4068 virus growth cycle lytic & lysogenic
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The document describes the virus growth cycle in 5 steps: 1) Attachment - the virus attaches to a cell receptor using a key-lock mechanism. 2) Entry - the virus enzyme enters the host cell by weakening the cell membrane or through phagocytosis. 3) Replication - the virus DNA/RNA uses the cell's ribosomes to make new virus proteins through transcription and translation. 4) Assembly - the new virus proteins assemble into complete viruses. 5) Release - the virus enzyme causes the cell to burst, releasing the new viruses to find more cells and repeat the cycle.
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Lytic cycle
Viruses are intracellular parasites composed of nucleic acid and protein that can only reproduce inside host cells. They enter the host cell and use the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles, which causes the host cell to rupture and release the new viruses to then infect other cells. The viral replication cycle involves the virus attaching to and entering the host cell, producing new viral components using the host cell, assembling new virus particles, and then causing the host cell to burst open, releasing the new viruses.
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This document provides an overview of viruses and their structure and life cycle. It discusses:
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This document discusses bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. It describes the two main cycles of bacteriophage multiplication: the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves the T-even bacteriophage infecting E. coli, reproducing through five stages, and ultimately causing the host cell to lyse. The lysogenic cycle is exemplified by the lambda bacteriophage infecting E. coli, which can either undergo the lytic cycle or integrate its DNA into the host and remain dormant. Bacteriophages can be grown and quantified using plaque assays. They have various applications including phage therapy and transduction.
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Viruses are defined as nucleoprotein complexes that infect host cells and use their metabolic processes to replicate. They are the smallest known infectious agents and are metabolically inert outside of host cells, requiring entry into a host cell to replicate. Viruses come in different structures with either DNA or RNA genomes and may have capsids alone or capsids surrounded by envelopes. They infect bacteria, plants, animals, and humans by invading cells and forcing them to produce new virus copies until the cell lyses.
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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA. They replicate through a series of steps within a host cell. There are two main viral life cycles: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle involves virus replication, assembly, and lysis of the host cell. The lysogenic cycle involves integration of the viral genome into the host cell genome without immediate cell lysis. Viruses are also classified based on their genome type and replication strategy, such as retroviruses which contain RNA and replicate through a DNA intermediate.
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Viruses can only replicate inside host cells. There are basic stages required for viral replication: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, maturation, and virion release. Attachment involves the interaction of the virus with a receptor on the host cell surface. Penetration allows the virus to enter the host cell. Uncoating releases the viral genome. Replication produces copies of the viral genome. Assembly packages the new genomes. Maturation modifies viral proteins. Release occurs when new virions exit the host cell through lysis or budding.
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Viruses are intracellular parasites composed of nucleic acid and protein that can only reproduce inside host cells. They enter the host cell and use the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles, which causes the host cell to rupture and release the new viruses to then infect other cells. The viral replication cycle involves the virus attaching to and entering the host cell, producing new viral components using the host cell, assembling new virus particles, and then causing the host cell to burst open, releasing the new viruses.
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This document provides an overview of viruses and their structure and life cycle. It discusses:
1. The history of virus discovery and early research showing that viruses are smaller than bacteria and can pass through filters.
2. The basic structure of viruses, which typically includes a protein capsid enclosing nucleic acids, and some viruses having an outer envelope.
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Bacteriophages are the most abundant entities on earth. These bacterial viruses have genetic material in the form of either DNA or RNA, encapsidated by a protein coat.The capsid is attached to a tail which has fibers, used for attachments to receptors on bacterial cell surface.
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Viruses are defined as nucleoprotein complexes that infect host cells and use their metabolic processes to replicate. They are the smallest known infectious agents and are metabolically inert outside of host cells, requiring entry into a host cell to replicate. Viruses come in different structures with either DNA or RNA genomes and may have capsids alone or capsids surrounded by envelopes. They infect bacteria, plants, animals, and humans by invading cells and forcing them to produce new virus copies until the cell lyses.
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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA. They replicate through a series of steps within a host cell. There are two main viral life cycles: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle involves virus replication, assembly, and lysis of the host cell. The lysogenic cycle involves integration of the viral genome into the host cell genome without immediate cell lysis. Viruses are also classified based on their genome type and replication strategy, such as retroviruses which contain RNA and replicate through a DNA intermediate.
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Viruses can only replicate inside host cells. There are basic stages required for viral replication: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, maturation, and virion release. Attachment involves the interaction of the virus with a receptor on the host cell surface. Penetration allows the virus to enter the host cell. Uncoating releases the viral genome. Replication produces copies of the viral genome. Assembly packages the new genomes. Maturation modifies viral proteins. Release occurs when new virions exit the host cell through lysis or budding.
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- Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition, structure, strandedness, and presence of an envelope. This includes DNA vs. RNA viruses.
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This document discusses viral classification, structure, replication cycles, and interactions with host cells. It covers:
1. Viruses are classified based on nucleic acid composition, structure, and disease caused. Their replication requires hijacking host cell machinery and resources.
2. The viral replication cycle involves early and late phases including entry, genome release, replication, assembly and release of new virions.
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Vaccines work by activating the immune system through active immunization with live attenuated or killed pathogens. They provide long term immunity through memory B and T cells. Common types include killed/inactivated, attenuated, toxoid, recombinant, and DNA vaccines. Vaccines are manufactured through in vivo, in vitro, or chemical synthesis methods. Potential risks include vaccine strain infection, superantigen effects, and allergic reactions.
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1. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but not both. This nucleic acid has unique chemical and physical features that distinguish it from human nucleic acid.
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Nature of Plants and Animal Viruses.
Viruses are composed of genetic material packaged within a protein coat. They require a host cell to replicate and do not have their own organelles. Plant viruses infect plants and are transmitted between plants through vectors like insects or mechanically through sap. They move between plant cells through plasmodesmata. Animal viruses infect animals and enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion. They exit cells through budding or host cell lysis. Examples of important plant viruses are tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, while important animal viruses include influenza, herpesviruses, and coronaviruses.
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The document provides information about viruses, including:
i. Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein that can only reproduce inside living host cells. They were first observed for their ability to cause disease in the late 19th century.
ii. Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a capsid that encloses their genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They vary greatly in size and shape.
iii. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the cellular machinery of host cells and forcing the cells to produce new virus particles. Their replication cycles involve adsorption to host cells, penetration of the cells, synthesis of new viral components, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses.
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The document summarizes microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses key terms like pathogens, virulence, and virulence factors. It explains the steps microbes take to cause disease, including entering through portals of entry, adhering to host cells, and penetrating host defenses using mechanisms like capsules, enzymes, and toxins. It describes different types of toxins produced by pathogens, like exotoxins and endotoxins, and how they damage host cells and tissues to cause disease symptoms.
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Viruses can only replicate inside living cells. They hijack the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and assemble them into new virus particles. There are seven basic stages of viral replication: 1) adsorption, 2) entry, 3) uncoating, 4) transcription, 5) synthesis of viral components, 6) assembly, and 7) release. Bacteriophages follow a similar process in bacterial cells, using either a lytic cycle that kills the host or a lysogenic cycle that allows long-term infection. Plant viruses enter through wounds or vectors and replicate using virus-specific RNA polymerases. Animal viruses recognize receptors to enter cells and then use the host to produce new virions.
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Bacteriophages can replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves attachment to a host cell, injection of viral DNA, replication of new viruses inside the host, and lysis of the host cell to release viruses. The lysogenic cycle also involves attachment and injection of viral DNA, but the DNA then integrates into the host genome and replicates with it until inducing lysis. Integrating into the host allows longer replication but slower production of new viruses compared to the lytic cycle.
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- Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition, structure, strandedness, and presence of an envelope. This includes DNA vs. RNA viruses.
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Viruses are nonliving infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. They can only reproduce inside of living host cells by hijacking the cell's machinery to produce more viruses. Viruses vary greatly in size and morphology, ranging from 10-400 nanometers, and some have an additional outer envelope acquired from the host cell membrane. They exhibit both living characteristics like reproduction and mutation, as well as nonliving characteristics as they do not metabolize or divide outside of host cells.
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Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than bacteria. They cannot replicate without a host cell and are considered non-living. A virus infects a host cell by attaching to receptors on its surface, and then either injects its nucleic acid inside or fuses with the host cell's membrane. Once inside, the virus takes over the cell's machinery to replicate itself through one of two cycles - lytic kills the host cell, while lysogenic integrates viral DNA into the host genome without immediately killing the cell. Retroviruses like HIV are unique as they use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA before integrating into the host cell's chromosome.
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This document discusses viral classification, structure, replication cycles, and interactions with host cells. It covers:
1. Viruses are classified based on nucleic acid composition, structure, and disease caused. Their replication requires hijacking host cell machinery and resources.
2. The viral replication cycle involves early and late phases including entry, genome release, replication, assembly and release of new virions.
3. Viruses can cause acute, chronic, latent or transforming infections depending on their ability to replicate in host cells and the impact on cell viability. Immune responses aim to control viral spread.
Vaccines
Vaccines work by activating the immune system through active immunization with live attenuated or killed pathogens. They provide long term immunity through memory B and T cells. Common types include killed/inactivated, attenuated, toxoid, recombinant, and DNA vaccines. Vaccines are manufactured through in vivo, in vitro, or chemical synthesis methods. Potential risks include vaccine strain infection, superantigen effects, and allergic reactions.
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Concept of virology
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Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Quiz
BEST OF LUCK
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Viruses come in a variety of shapes and sizes, with the main morphological types being helical, icosahedral, prolate, enveloped, and complex. They are composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid, and some have an additional outer envelope. Viruses infect all types of living organisms by introducing their genetic material inside host cells and hijacking the cells' machinery to replicate themselves.
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1. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but not both. This nucleic acid has unique chemical and physical features that distinguish it from human nucleic acid.
2. Viral nucleic acid is enclosed in a protein capsid made of subunits. Some viruses have a surrounding envelope while others do not.
3. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition, morphology, and whether they have an envelope.
Nature of Plants and Animal Viruses.
Viruses are composed of genetic material packaged within a protein coat. They require a host cell to replicate and do not have their own organelles. Plant viruses infect plants and are transmitted between plants through vectors like insects or mechanically through sap. They move between plant cells through plasmodesmata. Animal viruses infect animals and enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion. They exit cells through budding or host cell lysis. Examples of important plant viruses are tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, while important animal viruses include influenza, herpesviruses, and coronaviruses.
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The document provides information about viruses, including:
i. Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein that can only reproduce inside living host cells. They were first observed for their ability to cause disease in the late 19th century.
ii. Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a capsid that encloses their genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They vary greatly in size and shape.
iii. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the cellular machinery of host cells and forcing the cells to produce new virus particles. Their replication cycles involve adsorption to host cells, penetration of the cells, synthesis of new viral components, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses.
Virus and bacteriophage
Viruses and bacteriophages are infectious pathogens that depend on host cells for replication. Viruses are too small to see with an electron microscope and contain nucleic acids surrounded by proteins. Bacteriophages infect bacteria and have either DNA or RNA genomes. Bacteriophages follow the lytic cycle of replicating within the host cell until it bursts, or the lysogenic cycle where the phage DNA integrates with the host and replicates with it without killing the cell.
Chp.15.
The document summarizes microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses key terms like pathogens, virulence, and virulence factors. It explains the steps microbes take to cause disease, including entering through portals of entry, adhering to host cells, and penetrating host defenses using mechanisms like capsules, enzymes, and toxins. It describes different types of toxins produced by pathogens, like exotoxins and endotoxins, and how they damage host cells and tissues to cause disease symptoms.
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Viruses are microscopic particles that infect cells and rely on host cells to replicate. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Viruses infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and differ from other organisms in their structure, biology, and reproduction. Viruses are classified into groups based on their structure and method of replication, with the Baltimore system categorizing viruses into 7 groups depending on their nucleic acid and method of replication.
19 lecture viruses
Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside host cells by using the host's cellular machinery. There are two main cycles by which viruses replicate - the lytic cycle which results in host cell death and release of new virus particles, and the lysogenic cycle where the viral genome integrates into the host genome and is copied along with it until induced to enter the lytic cycle. Retroviruses like HIV are unique in that they reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA which then integrates into the host cell genome.
Virus.ppt
Viruses are parasites that can only replicate inside living host cells. They are made up of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and have no cell structure of their own. Viruses come in many shapes and sizes but are typically 20-400 nanometers. They infect bacteria, plants, and animals. A virus replicates by entering a host cell, releasing its genetic material, and hijacking the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles that eventually cause the cell to burst and release new viruses. Viruses can have DNA or RNA as their genetic material and replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle.
Viral replication
The document discusses the process of viral replication. It begins with an introduction that defines viral replication as the production of all virus components through an assembly process rather than cellular division. It then describes the 7 key steps in viral replication: 1) Attachment, 2) Penetration, 3) Uncoating, 4) Genome replication, 5) Assembly, 6) Maturation, and 7) Release of new virus particles. The document concludes that while the details vary, all viruses follow a similar overall replication process to initiate infection, replicate their genomes, and release new virions.
viralreplication-170214060400.pdf
The document discusses the process of viral replication. It begins with an introduction that defines viral replication as the production of all virus components through an assembly process rather than cellular division. It then describes the 7 key steps in viral replication: 1) Attachment, 2) Penetration, 3) Uncoating, 4) Genome replication, 5) Assembly, 6) Maturation, and 7) Release of new virus particles. The document concludes by stating that viral replication follows these common stages through different biological processes depending on the virus and host cell type.
Exploring-the-Fascinating-World-of-Virus-Replication-Cycle (1).pptx
Details of viral replication:
The viral replication cycle refers to the series of steps involved in the replication and multiplication of a virus within a host organism. While the specific details can vary among different types of viruses, the general replication cycle typically involves the following stages:
Attachment: The virus attaches to specific receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell. This attachment is usually mediated by viral proteins on the outer surface of the virus and complementary receptors on the host cell.
Entry: The virus enters the host cell, either through direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane or by endocytosis, where the virus is engulfed by the host cell and enclosed in a vesicle called an endosome.
Uncoating: Once inside the host cell, the virus undergoes uncoating, which involves the removal of the viral capsid or envelope. This step exposes the viral genetic material, allowing it to be accessed and replicated by the host cell's machinery.
Genome Replication: The viral genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA depending on the type of virus, is replicated by the host cell's enzymes and machinery. This step involves the synthesis of new viral nucleic acid molecules using the viral genome as a template.
Transcription and Translation: The newly synthesized viral genetic material is transcribed into viral messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are then translated by the host cell's ribosomes into viral proteins. These proteins serve various functions, including the assembly of new virus particles.
Assembly: The newly synthesized viral proteins and replicated genetic material come together to form new virus particles, also known as virions. This assembly process often occurs in specific regions of the host cell, such as the nucleus or cytoplasm, depending on the virus.
Release: Once assembled, the mature virus particles are released from the host cell. This can occur through various mechanisms, such as cell lysis, where the host cell bursts open, or through budding, where the virus acquires a portion of the host cell membrane as it exits, thus enveloping itself.
33. an introduction to the viruses
Viruses have capsids made of protein subunits that enclose and protect their nucleic acid. Viruses come in two main shapes - helical or icosahedral - determined by the arrangement of capsomers in the capsid. Some viruses have an envelope in addition to the capsid.
Viral replication involves the virus binding to and entering a host cell, then using the cell's machinery to produce new viral components which are assembled and released to infect new cells. DNA and RNA viruses replicate via different mechanisms using virus-specific enzymes. Animal virus replication is more complex than bacterial viruses due to host cell complexity.
Growing viruses requires appropriate cell cultures or animal hosts that provide an environment where the virus can replicate
Viruses
Viruses replicate by taking over the host cell's machinery. They produce mRNA using their genome as a template. This mRNA directs the production of viral proteins, including structural proteins that make up the capsid and non-structural proteins that help with replication. The virus growth cycle involves adsorption to receptors, entry, uncoating, synthesis of new viral components, assembly, and release. DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus while RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm, except retroviruses and influenza which enter the nucleus. New viruses are assembled and released to infect other cells.
Chapter+5,+25,+37 (microbiology) 8th edition
Viruses are genetic elements that cannot replicate independently and cause many diseases. They come in various shapes and sizes and have either DNA or RNA genomes. Viruses infect all types of living organisms including bacteria, archaea, animals, and plants. They replicate inside host cells and can cause cell lysis or establish persistent infections. Important viral models include bacteriophages and retroviruses. Viruses display both lytic and lysogenic life cycles and use a variety of mechanisms to infect hosts and replicate their genomes.
Ap Viruses
Viruses are submicroscopic infectious particles composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat. They can only reproduce inside host cells and are classified as DNA or RNA viruses. Viruses infect all types of organisms including animals, plants, and bacteria. They have a variety of reproductive cycles including lytic which kills the host cell, and lysogenic where the viral DNA integrates into the host genome. New viruses are constantly evolving through mutations and jumping between species, sometimes causing global pandemics in animals and humans.
Virus.pdf
Viruses exhibit great diversity in their structures and genomes. They range in size from 0.02 to 0.3 micrometers and have various morphologies including helical, polyhedral, and filamentous shapes. All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites as they cannot reproduce outside of a living host cell. The viral genome is comprised of DNA or RNA and is enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid. Viruses infect bacteria, plants, and animals and are classified based on attributes like nucleic acid composition and host range. The life cycles of viruses vary depending on whether they contain DNA or RNA genomes and can involve the production of mRNA, reverse transcription, integration into the host genome, and assembly of new viral particles.
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Viruses-definition, classification, replication, cultivation of viruses
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
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4068 virus growth cycle lytic & lysogenic
- 1. SHEENA PREM MSC. MICROBIOLOGY PART II SEM IV COURSE: VIROLOGY ROLL NO: 4068 2016-2017
- 3. 1st Step: Attachment Virus lands on cell membrane Virus attaches to a cell receptor Virus acts as key; receptor acts as lock
- 4. 2nd Step: Entry Virus enzyme weakens cell membrane DNA/RNA enters the host cell Another way viruses may enter a cell… through phagocytosis
- 5. 3rd Step: Replication Virus DNA/RNA uses ribosomes to make virus proteins Virus proteins created by transcription/ translation transcription translation Viral DNA Viral RNA Viral Proteins
- 6. 4th Step: Assembly Virus proteins are assembled into new viruses
- 7. 5th Step: Release Virus enzyme causes cell membrane to lyse (burst) Viruses are released Cycle repeats
- 9. 1st step: Attachment Same 2nd Step: Entry Same
- 10. cell DNA Pro-virus 3rd step: Replication –Provirus Created • Virus DNA combines with cell DNA –Infected cell divides by mitosis and copies the provirus –Each new cell will contain the provirus Virus DNA Pro- virus Pro- virus
- 13. 4th Step: Assembly: new viruses are assembled in many cells 5th Step: Release many cells burst releasing many more viruses
- 14. The viral DNA become active and starts making new viral proteins The infected cells burst…releasing the new viruses
- 21. References: http://www.bioinfo.org.cn/book/biochemistry/chapt2 7/sim6.htm Ananthanarayan and Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology, 7th edition, pg 463-465 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21417/ Introduction to Modern Virology, Keith N. leppard, Andrew J Easton, Dimmock, Nigel J dimmock Av Keith N. Leppard - Andrew J. Easton - Dimmock - Nigel - Nigel J. Dimmock
- 22. THANK YOU