
Agro –industrial effluents and agricultural wastes effects on soil chemical p...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the effects of various agro-industrial effluents and agricultural wastes on soil chemical properties and yield of okra plants. Soil treated with poultry manure showed increases in organic matter, pH, and total nitrogen compared to soils treated with palm oil mill effluent, cassava mill effluent, or sawdust. While the industrial effluents had little effect on okra yield, application of poultry manure resulted in better improvement of soil fertility and higher okra yields than the other treatments.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fungi (Candida Tropicalis and Aspergillus ...IJEABJ
Used engine oil is a petroleum or synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical and chemical pollutants. These pollutants are harmful to humans, animals and plants following exposure. Evaluation of the effectiveness of fungi in bioremediation of used engine oil (UEO) contaminated soil was investigated. Fungi were isolated from soil samples obtained from automobile workshops in Mgbuka-Nkpor, Nigeria. The isolates were screened for UEO biodegradation potentials in mineral salt broth. They were identified using the cultural and microscopic characteristics and confirmed using the 18SrRNA gene sequence. The effectiveness of the isolates in bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil was also investigated using bioaugmentation technique. A total of 8 fungal isolates were obtained from this study. Two that showed the highest extent of biodegradation of UEO in the screen flasks were identified and confirmed as Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus clavatus. At the end of the experimental period, oil contaminated soil inoculated with the mixed culture of the isolates (C. tropicalis and A. clavatus) showed the highest reduction in concentration of UEO (95.42%). Higher biodegradation rate and shorter half-life of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was observed in soil microcosm containing the isolates, when compared to the uninoculated control. Therefore fungi such as C. tropicalis and A. clavatus isolated from automobile workshops can facilitate the bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
The Effect Of Rice Cultivars On Methane Emission From Irrigated Rice FieldChristina Parmionova
This study examined the effect of rice cultivars on methane emissions from flooded rice fields in Central Java, Indonesia. Four rice cultivars were tested: Memberamo, Cisadane, IR64, and Way Apoburu. Methane emissions were highest from the Cisadane plots and lowest from the IR64 plots. While yield did not differ significantly between cultivars, Cisadane produced the highest aboveground biomass. The results suggest that using cultivars like IR64 can help lower methane emissions without reducing yield.
The present work was carried out in 2001 and 2002 seasons in the Experimental Farm of Faculty of
Agriculture, Suez Canal, Ismailia University, to evaluate the production of some marjoram cultivars
namely Origanum majorana marcelka, Origanum majorana blart, Origanum majorana and Origanum
majorana kruiden compared to local one Origanum majorana (Syn. Majorana hortensis M.) grown
under sandy soil conditions and normal fertilization doses of organic manure (20 m3), calcium super
phosphate (300 kg/feddan), ammonium sulphate (300 kg/feddan) and potassium sulphate (100
kg/feddan) were added. The results revealed that Origanum majorana marcelka was superior in growth
characters in terms of number of branches and both plant fresh and dry weights. Moreover, it gave high
oil percentage in the two seasons (1.14% and 1.02%, v/w) compared to the local cultivar (0.69% and
0.71%, v/w). Also, it was pioneer in the oil constituents, as it recorded the highest total of oxygenated
and hydrocarbon compounds in the oil (94.02%) compared to the other studied cultivars. Identification
of volatile components was performed using the modern technique of Gas Chromatography equipped
with Head Solid State technique. The major oxygenated compounds of Origanum majorana marcelka
were terpinene-4-ol, linalyl acetate and linalool (19.11, 17.01 and 16.54%, compared to the local
cultivar, 17.97, 13.99 and 15.59%, respectively).
Abstract— The content of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) which is excessive in the soil could affects on the soil and plants health. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the ability of selected indigenous plants in stabilizing Cd. The study was conducted at an agricultural production center in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. There were two stages of this study, namely: (1) analysis of nutrient and heavy metal contamination, and (2) phytoremediation experiment by using five types of indigenous plants. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Once the plants were harvested, the plant materials then were analyzed the heavy metal content remaining in the soil and absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal content analysis used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Subsequently, the analysis result data were calculated for the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and heavy metal reduction. The initial content of heavy metal Cd in the soil prior phytoremediation had passed the threshold value (2.26 mg kg-1). The five indigenous plants tested on the contaminated soil showed a good growth pattern, especially in the fourth week after planting. The average ability of this selected plant to reduce heavy metals Cd was up to 71.2%. The reductions of heavy metals Cd obtained by each plant were Vetiveria zizanioides (71.2%), Eleusine indica, L. (58.9%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (52.2%), Euphorbia hirta (51.8%) and Chromolaena odorata (22.1%).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Assessment and characterization of rhizo bacteria in petroleum–polluted soil ...Alexander Decker
This study characterized bacteria in the rhizosphere of various plants found growing in a petroleum-polluted soil in Nigeria. Bacteria from the genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants like Mimosa pudica and Alchornia chordifolia. These bacteria were able to grow on petroleum hydrocarbons. Bacterial counts were higher in the polluted rhizosphere compared to the non-rhizosphere, indicating a positive rhizosphere effect. The isolated rhizobacteria could potentially be used to bioremediate crude oil pollution based on their ability to degrade hydrocarbons. The plants may also assist rhizoremedi
Assessment and characterization of rhizo bacteria in petroleum–polluted soil ...Alexander Decker
This study assessed and characterized rhizobacteria in petroleum-polluted soil in Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of various plants found growing in contaminated areas. The isolated bacteria included Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas species, all of which grew on petroleum hydrocarbons. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in bacterial counts between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, either polluted or unpolluted. The isolated rhizobacteria demonstrated potential for degrading crude oil and could be used to augment bioremediation of contaminated sites. The plants studied may also aid rhizoremediation through their symbiotic relationship with hydrocarbon-degrading rhiz
Effects of phytoremediation on soil total hydrocarbon contentAlexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of phytoremediation using sweet potato on soil total hydrocarbon content after crude oil contamination. Sweet potato was planted in soil contaminated with varying rates of crude oil (0-1000 ml/pot). Results showed that phytoremediation with sweet potato reduced soil total hydrocarbon content by 77.51-9.57% depending on the crude oil contamination rate. The highest reduction was at 200 ml/pot contamination, bringing the soil hydrocarbon level below the critical limit. Sweet potato is thus effective for restoring crude oil contaminated soils through phytoremediation.
Fertility Levels of Soils under Selected Tree Vegetations for Efficient Agro-...AI Publications
In many parts of Nigeria, large areas of lands are dominated by tree crop vegetations for timber production and for fruits with land users not knowing the fertility status of soils in these vegetations. Continual evaluation of soil properties of these tree vegetations has become pertinent for agricultural sustainability. This study therefore was carried out to evaluate the fertility levels of soils under selected tree vegetations at National Horticultural Research Institute Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria. Five tree vegetations that were over 20 years of establishment were selected namely: oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth), African breadfruit (Treculia africana), mango (Mangnifera indica), Ogbonu (Irvingia gabonensis) and orange (citrus spp). In each of these tree vegetations, four soil samples were collected at uniform depths (0 – 20, 20 – 40 and 40 – 60 cm) at different locations using soil auger. The samples were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Data collected were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. Results obtained showed that despite the ages of these vegetations, the soils were acidic, low in macronutrient and basic cation concentrations when compared to FAO standard. The highest exchangeable bases and organic matter (1.78%) was recorded on bread fruit vegetation. Therefore, there is need to increase the fertility status of these soils in these tree crop vegetations by adopting measures that will boost organic matter content of the soil irrespective of the duration of the vegetation and this will help in agro forestry and alley cropping.
A remediation program was designed and implemented at a site in southeastern Australia that had become contaminated with fuels. The site was successfully remediated after managing the bioremediation process.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of soil receiving palm oi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of soil receiving palm oil mill effluent in Umuahia, Nigeria. Twenty soil samples and one effluent sample were collected and analyzed for various microbial counts including total heterotrophic bacteria, fungi, hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and fungi, and nitrifying bacteria. Physicochemical parameters of the soils and effluent such as pH, conductivity, oil/grease, nutrients and minerals were also analyzed. The results showed that the palm oil mill effluent impacted the soil microbiota and increased various physicochemical parameters of the contaminated soil compared to the uncontaminated control soil.
Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon pollutedIAEME Publication
This document presents a numerical simulation of bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil using different mushroom species and MATLAB. Soil samples were divided into cells and treated with saprophytic, symbiotic, or parasitic mushroom substrate over 10 weeks. PAH concentration was measured every 2 weeks. A kinetic model was developed and rate constants were calculated using the integral method in MATLAB. Results showed the parasitic mushroom degraded PAHs fastest with a rate constant of 0.3751 day-1, followed by symbiotic and saprophytic mushrooms. This indicates mushroom-assisted bioremediation can effectively degrade PAH pollution in soil over time.
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This study evaluated the effect of organic wastes on biodegrading petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Soil samples were contaminated with mixtures of petroleum products at 5%, 10%, and 15% levels. The contaminated soils were amended with cattle manure and either sawdust or rice husks. Total hydrocarbon content and ecotoxicity were measured over 56 days. Results showed the 5% contaminated soil biodegraded the most. Cucumbers planted in amended soils had lower radicle growth inhibition than unamended soils, showing the amendments reduced petroleum toxicity. The study concluded that organic wastes can effectively aid bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soils.
Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon pollutedIAEME Publication
The document describes a numerical simulation of bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil using different species of mushrooms. Three mushroom substrates (saprophytic, symbiotic, and parasitic) were applied to six polluted soil cells for 10 weeks. Residual PAH concentrations were measured every two weeks. A kinetic model was developed using MATLAB to study biodegradation rates. Results showed the parasitic mushroom degraded PAHs fastest with a rate constant of 0.3751 day-1 and lowest residual concentration of 2.825 after 10 weeks, indicating it is most effective for bioremediating PAH pollution.
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Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 11 ǁ November 2013 ǁ PP.54-59
Soil pH, Moisture Content and Some Macro Non-Metallic
Elements in Crude Oil Contaminated Soils Remediated By Some
Wild-Type Legumes
Michael Uche Osam, Matthew Owhondah Wegwu and Edward O. Ayalogu
Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P. M. B.5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: The efficacy of three wild-type legumes in the remediation of agricultural soils contaminated
with 1% (lightly impacted), 3% (moderately impacted), and 5% (heavily impacted) crude-oil was assessed,
using the soil physicochemical parameters and macro non-metallic elements concentrations as evaluation
criteria. Results after a 15-month remediation period showed that only Leucaena leucocephala failed to
germinate. The level of moisture content, MC (87%), in the Peltophorum pterocarpum-remediated soil samples
was significantly (p>0.05) elevated, relative to the respective contaminated samples. The Crotalaria retusaremediated soils had the level of MC (48%) also significantly (p>0.05) elevated, relative to the respective
contaminated samples while the levels of nitrogen, N (27%) was non-significantly (p<0.05) reduced. The levels
of pH in both the P. pterocarpum and C. retusa-remediated soils were non-significantly (p<0.05) elevated,
while phosphorus, P, non-significantly (p<0.05) reduced, by both legumes. These results indicate that miracle
tree, Leucaena leucocephala ‘may’ not be a good remediating legume, while both yellow flame tree,
Peltophorum pterocarpum and rattle weed, Crotalaria retusa are good remediating legumes for crude-oil
impacted soils.
KEYWORDS: Crotalaria retusa, Crude oil, Leucaena leucocephala, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Remediation,
Wild-type legumes
I. INTRODUCTION
The soil is very important to man human existence for various reasons especially agriculture. However,
the soil has been subjected to several abuses including spillage of petroleum (crude oil) and petroleum-by
products, dumping of wastes and other contaminating activities (Osam, 2011; Nwaugo et al, 2006, 2009).
When oil spills on-shore, the soil ecosystem is usually inundated, leading to several conflagrations that
may consume several acres of arable land, which is the prime factor in agricultural productivity. Today,
environmental managers can choose from a variety of approaches to remediate petroleum-contaminated soil and
groundwater. The approach or approaches chosen in such clean-ups had been those orthodox expensive and
ineffective conventional practices, (e.g. „pump-and-treat‟ and „dig-and-dump‟ techniques), which are not
environmentally friendly (as they merely transfer the pollutants from one site to another).
An environmentally sound technology (EST) that addresses the inadequacies of these old
remediation practices will therefore be pertinent in this era of global economic meltdown. Here comes the
natural clean-up method, „phytoremediation‟ – the technology that utilizes the inherent abilities of living plants
for the removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, sludge, sediments, surface water and
ground water. The technology is ecologically friendly, solar-energy driven, and is based on the concept of using
“nature to cleanse nature”.
Phytoremediation technology has been proved to be a successful method of treating contaminated soils
to levels below the maximum permissible level of the contaminants. For instance, Simeonova and Simeonov
(2006), successfully phytoremediated a three-kilometer ecological zone contaminated with lead, using Brassica
juncea plants. The results of their one-planting experiment showed a decrease between 0 and 25.9% of the
initial lead concentration at various sample locations.
In their experiment also, Gunther et al, (1996) found that soils planted with ryegrass (Lolium
multiflorum) lost a greater amount of a mixture of hydrocarbons than soils that was unplanted. In their 22-week
phytoremediation study, the initial extractable hydrocarbon concentration of 4330mg THC per kg soil decreased
to less than 120mg per kg soil (97% reduction) in planted soils, but to only 790mg per kg soil (82% reduction)
in unplanted soil.
www.ijesi.org
54 | Page
2. Soil Ph, Moisture Content and Some Macro…
Finally, in a 6-month laboratory study, Pradham et al, (1998), identified that alfalfa (Medicago sativa),
switch grass (Panicum virgatum) and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparius) were capable of reducing the
concentration of total PAHs in soil contaminated at a manufactured gas plant (MGP). The initial soil
concentration of total PAHs for the three plant treatments and an unplanted control was 184.5±14.0mg total
PAHs per kg of soil. After 6 months, the concentration in the unplanted control soil was 135.9±25.5mg/kg
while the concentration in planted treatments were much lower (Switch grass, 79.5±3.7mg/kg, alfalfa,
80.2±8.9mg/kg and little bluestem, 97.1±18.7mg/kg).
It is against this background, predicated by the plethora of unsuccessful, environmentally-unfriendly
and expensive conventional remediation methods that we were prompted to investigate the effectiveness and
efficacy of some wild-type legumes commonly found growing luxuriantly on crude oil impacted soils in the
Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, in remediating/reducing the level of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated
agricultural soils to at least the maximum permissible level, and thus minimize the impact of oil spill on
agricultural productivity. This was borne out of the fact that leguminous plants have a lot of advantages over
their non-leguminous counterparts because they do not have to compete with microorganisms and other plants
for limited supplies of available nitrogen at oil-contaminated soils since they have the ability to fix nitrogen
(Frick et al, 1999).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials
In addition to the laboratory reagents, the following chemicals and biochemical were used for the work:
Forty litres of crude oil (obtained from Nigerian Agip Oil Company, NAOC, Ebocha, Rivers State), over 200
seeds of each of the legumes:
(1)
Yellow flame tree, Peltophorum pterocarpum (figure 1). This was obtained from the Convocation
arena of the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Figure 1: YELLOW FLAME TREE (Peltophorum pterocarpum)
(2)
Miracle tree, Leucaena leucocephala (figure 2). This was obtained from the International Institute of
Tropical Agriculture, IITA. Eneka, Rivers State.
Figure 2: MIRACLE TREE (Leucaena leucocephala)
www.ijesi.org
55 | Page
3. Soil Ph, Moisture Content and Some Macro…
(3)
Rattle weed, Crotalaria retusa (figure 3). This was obtained from Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Figure 3: RATTLE WEED (Crotalaria retusa)
These three legumes were identified, classified and authenticated as being of high quality by the
Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Land mapping/preparation
Ten widely-spaced plots (measuring 12 x 10 ft each) and labelled E1, E2,…E9, the 10th plot which is the
control, - is a non-vegetative geographically virgin area similar to the experimental plots, but unaffected by oil
spill and located at a distance of about 2 km from the experimental plots. Preliminary preparation of the
seedbeds was undertaken so as to remove any rubbles that would interfere with agronomic practices, e.g. weeds,
grasses and little trees were removed to facilitate seedbed preparation. Tilling of the soil was performed to about
8-11cm depth.
2.2.2 Contamination of the plots
The contamination was done as follows:- Plots E1- E3 (1-CQ), were uniformly poured 1% by weight of
concentration of crude oil at a total quantity of 30 litres per plot as reported by Thoma et al, (2002), and
modified similarly by the researcher. This was similarly done for plots E4- E6 (3-CQ), and E7- E9 (5-CQ) but
with 3% and 5% by weight of the crude oil respectively. Contaminated samples were collected 7 days after the
contamination.
2.2.3 Planting of the wild-type legumes
Planting of the wild-type legumes was done 14 days after contamination using 20 seeds per plot. The
target population was to obtain between 10 and 15 plants per m 2, as reported by Simeonova and Simeonov
(2006), for Brassica juncea planted in lead-contaminated ecological zone.
2.2.4 Sampling techniques
Triplicate soil samples were collected randomly from three spots at 2 core depths of top surface (015cm) and sub-surface (15-30cm), using a long trowel. Post-remediation sampling was 15 months later after
removing the legumes. A total of 60 samples, made up of: 6 control samples (2 per spot, i.e. top and sub
surface); 18 contaminated samples (6 for each of the plots contaminated with 1%, 3%, 5% crude oil, and finally
36 post-remediated samples (6 for each of the three plots remediated with P. pterocarpum, and C. retusa). No
soil samples were collected from the 3 plots planted L. leucocephala since the plant failed to germinate. The soil
samples were wrapped in aluminium foil and labelled accordingly before being sent to the laboratory for the
various analyses.
2.2.5 Determination of Soil pH
The pH of the soil samples was determined according to the standard electrometric method as reported
by Nwinuka et al, (2003).
www.ijesi.org
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4. Soil Ph, Moisture Content and Some Macro…
2.2.6 Determination of soil moisture content
Percentage moisture content was estimated from differential in the weight of soil samples after drying
at 110oC for 1 hour and cooling in a desiccator as described by Osuji and Onojake (2004).
2.2.7 Determination of the concentrations of soil macro non-metallic elements
The Macro-Kjeldahl method (Kjeldahl, 1883) was adopted to determine total soil nitrogen, while
available soil phosphorus was evaluated following the molybdenum blue method using stannous chloride as
reported by Wegwu and Onyeike, (2006).
2.2.8 Method of data analysis
The data were analyzed using tables, range, means, percentages, graphs (bar charts), standard deviation
and hence standard error (SE). Sample mean was calculated for all the three replicate samples, while standard
deviation (S.D) was calculated from the sample mean by the standard statistical method for all the variables.
The standard deviations were used to calculate the standard errors (±S.E) as reported by Osuji et al, (2005).
Standard error (±S.E) was estimated at the 95% confidence level by multiplying the standard error with 1.96.
Also, all the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique using
computer-aided SPSS statistical programme, and the means separated and compared using Duncan‟s Multiple
Range test (Duncan, 1955) at 5% level of significance.
III. RESULTS
The seeds of miracle tree (Leucaena leucocephala), failed to germinate in all the three quadrats that
they were planted. The result of the soil pH determined for each of the quadrats is schematically shown in table
1 of ; that for the moisture content analysis in table 2, while tables 3 and 4 show those for the % nitrogen and
available phosphorus respectively.
TABLE 1: MEAN (±S.Ea) pH OF REMEDIATED SOIL SAMPLES
REMEDIATED BY
SAMPLE
LOCATION
DEPTH
CONTROL
CONTAMINATED
P. pterocarpum
C. retusa
(cm)
1-CQ
0 – 15
7.07 ± 0.023
1-CQ
15 – 30
7.20 ± 0.30
3-CQ
0 – 15
7.07 ± 0.023
3-CQ
15 – 30
7.20 ± 0.30
5-CQ
0 – 15
7.07 ± 0.023
5-CQ
15 – 30
7.20 ± 0.30
a
S.E: Standard error at 95% confidence level
6.10
6.12
5.98
6.23
5.67
5.91
± 0.11
± 0.04
± 0.04
± 0.03
± 0.02
± 0.07
7.04
7.11
6.92
7.08
6.73
6.65
± 0.03
± 0.03
± 0.06
± 0
± 0.03
± 0.03
6.75
6.82
6.80
6.87
6.79
6.81
± 0.04
± 0.02
± 0.02
± 0.01
± 0.06
± 0.04
TABLE 2: MEAN (±S.Ea) MC, (%) OF REMEDIATED SOIL SAMPLES
REMEDIATED BY
SAMPLE
LOCATION
DEPTH
CONTROL
CONTAMINATED
P. pterocarpum
C. retusa
11.1 ± 0.08
11.8 ± 0.36
12.4 ± 1.57
11.8 ± 1.03
15.5 ± 0.39
11.1 ± 0.20
9.40 ± 0.37
9.20 ± 0.39
10.20 ± 0.08
9.80 ± 0.49
11.00 ± 0.08
10.40 ± 0.11
(cm)
1-CQ
0 – 15
10.2 ± 0.11
1-CQ
15 – 30
11.0 ± 0.05
3-CQ
0 – 15
10.2 ± 0.11
3-CQ
15 – 30
11.0 ± 0.05
5-CQ
0 – 15
10.2 ± 0.11
5-CQ
15 – 30
11.0 ± 0.05
a
S.E: Standard error at 95% confidence level
4.60 ± 0.15
6.00 ± 0.08
6.40 ± 0.30
7.20 ± 0.30
8.60 ± 0.49
7.80 ± 0.41
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5. Soil Ph, Moisture Content and Some Macro…
TABLE 3: MEAN (±S.Ea) % NITROGEN, N CONCb, OF REMEDIATED SOIL SAMPLES
REMEDIATED BY
SAMPLE
DEPTH
CONTROL
CONTAMINATED
LOCATION
(cm)
1-CQ
0 – 15
0.115 ± 0.001
1-CQ
15 – 30
0.108 ± 0.002
3-CQ
0 – 15
0.115 ± 0.001
3-CQ
15 – 30
0.108 ± 0.002
5-CQ
0 – 15
0.115 ± 0.001
5-CQ
15 – 30
0.108 ± 0.002
a
S.E: Standard error at 95% confidence level
b
CONC: Concentration
0.14 ± 0.020
0.12 ± 0.024
0.18 ± 0.024
0.17 ± 0.008
0.20 ± 0.008
0.18 ± 0.011
P. pterocarpum
0.07 ± 0.018
0.06 ± 0.014
0.10 ± 0
0.09 ± 0.008
0.13 ± 0.027
0.11 ± 0.024
C. retusa
0.09 ± 0.014
0.08 ± 0.024
0.13 ± 0.018
0.12 ± 0.018
0.15 ± 0.014
0.015 ± 0.011
TABLE 4: MEAN (±S.Ea) PHOSPHORUS, P CONCb, (ppm) OF REMEDIATED SOIL SAMPLES
REMEDIATED BY
SAMPLE
LOCATION
DEPTH
CONTROL
CONTAMINATED
P. pterocarpum
C. retusa
(cm)
1-CQ
0 – 15
0.44 ± 0.008
1-CQ
15 – 30
0.31 ± 0.014
3-CQ
0 – 15
0.44 ± 0.008
3-CQ
15 – 30
0.31 ± 0.014
5-CQ
0 – 15
0.44 ± 0.008
5-CQ
15 – 30
0.31 ± 0.014
a
S.E: Standard error at 95% confidence level
b
CONC: Concentration
0.54 ± 0.030
0.45 ± 0.037
1.76 ± 0.011
0.88 ± 0.024
3.45 ± 0.018
2.90 ± 0.029
0.53 ± 0.024
0.50 ± 0.008
1.10 ± 0.014
0.80 ± 0.008
2.85 ± 0.044
2.00 ± 0.008
0.52 ± 0.011
0.52 ± 0
1.20 ± 0.029
0.85 ± 0.008
2.90 ± 0.018
2.10 ± 0.014
IV. DISCUSSIONS
The figures indicated that the pH of all the soil samples remediated with both legumes increased nonsignificantly (p<0.05), relative to the contaminated samples, while the pH of the contaminated samples dropped
non-significantly (p<0.05), relative to the control. The pH drop observed in the contaminated soils may result
from CO2 evolution. This had previously been reported by Dalyan et al, (1990). The top surface soils were
more adversely affected than the sub-surface soils, while the soils remediated with P. pterocarpum were nonsignificantly (p<0.05) elevated more than those remediated with C. retusa in all the soil samples except in the
5% (5-EQ) remediated sub-surface, where C. retusa had a mean pH of 6.81±0.04, as against the mean value of
6.65±0.03 observed for the respective soils remediated with P. pterocarpum. This observation shows that P.
pterocarpum was slightly more efficient (with 14%) than C. retusa (with 12%) in the elevation of their pH.
The moisture content of the soils remediated with P. pterocarpum (87%) and C. retusa (52%) were
significantly (p>0.05) higher than those of the contaminated soils and were almost of the same value with all the
control samples, except the control top surface soil remediated with P. pterocarpum. The decrease in moisture
content observed for the contaminated soils may have been due to crude oil accumulation in the pores between
soil particles, which might have resulted in reduced oxygen and water permeability through the soil. Soils
develop severe and persistent water repellency following contamination with crude oil. The significant (p>0,05)
elevation of the moisture content by both P. pterocarpum and C. retusa to the levels close to the control
corroborates the observation of Frick et al, (1999) and Osam, et al.; (2011a and 2011b) who posited in their
earlier works that plants that tolerate petroleum hydrocarbons take them up via their roots and may accumulate
them to a small degree in their roots and shoots.
Result of the macro non-metallic elements measured indicated that available phosphorus and total
nitrogen levels were elevated in the contaminated soil samples compared to their controls, and also not
significantly (p<0.05) reduced relative to those remediated with both legumes. The observed increases were
also greatest in the heavily impacted soils. The soils remediated with planted P. pterocarpum had more reduced
total nitrogen (44% of the contaminated) than the soils remediated with C. retusa (29% of the contaminated).
Similarly, P. pterocarpum was more effective (9%) than C. retusa (6%) in the reduction of available
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6. Soil Ph, Moisture Content and Some Macro…
phosphorus, though the value was insignificant at the 95% level. These show that the legumes were effective in
maintaining the soil nitrogen and available phosphorus balance to such a level that bioaccumulation or over
reduction leading to deficiency was not feasible. Legumes are plants that have mechanisms in their root systems
that provide root exudates (energy, carbon, nutrients, enzymes etc) to microbial populations in the rhizosphere
(Cunningham et al, 1996). P. pterocarpum and C. retusa are not exceptions. These exudates induce or enhance
microbial populations which result in enhanced degradation of organic contaminants in the rhizosphere. The
added nitrogen to the contaminated soil could have been used up by the microbes carrying out the degradation
process. Also, the low level of phosphorus in the remediated soils was due to the immobility (reduced
availability) of phosphorus; it may not have been sufficiently dissolved in the soil to make it available, while the
little that was dissolved may have been rapidly utilized by the existing soil microbial populations.
Several studies serve as examples of the rhizosphere effect in the phytoremediation of organic
contaminants. Gunther et al, (1996) suggested that plant roots stimulated the microbes, which enhanced the
degradation of the hydrocarbon mixture.
V. CONCLUSION
The above results clearly attest to the fact that Leucaena leucocephala „may‟ not be good petroleum
hydrocarbon-remediating plant since it failed to germinate in the crude oil impacted soils. Out of the four
parameters (or soil quality indicators) used to assess the efficacy of both legumes, they elevated the levels of the
two parameters that were lowered, (1 significantly at p>0.05, and 1 non-significantly at p<0.05) and also nonsignificantly at p<0.05 reduced the levels of the two parameters that were elevated. These imply that both
legumes are good phytoremediators of crude-oil contaminated soils.
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