The document discusses various types of deviance in sport including relative deviance, positive deviance, and negative deviance. It also examines causes of deviance such as lack of training and crowd mentality. The concept of a "contract to compete" is introduced which refers to an agreement by performers to play fairly and allow opportunities for others to demonstrate their skills. Forms of violence and hooliganism in sport are then analyzed as well as efforts to combat hooliganism. The use and implications of performance enhancing drugs is covered along with methods for fighting drug use in sport. Finally, the relationship between sport, performers, officials, and the law is briefly outlined.

1. DEVIANCE

2. Type of Definition Example
deviance
Deviance Behaviour that falls outside the
norms or outside what is deemed to
be acceptable
Relative Deviant behaviour that is not Punching somebody is unacceptable
deviance acceptable in wider society but may in society but accepted in boxing.
be deemed as acceptable in the
sporting context.
Positive Behaviour which is outside the Overtraining leading to an injury.
deviance norms but with no intention to
harm or break rules.
Negative Behaviour that is outside the Intentionally fouling someone in
deviance norm, and has a detrimental effect football.
on individuals and society.

3. Causes of deviance
• Lack of appropriate training
• Adopting a career pattern of deviance
• No other way to win
• Poor rule enforcement
• Crowd mentality

4. Contract to compete
Within
characteristics of Allowing fair
the activity opportunity to win
Contract to compete
Performers agree to
Within the
strive against each
rules/ethics of the
other to win
contest
Features of the contract to compete:
• To accept fair play
• Commitment to the sport
• Play to maximum ability
• Commitment to others
• Allow demonstration of skill by others

5. Violence
Either prevalent in:
• Participants
• Spectators
Two types:
• Planned – Organised action, usually fighting in a desolate area
away from policing. Usually between gangs from rival teams.
• Spontaneous – Something which just happens, for example:
throwing a coin at a rival player who just scored.
Causes
1. Genetic Inheritance
2. Frustration
3. Loss of self identity
4. Social Learning

6. Hooliganism
“The behaviour of those who engage in
unruly, destructive or violent behaviour”
Takes place Causes of hooliganism
Football grounds and stadiums Seen as a rite of passage into a social group
Streets near the ground Acts as an outlet for aggressive males
City centres A territorial defence where a group a perceived
to be protecting their local area
Local pubs Tension/violence on the pitch which can trigger a
reaction from the crowd
Public transport Close rivalry between certain teams can make
the game more intense – therefore increasing
crowd interaction and aggressiveness with the
game

7. Combating hooliganism
• Prevention of known hooliganisms from
travelling to games
• Control of alcohol which can affect those kind
of behaviour
• Segregation of rival fans
• High police presence
• All-seater stadiums to restrict movement
• CCTV

8. Drugs
Erythropoietin Anabolic Human Beta blockers Diuretics Stimulants
Steroids growth
hormone
Why do performers take performance enhancing drugs?
• Lack the moral boundaries to stay with the rules and avoid cheating
• May be lacking the physiological/psychological attributes to win
• May not be fully aware they are doing so. Could be the work of a coach.
• The rewards for winning are so great then it is worth it.
• May aid recovery time.
• May believe that “everybody is doing it” so they take it so they don’t left behind.
• Pressured by coaches or team managers

9. Implications for those who take drugs
Drug Advantage Disadvantage
Erythropoietin
Anabolic Steroids Increased muscle bulk Hypertension (high blood
pressure)
Human growth hormone Increased levels of Headaches and depression
testosterone
Beta blockers Slow down heart rate Heart palpitations
which is good for precision
sports
Diuretics Allow for any drugs to Can cause dehydration
leave the system
Stimulants Allow for longer training Can cause injury if you
train too much

10. Fighting against the use of PED’s
National governing bodies attempt to scan all athletes for any PED presence.
• Providing test regimes to test
• Taking extreme actions against those who do take drugs to send a message
• Trying to educate young performers of the moral and physical disadvantages of
taking drugs
• Ensuring that it is clear to performers what is allowed and what isn't.
WADA
The foremost international body involved in promoting, coordinating and monitoring
the use of drugs in sport.

11. How Ped’s are dealt with
Punishments
Long term bans from the sport (Rio Ferdinand )
Lifetime bans from the Olympics (Dwain Chambers)
Testing
• Can turn up unannounced for a random drugs screening. This prevents the
athlete from using diuretics to get the drugs out the system.
• Notification from the performers to their whereabouts for a certain period of
time
• Taking sample pots from the performer
• Keeping the performer’s identity secret so it couldn’t be tampered with.

12. Sport and the law
Relation to the performer Relation to the officials Relation to
managers/agents/directors
Employment protection of the They are open to investigation Any agent corruption, where an
Bosman ruling where a player if it is believed they have been agent takes a bung to ensure a
can move from one club to bribed. player moves somewhere can
another for free. be prosecuted
Cannot take bribes to If a player has been injured Owners of clubs have a
influence a game a certain way through the faulty of the responsibility towards anyone
(The Pakistan cricket players) referee then they could be who enters their stadium
liable to prosecution
If they take illegal drugs, they Organisers of events have a
could be prosecuted by the duty of care towards
law competitors and should give a
warning of any risk involved.
If found guilty then they wont
be allowed to compete in the
Olympics
Players are not allowed to bet
on their own matches