The document discusses learning as a permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice, highlighting key definitions and theories such as trial and error, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning, and social learning. Notable figures like Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner are mentioned for their contributions to understanding learning through experiments and conditioning. The text also offers effective strategies for enhancing learning, including goal-setting, diverse learning methods, and teaching others.

1. L E A R N I N G

2. INTRODUCTION
Learning is a key process in human behavior. It is
the basic to understand behavior. It plays a vital
role in the language, customs, attitudes and
beliefs, our goals, personality characteristics and
even our perception.

3. DEFINITION
● Learning can be defined as a permanent
change in behavior that occurs on a result of
practice or experience.

4. DEFINITION
"Any activity can be called learning so far as it
develops the individual and makes him alter
behavior and experiences different from what that
would otherwise have been." - Woodworth
"Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the
strengthening or weakening of old behavior as the
result of experience." - Henry P. Smith

5. FEATURES
● Learning brings change in behavior
● Changes take place through practice or
experience and not due to maturation
● The change in behavior should be relatively
permanent lasting for years, months or weeks.

6. THEORIES OF LEARNING
● Trial and error
● Theory of conditioned reflex
1. Classical conditioning.
2. Operant conditioning.
● Cognitive learning
1. Insight learning
2. Sign learning
● Social learning

7. 1)TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD
● Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949), the American
psychologist. conducted a series of experiment
(1911) on trial and error method of learning by
animal (monkeys, dogs, hens, cats and rats were
used).

8. From the experiment, Thorndike has mentioned the following
salient features of animal learning:
● From trial to trial, the useless movement gradually reduced
● The random movements become more specific .
● Finally, the animal learns the method.
This is known as trial and error learning. Thorndike had
suggested three laws of learning from this study:
● Law of effect
● Law of frequency
● Law of recency

9. 2) THEORY OF CONDITIONED REFLEX
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
● Classical conditioning is also known as respondent
conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning or associative
learning.
● pavlov decided to see whether a dog could be
taught to associate food with other rings ,such as
light or a tone.

10. ● Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which
people ( or any organism) learns to associate two stimuli
that occur in sequence
● Classical conditioning occurs when a person forms a
mental association between two stimuli, so that
encountering one stimulus means the person think of the
other

12. Laws of Classical Conditioning:
● Extinction
● Spontaneous recovery
● Generalization
● Discrimination
Uses of Classical Conditioning:
● Used to develop good habits
● Breaking bad habits and elimination
● To train animals
● Used in psychotherapy
● Used to develop attitude.

13. OPERANT CONDITIONING (INSTRUMENTAL
CONDITIONING)
● The term operant conditioning was coined by B.F.
Skinner to indicate that when a response operates on
the environment, it may have consequences that can
affect the likelihood that response will occur again.
● It operates on the law of effect proposed by Thorndike. If
behavior is rewarded, it persists; if it is punished, it stops.

15. In the instrumental conditioning, the learner has some
control over his circumstances. This is very useful in:
● Shaping and modification of behavior
● Used in psychotherapy
● Used in learning.

16. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
● Response is elicited
● Stimulus oriented
● Involuntary response
● Organism is passive
● Reinforcement comes
early
● Response is emitted
● Response oriented
● Voluntary response
● Organism is active
● Reinforcement comes after
the response
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

17. 3) COGNITIVE LEARNING
According to cognitive theories, learning cannot be
explained in terms of S-R association alone. They
propose that a learner forms a cognitive structure in
memory, which organizes memory information into
relationships and meanings without any known
reinforcement, new associations are formed and new
relationships are perceived along events, simply as a
result of having experienced these events. In this,
stimulus-stimulus associations are learned.

18. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING BY INSIGHT
● It is sudden
● It is due to understanding
● It alters perception
● New patterns of organization
● Higher species have more insight
● Insight develops usually after some trial and error

19. 4) SOCIAL LEARNING (THROUGH OBSERVATION)
● Albert Bandura and Richard Walters focused on the
highly efficient form of learning known as
observation learning or imitation.
● Imitation is defined as a response that is like the
stimulus triggering the response, a person or animal
watches or hears another do or say something, then
respond in the same way..

21. EFFECTIVE WAY OF LEARNING
● Set your goals.setting goals is a very great way to keep
your focused on what you want achieve
● Keep learning and practicing new things
● Learn in multiple ways
● Teach what you have to learned to another person
● Use testings to boost up learning
● self explanation
● Create your own study guides
● concrete examples
● Read more as possible

22. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING