Pharmaceutical microbiology
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Pharmaceutical microbiology some topic: Bacteriphage, Define lysogeny, lytic cell, lysogenic cycle, prophage,induction and transduction.
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Lytic & Lysogenic Cycle
The lytic cycle involves a virus infecting a host cell, using its cellular machinery to replicate itself, and then causing the cell to burst and release new virus particles. It follows 5 steps - attachment, penetration, synthesis of viral components, assembly of new viruses, and release of viruses. The lysogenic cycle involves the viral DNA integrating into the host genome without killing the cell. The viral DNA is passed on to daughter cells until it is triggered to enter the lytic cycle.
07 lytic vs lysogenic cycle
Bacteriophages can replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves attachment to a host cell, injection of viral DNA, replication of new viruses inside the host, and lysis of the host cell to release viruses. The lysogenic cycle also involves attachment and injection of viral DNA, but the DNA then integrates into the host genome and replicates with it until inducing lysis. Integrating into the host allows longer replication but slower production of new viruses compared to the lytic cycle.
Viral life cycle
The document summarizes the viral life cycle in 6 steps: attachment, penetration, uncoating, gene expression and replication, virus assembly, and release. It then provides more details on virus assembly and release, describing how new viral genomes and proteins are assembled and packaged into new virions that bud from the cell membrane. The document also lists some common agents that inhibit different stages of the viral life cycle, such as amantidine and remantidine blocking attachment and penetration or acyclovir and gancyclovir interfering with viral nucleic acid replication.
Lytic cycle
Viruses are intracellular parasites composed of nucleic acid and protein that can only reproduce inside host cells. They enter the host cell and use the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles, which causes the host cell to rupture and release the new viruses to then infect other cells. The viral replication cycle involves the virus attaching to and entering the host cell, producing new viral components using the host cell, assembling new virus particles, and then causing the host cell to burst open, releasing the new viruses.
4068 virus growth cycle lytic & lysogenic
The document describes the virus growth cycle in 5 steps:
1) Attachment - the virus attaches to a cell receptor using a key-lock mechanism.
2) Entry - the virus enzyme enters the host cell by weakening the cell membrane or through phagocytosis.
3) Replication - the virus DNA/RNA uses the cell's ribosomes to make new virus proteins through transcription and translation.
4) Assembly - the new virus proteins assemble into complete viruses.
5) Release - the virus enzyme causes the cell to burst, releasing the new viruses to find more cells and repeat the cycle.
Lytic lifecycle of a virus
The document summarizes the lytic lifecycle of a virus. It begins with an overview of viral genomes and then describes the 7 step lytic cycle of a bacteriophage virus: 1) Adsorption, where the virus attaches to the host cell wall. 2) Penetration, where the viral DNA enters the cell. 3) Synthesis of early viral proteins. 4) Replication of viral DNA. 5) Synthesis of late viral proteins. 6) Assembly of new virus particles. 7) Lysis and release of new virus particles to infect other cells. The document then briefly mentions antibiotics and MRSA before posing questions about the prevalence and media portrayal of MRSA.
Bacteriophage and replication
The document summarizes information about bacteriophages T4 and lambda. It discusses that bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and both T4 and lambda contain dsDNA. T4 is large at 90nm by 200nm with an icosahedral head and long helical tail. Lambda is smaller at 55nm with a non-contractile tail. Both phages can undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles. The lysogenic cycle involves the viral DNA integrating into the host chromosome as a prophage.
Molecular mechanisms of action of bacteriophages.
The document discusses the lysogenic and lytic cycles of bacteriophages. It describes how the lysogenic cycle involves the integration of bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome, allowing the genetic material to replicate with the host cell. The lytic cycle causes the virus to take over the host's DNA to produce viral proteins and particles, ultimately lysing the host cell. Both cycles can occur in bacteria and eukaryotes. The document also discusses prophages, lysogeny induction, and references several papers on bacteriophage therapy and resistance mechanisms.
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Lytic & Lysogenic Cycle
The lytic cycle involves a virus infecting a host cell, using its cellular machinery to replicate itself, and then causing the cell to burst and release new virus particles. It follows 5 steps - attachment, penetration, synthesis of viral components, assembly of new viruses, and release of viruses. The lysogenic cycle involves the viral DNA integrating into the host genome without killing the cell. The viral DNA is passed on to daughter cells until it is triggered to enter the lytic cycle.
07 lytic vs lysogenic cycle
Bacteriophages can replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves attachment to a host cell, injection of viral DNA, replication of new viruses inside the host, and lysis of the host cell to release viruses. The lysogenic cycle also involves attachment and injection of viral DNA, but the DNA then integrates into the host genome and replicates with it until inducing lysis. Integrating into the host allows longer replication but slower production of new viruses compared to the lytic cycle.
Viral life cycle
The document summarizes the viral life cycle in 6 steps: attachment, penetration, uncoating, gene expression and replication, virus assembly, and release. It then provides more details on virus assembly and release, describing how new viral genomes and proteins are assembled and packaged into new virions that bud from the cell membrane. The document also lists some common agents that inhibit different stages of the viral life cycle, such as amantidine and remantidine blocking attachment and penetration or acyclovir and gancyclovir interfering with viral nucleic acid replication.
Lytic cycle
Viruses are intracellular parasites composed of nucleic acid and protein that can only reproduce inside host cells. They enter the host cell and use the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles, which causes the host cell to rupture and release the new viruses to then infect other cells. The viral replication cycle involves the virus attaching to and entering the host cell, producing new viral components using the host cell, assembling new virus particles, and then causing the host cell to burst open, releasing the new viruses.
4068 virus growth cycle lytic & lysogenic
The document describes the virus growth cycle in 5 steps:
1) Attachment - the virus attaches to a cell receptor using a key-lock mechanism.
2) Entry - the virus enzyme enters the host cell by weakening the cell membrane or through phagocytosis.
3) Replication - the virus DNA/RNA uses the cell's ribosomes to make new virus proteins through transcription and translation.
4) Assembly - the new virus proteins assemble into complete viruses.
5) Release - the virus enzyme causes the cell to burst, releasing the new viruses to find more cells and repeat the cycle.
Lytic lifecycle of a virus
The document summarizes the lytic lifecycle of a virus. It begins with an overview of viral genomes and then describes the 7 step lytic cycle of a bacteriophage virus: 1) Adsorption, where the virus attaches to the host cell wall. 2) Penetration, where the viral DNA enters the cell. 3) Synthesis of early viral proteins. 4) Replication of viral DNA. 5) Synthesis of late viral proteins. 6) Assembly of new virus particles. 7) Lysis and release of new virus particles to infect other cells. The document then briefly mentions antibiotics and MRSA before posing questions about the prevalence and media portrayal of MRSA.
Bacteriophage and replication
The document summarizes information about bacteriophages T4 and lambda. It discusses that bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and both T4 and lambda contain dsDNA. T4 is large at 90nm by 200nm with an icosahedral head and long helical tail. Lambda is smaller at 55nm with a non-contractile tail. Both phages can undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles. The lysogenic cycle involves the viral DNA integrating into the host chromosome as a prophage.
Molecular mechanisms of action of bacteriophages.
The document discusses the lysogenic and lytic cycles of bacteriophages. It describes how the lysogenic cycle involves the integration of bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome, allowing the genetic material to replicate with the host cell. The lytic cycle causes the virus to take over the host's DNA to produce viral proteins and particles, ultimately lysing the host cell. Both cycles can occur in bacteria and eukaryotes. The document also discusses prophages, lysogeny induction, and references several papers on bacteriophage therapy and resistance mechanisms.
Reproductive cycle of virus
Viruses reproduce through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the virus multiplies within the host cell, leading to cell lysis and death. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral genome integrates with the host genome and replicates with it without killing the cell. Viruses attach to and enter host cells, taking over the cell's machinery to replicate their DNA and proteins, eventually causing the host cell to burst and release new viral particles to infect more cells. Viruses are obligate parasites that rely on host cells for reproduction.
Viral molecular genetics
The document discusses the different types of nucleic acids that viruses can use to store their genetic information, including double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, negative-sense RNA, positive-sense RNA, and positive-sense RNA retroviruses. It provides details on how each type replicates and produces viral mRNA.
Viral genetics
Viral genetics is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in viruses, including their genome structure, replication, genetic change, and analysis. Viruses are genetic parasites that cannot multiply until reaching a host cell, where they must carry genes to synthesize their capsid and regulate host actions. Most viruses have RNA genomes, though some have DNA, and their replication occurs in the host cell cytoplasm or nucleus depending on genome type. Viruses undergo genetic changes through mutation and recombination during replication in host cells.
Genetic changes in the viral genome
1. Viruses can undergo genetic changes through various mechanisms such as random mutation, recombination, reassortment, and gene amplification/reduction.
2. Mutation occurs via changes to the nitrogen bases in the DNA or RNA genome, such as single nucleotide changes or insertions/deletions.
3. Recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between viral genomes through mechanisms like classic recombination seen in DNA viruses, copy-choice recombination in retroviruses, and site-specific recombination.
Viral reproduction
Viruses reproduce through one of two cycles: lytic or lysogenic. In the lytic cycle, the virus immediately takes over the host cell, produces more viruses, and causes the host cell to burst and release new viruses to infect other cells. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA incorporates into the host cell's DNA and remains dormant for generations before being triggered to enter the lytic cycle and produce more viruses. Retroviruses have RNA that is converted to DNA and inserted into the host genome using reverse transcriptase before undergoing transcription and translation, allowing them to integrate and remain dormant like in the lysogenic cycle.
virus life cycle
The document discusses the life cycle of viruses, specifically bacteriophages. It describes two main cycles - the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves the viral DNA replicating separately from the host cell and ultimately causing the cell to burst. The lysogenic cycle involves the viral DNA integrating into the host cell's genome where it can remain dormant for generations before entering the lytic cycle. The key difference between the cycles is that the lytic cycle results in host cell death while the lysogenic cycle allows the host cell to survive and replicate normally.
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect bacteria. There are two main life cycles for phages: lytic and lysogenic. In the lytic cycle, the phage hijacks the bacterial cell to produce new phages then causes the cell to burst. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage inserts its DNA into the bacterial chromosome where it remains inactive until conditions trigger the lytic cycle. Phages have many applications including phage therapy to treat bacterial infections, using phage lysins as antimicrobials, and phage display to identify molecules that bind to targets of interest.
4. life cycle and replication of viruses
Viruses can only replicate inside host cells. There are basic stages required for viral replication: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, maturation, and virion release. Attachment involves the interaction of the virus with a receptor on the host cell surface. Penetration allows the virus to enter the host cell. Uncoating releases the viral genome. Replication produces copies of the viral genome. Assembly packages the new genomes. Maturation modifies viral proteins. Release occurs when new virions exit the host cell through lysis or budding.
Lytic cycle
The lytic cycle of bacteriophage T4 involves five steps: 1) attachment of the phage to the host bacterial cell, 2) penetration of viral DNA into the cell, 3) biosynthesis of viral components using the host cell's resources, 4) assembly of new viral particles, and 5) lysis of the host cell to release new phages to infect more bacteria and repeat the cycle. The cycle ends with the death of the host cell as it is filled with new phages and lyses to release them.
T4 AND TMV
Bacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria. T4 phage is a type of bacteriophage that infects E. coli bacteria. It has a head structure that contains its DNA and a tail structure used to inject the DNA into the host bacteria cell. The T4 phage life cycle can be lytic, where it causes the bacterial cell to burst and release new phage particles, or lysogenic where the phage DNA integrates with the bacterial DNA and is passed down through generations without causing lysis. The replication process involves the phage DNA being injected and then using the host cell's machinery to produce new phage particles which are then released through lysis of the bacterial cell.
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages are the most abundant entities on earth. These bacterial viruses have genetic material in the form of either DNA or RNA, encapsidated by a protein coat.The capsid is attached to a tail which has fibers, used for attachments to receptors on bacterial cell surface.
BACTERIOPHAGE LIFE CYCLE - LYSIS AND LYSOGENY
This presentation includes a detailed step-wise description about the life cycle of Bacteriophage:- The lytic cycle and The lysogenic cycle
Viral replication (1)
This document discusses viral replication. It begins by defining viruses and their basic components. Viruses replicate through an intracellular process that involves attaching to and entering a host cell, uncoating their genome, expressing genes, replicating their genome, assembling new virions, and exiting the host cell. The replication process varies between virus families but generally follows these basic steps. Viruses are classified based on characteristics like their nucleic acid, replication strategy, and presence of an envelope.
Transduction
Transduction is a type of horizontal gene transfer where genes are transferred between bacteria via bacteriophages. There are two main types: generalized transduction, where DNA is accidentally packaged into viral particles during viral replication, and specialized transduction, where bacterial DNA is incorporated into the viral genome when a prophage is induced from lysogeny. Transduction was first discovered in 1952 by Joshua Lederberg and Norton Zinder during their studies of gene transfer in Salmonella bacteria.
Virus infection and virus synthesis
1. The document discusses the replication strategy of viruses in plants. It describes the key steps: entry into the plant cell, uncoating of the viral nucleic acid, replication of the nucleic acid, synthesis of viral proteins, and assembly of new virus particles.
2. Different types of plant viruses contain double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA, or single or double stranded RNA as their nucleic acid. The virus uses the host cell's machinery for energy production, protein synthesis, and other functions to replicate.
3. Replication of single stranded RNA viruses involves the viral RNA acting as mRNA to produce an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This polymerase then produces complementary RNA which serves as the template to generate more copies of the original
Phage
The document discusses bacteriophages (phages), which are viruses that infect bacteria. It describes the structure and life cycles of both lytic and temperate phages. Lytic phages exclusively follow the lytic cycle of attaching to the host, injecting their DNA, hijacking the host's replication machinery to produce new phage particles, and then causing host cell lysis to release the progeny phages. Temperate phages can either follow the lytic cycle or integrate their DNA into the host genome and enter a lysogenic cycle where the phage DNA is passively replicated along with the host. The document details the genetic regulation involved in the lysogenic decision and maintenance for phage lambda.
Lamda phage
Lambda phage is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli bacteria. It has two life cycles: a lytic cycle and a lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the phage genome is transferred into the bacterial cell where it replicates and causes the bacterial cell to burst, releasing new phage particles. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with the host DNA without killing the cell. The phage can switch between these two cycles depending on environmental conditions inside the infected bacterial cell.
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage, or phages, are viruses that infect and replicate inside bacteria. They have either a lytic lifecycle where they cause the bacterial cell to burst and release new phages, or a lysogenic lifecycle where the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with it without killing the cell. Phages have been studied extensively due to their ability to transfer genes between bacteria and cause conversion of bacterial properties, as well as their potential applications in typing and treating bacterial infections.
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century and come in diverse structural forms. Bacteriophages have a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat. They undergo either a lytic cycle that results in host cell lysis or a lysogenic cycle where the phage DNA integrates into the host chromosome. The lysogenic cycle can confer new properties on the host bacteria through lysogenic conversion. Bacteriophages play important roles in bacterial evolution, epidemiology, and have applications in genetic engineering and controlling bacterial growth.
Phage replication cycles
The document summarizes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses. In the lytic cycle, a virus infects a host cell and uses its machinery to replicate itself before destroying the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, the virus inserts its genome into the host's genome and remains dormant, replicating with the host cell before entering the lytic cycle. Some key terms are defined, including latency, bacteriophage, and pseudolysogeny. Examples are provided of viruses that undergo lytic replication like T4 bacteriophage and lysogenic replication like lambda bacteriophage.
TRANSDUCTION
Transduction is the process by which bacterial genes can be transferred between bacteria with the help of bacteriophages or viruses. There are two main types of transduction - generalized transduction, which involves the random packaging of bacterial DNA into phage particles, and specialized transduction, which involves the specific packaging of bacterial DNA adjacent to a phage genome. Transduction can help spread antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria and has applications in correcting genetic diseases.
Bacterial transduction (Bacterial genetic recombination)
Transduction is the process by which bacterial viruses called bacteriophages transfer genes between bacteria. There are two types: generalized transduction, where any bacterial DNA can be transferred during the lytic phage cycle, and specialized transduction, where specific DNA near the phage genome is transferred during lysogeny. Transduction was an important tool for early discoveries in genetics and continues to be useful for genetic engineering and gene therapy applications today.
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Reproductive cycle of virus
Viruses reproduce through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the virus multiplies within the host cell, leading to cell lysis and death. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral genome integrates with the host genome and replicates with it without killing the cell. Viruses attach to and enter host cells, taking over the cell's machinery to replicate their DNA and proteins, eventually causing the host cell to burst and release new viral particles to infect more cells. Viruses are obligate parasites that rely on host cells for reproduction.
Viral molecular genetics
The document discusses the different types of nucleic acids that viruses can use to store their genetic information, including double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, negative-sense RNA, positive-sense RNA, and positive-sense RNA retroviruses. It provides details on how each type replicates and produces viral mRNA.
Viral genetics
Viral genetics is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in viruses, including their genome structure, replication, genetic change, and analysis. Viruses are genetic parasites that cannot multiply until reaching a host cell, where they must carry genes to synthesize their capsid and regulate host actions. Most viruses have RNA genomes, though some have DNA, and their replication occurs in the host cell cytoplasm or nucleus depending on genome type. Viruses undergo genetic changes through mutation and recombination during replication in host cells.
Genetic changes in the viral genome
1. Viruses can undergo genetic changes through various mechanisms such as random mutation, recombination, reassortment, and gene amplification/reduction.
2. Mutation occurs via changes to the nitrogen bases in the DNA or RNA genome, such as single nucleotide changes or insertions/deletions.
3. Recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between viral genomes through mechanisms like classic recombination seen in DNA viruses, copy-choice recombination in retroviruses, and site-specific recombination.
Viral reproduction
Viruses reproduce through one of two cycles: lytic or lysogenic. In the lytic cycle, the virus immediately takes over the host cell, produces more viruses, and causes the host cell to burst and release new viruses to infect other cells. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA incorporates into the host cell's DNA and remains dormant for generations before being triggered to enter the lytic cycle and produce more viruses. Retroviruses have RNA that is converted to DNA and inserted into the host genome using reverse transcriptase before undergoing transcription and translation, allowing them to integrate and remain dormant like in the lysogenic cycle.
virus life cycle
The document discusses the life cycle of viruses, specifically bacteriophages. It describes two main cycles - the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves the viral DNA replicating separately from the host cell and ultimately causing the cell to burst. The lysogenic cycle involves the viral DNA integrating into the host cell's genome where it can remain dormant for generations before entering the lytic cycle. The key difference between the cycles is that the lytic cycle results in host cell death while the lysogenic cycle allows the host cell to survive and replicate normally.
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect bacteria. There are two main life cycles for phages: lytic and lysogenic. In the lytic cycle, the phage hijacks the bacterial cell to produce new phages then causes the cell to burst. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage inserts its DNA into the bacterial chromosome where it remains inactive until conditions trigger the lytic cycle. Phages have many applications including phage therapy to treat bacterial infections, using phage lysins as antimicrobials, and phage display to identify molecules that bind to targets of interest.
4. life cycle and replication of viruses
Viruses can only replicate inside host cells. There are basic stages required for viral replication: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, maturation, and virion release. Attachment involves the interaction of the virus with a receptor on the host cell surface. Penetration allows the virus to enter the host cell. Uncoating releases the viral genome. Replication produces copies of the viral genome. Assembly packages the new genomes. Maturation modifies viral proteins. Release occurs when new virions exit the host cell through lysis or budding.
Lytic cycle
The lytic cycle of bacteriophage T4 involves five steps: 1) attachment of the phage to the host bacterial cell, 2) penetration of viral DNA into the cell, 3) biosynthesis of viral components using the host cell's resources, 4) assembly of new viral particles, and 5) lysis of the host cell to release new phages to infect more bacteria and repeat the cycle. The cycle ends with the death of the host cell as it is filled with new phages and lyses to release them.
T4 AND TMV
Bacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria. T4 phage is a type of bacteriophage that infects E. coli bacteria. It has a head structure that contains its DNA and a tail structure used to inject the DNA into the host bacteria cell. The T4 phage life cycle can be lytic, where it causes the bacterial cell to burst and release new phage particles, or lysogenic where the phage DNA integrates with the bacterial DNA and is passed down through generations without causing lysis. The replication process involves the phage DNA being injected and then using the host cell's machinery to produce new phage particles which are then released through lysis of the bacterial cell.
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages are the most abundant entities on earth. These bacterial viruses have genetic material in the form of either DNA or RNA, encapsidated by a protein coat.The capsid is attached to a tail which has fibers, used for attachments to receptors on bacterial cell surface.
BACTERIOPHAGE LIFE CYCLE - LYSIS AND LYSOGENY
This presentation includes a detailed step-wise description about the life cycle of Bacteriophage:- The lytic cycle and The lysogenic cycle
Viral replication (1)
This document discusses viral replication. It begins by defining viruses and their basic components. Viruses replicate through an intracellular process that involves attaching to and entering a host cell, uncoating their genome, expressing genes, replicating their genome, assembling new virions, and exiting the host cell. The replication process varies between virus families but generally follows these basic steps. Viruses are classified based on characteristics like their nucleic acid, replication strategy, and presence of an envelope.
Transduction
Transduction is a type of horizontal gene transfer where genes are transferred between bacteria via bacteriophages. There are two main types: generalized transduction, where DNA is accidentally packaged into viral particles during viral replication, and specialized transduction, where bacterial DNA is incorporated into the viral genome when a prophage is induced from lysogeny. Transduction was first discovered in 1952 by Joshua Lederberg and Norton Zinder during their studies of gene transfer in Salmonella bacteria.
Virus infection and virus synthesis
1. The document discusses the replication strategy of viruses in plants. It describes the key steps: entry into the plant cell, uncoating of the viral nucleic acid, replication of the nucleic acid, synthesis of viral proteins, and assembly of new virus particles.
2. Different types of plant viruses contain double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA, or single or double stranded RNA as their nucleic acid. The virus uses the host cell's machinery for energy production, protein synthesis, and other functions to replicate.
3. Replication of single stranded RNA viruses involves the viral RNA acting as mRNA to produce an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This polymerase then produces complementary RNA which serves as the template to generate more copies of the original
Phage
The document discusses bacteriophages (phages), which are viruses that infect bacteria. It describes the structure and life cycles of both lytic and temperate phages. Lytic phages exclusively follow the lytic cycle of attaching to the host, injecting their DNA, hijacking the host's replication machinery to produce new phage particles, and then causing host cell lysis to release the progeny phages. Temperate phages can either follow the lytic cycle or integrate their DNA into the host genome and enter a lysogenic cycle where the phage DNA is passively replicated along with the host. The document details the genetic regulation involved in the lysogenic decision and maintenance for phage lambda.
Lamda phage
Lambda phage is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli bacteria. It has two life cycles: a lytic cycle and a lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the phage genome is transferred into the bacterial cell where it replicates and causes the bacterial cell to burst, releasing new phage particles. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with the host DNA without killing the cell. The phage can switch between these two cycles depending on environmental conditions inside the infected bacterial cell.
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage, or phages, are viruses that infect and replicate inside bacteria. They have either a lytic lifecycle where they cause the bacterial cell to burst and release new phages, or a lysogenic lifecycle where the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with it without killing the cell. Phages have been studied extensively due to their ability to transfer genes between bacteria and cause conversion of bacterial properties, as well as their potential applications in typing and treating bacterial infections.
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century and come in diverse structural forms. Bacteriophages have a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat. They undergo either a lytic cycle that results in host cell lysis or a lysogenic cycle where the phage DNA integrates into the host chromosome. The lysogenic cycle can confer new properties on the host bacteria through lysogenic conversion. Bacteriophages play important roles in bacterial evolution, epidemiology, and have applications in genetic engineering and controlling bacterial growth.
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Similar to Pharmaceutical microbiology
Phage replication cycles
The document summarizes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses. In the lytic cycle, a virus infects a host cell and uses its machinery to replicate itself before destroying the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, the virus inserts its genome into the host's genome and remains dormant, replicating with the host cell before entering the lytic cycle. Some key terms are defined, including latency, bacteriophage, and pseudolysogeny. Examples are provided of viruses that undergo lytic replication like T4 bacteriophage and lysogenic replication like lambda bacteriophage.
TRANSDUCTION
Transduction is the process by which bacterial genes can be transferred between bacteria with the help of bacteriophages or viruses. There are two main types of transduction - generalized transduction, which involves the random packaging of bacterial DNA into phage particles, and specialized transduction, which involves the specific packaging of bacterial DNA adjacent to a phage genome. Transduction can help spread antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria and has applications in correcting genetic diseases.
Bacterial transduction (Bacterial genetic recombination)
Transduction is the process by which bacterial viruses called bacteriophages transfer genes between bacteria. There are two types: generalized transduction, where any bacterial DNA can be transferred during the lytic phage cycle, and specialized transduction, where specific DNA near the phage genome is transferred during lysogeny. Transduction was an important tool for early discoveries in genetics and continues to be useful for genetic engineering and gene therapy applications today.
BACTERIOPHAGE.pptx
introduction of bacteriophage , discovery, morphology, structure and life cycle of bacteriophage,
imp. of bacteriophage and other briefly define lytic and lysogenic cycle.
Studying Viruses can be important because they are often disease .pdf
Studying Viruses can be important because they are often disease causing pathogens. Howeve,
because of how easy they are to control and mainpulate in the laboratory, viruses can be good
tools to study basic, fundamental principles of cell and molecular biology. Concisely explain one
example of how viruses were used to make a critical molecular genetics discovery (briefly, how
was the experiment done, and what was concluded?)
Studying Viruses can be important because they are often disease causing pathogens. Howeve,
because of how easy they are to control and mainpulate in the laboratory, viruses can be good
tools to study basic, fundamental principles of cell and molecular biology. Concisely explain one
example of how viruses were used to make a critical molecular genetics discovery (briefly, how
was the experiment done, and what was concluded?)
Solution
Viruses are intracellular parasites that are effective after infecting particular host cells. Viral
infection starts offevolved when proteins on the surface of a virion bind to particular receptor
proteins at the host cells. The specificity of this interaction determines the host range of an
endemic.
Aside from being the causative agents of many sicknesses, viruses are vital gear in cellular
biology research, mainly in research on macromolecular synthesis.
Individual viral particles (virions) usually incorporate both an RNA or a DNA genome,
surrounded via multiple copies of 1 or a small variety of coat proteins, forming the nucleocapsid.
The nucleocapsid of many animal viruses is surrounded with the aid of a phospholipid bilayer, or
envelope.
During lytic replication, host-cell ribosomes and enzymes are used to explicit viral proteins,
which then viral genome and package it into viral coats. The multiple progeny virions produced
within a single infected cellular eventually are launched, following cellular lysis or gradual
disintegration of the cell . Progeny nucleocapsids of enveloped viruses are launched by using
budding of the host-cell membrane in which viral membrane proteins have been deposited.
Some bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) might also go through lysogeny following infection of
host cells. In this situation, the viral genome is incorporated into host-cell chromosomes, forming
a prophage this is replicated along with the host genome. When suitably activated, a prophage
enters the lytic cycle.
All retroviruses and some different animal viruses can combine their genomes into host-cell
chromosomes . In a few instances, this leads to abnormal cell replication and the eventual
improvement of cancers.
Recombinant viruses can be used as vectors to transduce genes into cells. In this method, viral
genes required for the lytic cycle are changed with the aid of other genes. The use of viral
vectors for gene remedy continues to be in its infancy, but has super ability for treatment of
diverse diseases..
Steps_of_Virus_Infections.pdf
Viral replication involves six key steps: 1) attachment, where the virus attaches to the host cell; 2) penetration, where the virus enters the host cell; 3) uncoating and replication, where the viral genetic material incorporates into the host cell and induces replication; 4) assembly, where new viral components are assembled; 5) release, where new viruses are released by cell lysis or budding; 6) for retroviruses like HIV, reverse transcription must occur to convert viral RNA into DNA before integration and replication. The overall process allows the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery to produce new viral progeny and spread infection.
Bacteriophage
definition, structure, types, types of cycle, uses, facts, discovery, phage typing, advantage, disadvantage, difference, etc
Viruses and their genetic system
Bacteriophage is the most common and extensively studied virus. The life cycle of bacteriophages. The transfer of their genetic system via the process of transduction (Generalised and Specialised) and studying the gene mapping in phages. This theoretical explanation about viruses and their genetic system will help the learner in the fields of biotechnology, microbiology, basic science, life science, and various other fields of biology.
viruses-190413061820.pdf
Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but not both, unlike true living cells. Viruses exhibit both living properties like metabolism and heredity inside their host cells, as well as non-living properties like an inability to carry out metabolic activities independently. There are many types of viruses that infect different domains of life including plants, animals, bacteria and microorganisms. They have a variety of shapes and sizes and can be classified based on their genetic material, structure, and the cells they infect. Viruses cause diseases by hijacking host cell machinery to replicate and spread to other hosts.
VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
VIRUSES
LIFE CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGES
The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses is called Virology. It is the branch of Microbiology.
They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
They contain either DNA or RNA as genetic material.
They have different size and shape. They cause diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms .
Not cellular
Cannot carry on metabolic activities independently.
Contain either DNA or RNA, not both ( true cells contain both ).
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.
Reproduce only within cells they infect.
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Based on the viral envelope
Named after David Baltimore, a noble prize winning biologist n 1971.
1. dsDNA viruses Eg: Adenoviruses, Herpiviruses.
2. ssDNA viruses Eg: Paravoviruses.
3. dsRNA viruses Eg: Reoviruses.
4. (+)ssRNA viruses Eg: Picornaviruses.
5. (-)ssRNA viruses Eg: Orthomyxoviruses.
6. ssRNA-RT viruses Eg: Retroviruses.
7. dsDNA-RT viruses Eg: Hepadnaviruses.
Tobacco mosaic:
Causative agent: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants develop mosaic patches ,it is due to destruction of chlorophyll or due to production of abnormal chlorophyll .blisters appear in the region of dark green spots these may be regular or irregular in advanced stages leaves curl and get distorted.
Adsorption of the virion to the bacterial cell.
Penetration and decoating of the nucleic acid .
Protein synthesis.
Breakdown of bacterial DNA.
Arrest of host cell development.
Replication of phage DNA.
Maturation of infective progeny.
Lysis and release of newly formed phages.
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Bacteriophage.pptx
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect and replicate within bacterial cells. They are the most abundant biological agent on Earth and have diverse structures and genomes. Phages can either lyse and kill their host bacteria or integrate into the host genome and remain dormant, allowing for potential horizontal gene transfer between bacteria.
Bacterial replication
Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding. In binary fission, a bacterium grows and its DNA replicates before the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Bacteria can double in number as quickly as every 9.8 minutes under optimal conditions. Some bacteria reproduce through budding, where a small bud forms on the mother cell and eventually separates. Bacteria can also exchange genetic material through transformation, transduction, and conjugation, allowing for rapid adaptation.
LYTIC CYCLE virology.pptx
The document summarizes the lytic cycle or vegetative cycle of bacteriophages. It involves 5 key steps - 1) attachment of the phage to the host bacterial cell, 2) penetration of viral DNA into the cell, 3) synthesis of new viral components using the host cell's machinery, 4) assembly of new viral particles, and 5) lysis of the host cell and release of progeny viruses to infect new hosts. The cycle results in the destruction of the host bacterium and production of new phages to perpetuate the viral life cycle.
Microbiology assingment.pdf
It is a microbiology topic based on transduction in bacteria, and there is a big role for bacteriophage as it also does it's lytic and lysogenic cycles. It is important on the view of health and medicine
Viruses
This document provides an overview of viruses, including their history of discovery, characteristics, components, shapes, classification, bacteriophages, replication cycles, enveloped viruses, and other related infectious agents like viroids and prions. It discusses key scientists and experiments that contributed to the understanding of viruses. The replication cycles of lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages as well as enveloped DNA and RNA viruses are described.
Viruses and their genetic system
A comprehensive illustration about viruses and their genetic system. The life cycle of bacteriophages. The transfer of their genetic system via the process of transduction (Generalised and Specialised) and studying the gene mapping in phages.
Virus
Viruses are non-living infectious particles that can only reproduce inside host cells. They hijack host cell machinery to produce more viruses. There are two main cycles that bacteriophages, or viruses that infect bacteria, can undergo: the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the phage infects a bacterium, replicates its genome, assembles new viral particles, and causes the host cell to lyse (burst), releasing new phages to infect other cells. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage inserts its DNA into the host bacterium's chromosome where it remains inactive as a prophage, allowing it to be passively replicated along with the host DNA without killing
Transduction
Transduction is one of the process or horizontal gene transfer. A virus depends on the host for its reproduction and does it by transferring its genetic material into it. This is helpful when we need to transfer genetic material between two bacterial cells.
viral_replication.pdf
Viruses can only replicate inside living cells. They hijack the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and assemble them into new virus particles. There are seven basic stages of viral replication: 1) adsorption, 2) entry, 3) uncoating, 4) transcription, 5) synthesis of viral components, 6) assembly, and 7) release. Bacteriophages follow a similar process in bacterial cells, using either a lytic cycle that kills the host or a lysogenic cycle that allows long-term infection. Plant viruses enter through wounds or vectors and replicate using virus-specific RNA polymerases. Animal viruses recognize receptors to enter cells and then use the host to produce new virions.
Generalized & specialized transduction
This document discusses bacterial transduction, which is a method of gene transfer between bacteria mediated by bacteriophages. There are two main types of transduction: generalized transduction, which occurs during the lytic cycle when viral genes are accidentally incorporated into the new host; and specialized transduction, which involves the specific insertion of viral DNA during lysogeny. Transduction contributes to genetic diversity and evolution in bacteria and can facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Bacterial transduction (Bacterial genetic recombination)
Bacterial transduction (Bacterial genetic recombination)
Studying Viruses can be important because they are often disease .pdf
Studying Viruses can be important because they are often disease .pdf
VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
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Pharmaceutical microbiology
- 1. Bacteriphage, Define lysogeny, lytic cell, lysogenic cycle, prophage,induction and transduction. Md. Aminul Islam Department of Pharmacy World University of Bangladesh
- 2. D’Herelle first gave the name bacteriophase to an agent , which could produce lysis of the dysentery bacillus shigella shiga. They are much easier to handle in the laboratory and have rapid multiplication cycles and hence used extensively as the experimental models for elucidating the biochemical mechanisms of viral replication. The work on phage-bacterium systems is responsible for the discovery of messenger RNA, the understanding of the genetic code and the way in which genes are controlled have come from.
- 3. Usually phages exhibit a marked specificity in selecting host cells, attacking only organisms belonging to a single species. For example, a staphylococcus epidermidis cells. Mostly phages are strain-specific.
- 5. The biological process in which a bacterium is infected by a bacteriophage that integrates its DNA into that of the host such that the host is not destroyed.
- 6. A phase of the virus life cycle during which the virus replicates within the host cell, releasing a new generation of viruses when the infected cell lyses.
- 7. Once inside the host cell, some viruses, such as herpes and HIV, do not reproduce right away. Instead, they mix their genetic instructions into the host cell's genetic instructions. When the host cell reproduces, the viral genetic instructions get copied into the host cell's offspring.
- 8. The host cells may undergo many rounds of reproduction, and then some environmental or predetermined genetic signal will stir the "sleeping" viral instructions. The viral genetic instructions will then take over the host's machinery and make new viruses as described above. This cycle, called the lysogenic cycle, is shown in the accompanying figure.
- 10. The circle can recombine with and become part of the circular bacterial DNA. The inserted phage DNA is now called a prophage.
- 11. A rare spontaneous event, or the action of UV light or certain chemicals, can lead to the excision of the phage DNA, and to initiation of the lytic cycle. This is known as induction.
- 12. Transduction is defined as transfer of portion of DNA from one bacteria to another by bacteriophages, is known as transduction.